Food Preservatives

Nicholas J. Russell, Grahame W. Gould (Herausgeber)

Buch | Softcover

380 Seiten

2012 | Softcover reprint of the original 2nd ed. 2003
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
978-1-4757-1006-9 (ISBN)

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For centuries man has treated food to prolong its edible life, and nowadays both traditional and modern preservatives are used widely to ensure the satisfactory maintenance of quality and safety of foods. There continues to be increased public concern about the use of food additives, including preservatives, resulting from a perception that some of them may have deleterious effects on health. However, as eating habits have changed with an emphasis on what has been popularly termed a `healthy diet', there is at the same time a concern that reduction in preservative usage could lead to loss of safety and protection from food poisoning. While some preservatives are coming under increasing regulatory pressure others, particularly more natural ones, are receiving increased attention and gaining in importance and acceptability.

This book supports the continued safe and effective use of preservatives within these current constraints. It therefore gives detailed information on the practical use of the major antimicrobial preservatives. Uniquely, it couples this with current understanding of their modes of action, at the levels of cellular physiology and biochemistry, in such a way as to provide a sound scientific basis for their efficacy. Such an approach also encourages the future logical development and use of preservatives.

1 Major, new, and emerging food-poisoning and food-spoilage microorganisms.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Food-poisoning microorganisms.- 1.3 Food-spoilage microorganisms.- 1.4 Conclusions.- References.- 2 Major preservation technologies.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Basis of food preservation.- 2.3 Major food preservation techniques.- 2.4 Conclusions.- References.- 3 Acidulants and low pH.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Direct action of pH and acids on microorganisms.- 3.3 Acid as an indirect stress: consequences of lowering cytoplasmic pH.- 3.4 Acids in foods: the antimicrobial effectiveness of different acids.- 3.5 The relationship of pH to growth and survival.- 3.6 Acid-resistant food pathogens and spoilage microorganisms.- 3.7 Adaptation to low pH.- 3.8 Conclusions.- References.- 4 Organic acids and esters.- 4.1 Summary.- 4.2 Introduction.- 4.3 The use of organic acids and esters in foods.- 4.4 Chemical properties of organic acids and esters.- 4.5 General mechanisms of antimicrobial action.- 4.6 Organic acids as antimicrobial agents.- 4.7 Esters as antimicrobial agents.- 4.8 Adaptation and resistance by microorganisms.- 4.9 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Sulfite.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Uses in foods.- 5.3 Mode of action.- 5.4 Postscript.- References.- 6 Nitrite.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Sources of nitrates and nitrites.- 6.3 Health concerns with sodium nitrite in cured meats.- 6.4 Nitrate and nitrite metabolism.- 6.5 N-nitroso compound formation in cured meats.- 6.6 N-nitroso compounds and human health.- 6.7 Effect of additives and ingredients on nitrosamine formation.- 6.8 Regulation of nitrite in cured meats.- 6.9 Functions of nitrite in meat curing.- 6.10 Conclusions.- References.- 7 Solutes and low water activity.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Influence of water activity on microorganisms.- 7.3 Foods.- 7.4 Microbial response to low water activity: basic mechanisms.- 7.5 Combined factors.- References.- 8 Bacteriocins — Nisin.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Definition of nisin activity and nisin potency.- 8.3 Methods of assay.- 8.4 Stability and solubility.- 8.5 Antimicrobial spectrum.- 8.6 Mode of action.- 8.7 Factors affecting nisin action.- 8.8 Toxicological studies.- 8.9 Practical applications of nisin and food preservation.- 8.10 Genetics and maturation pathway of nisin.- 8.11 Protein engineering of nisin.- References.- 9 Natamycin.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Physical and chemical properties.- 9.3 Mechanism of action.- 9.4 Sensitivity of fungi to natamycin.- 9.5 Inhibition of mycotoxin formation by natamycin.- 9.6 Applications of natamycin.- 9.7 Regulatory food status of natamycin.- References.- 10 Ethanol as a food preservative.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Use of ethanol in food preservation.- 10.3 Anti-staling effects.- 10.4 Indirect use of ethanol in food technology.- 10.5 Synergy of ethanol and other antimicrobials.- 10.6 Antimicrobial mode of action.- 10.7 Legal considerations.- References.- 11 Modified atmospheres and vacuum packaging.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Gases used and their modes of action.- 11.3 Factors other than packaging affecting spoilage development.- 11.4 Non-microbial product deterioration.- 11.5 Packaging materials.- 11.6 Packaging machines.- 11.7 Microbial ecology.- 11.8 Microbial safety.- 11.9 Developments in MAP.- 11.10 Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 12 Surface preservation for fruits and vegetables.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Factors affecting the quality of fruits and vegetables.- 12.3 Surface washing of fruits and vegetables.- 12.4 Surface preservatives for fruits and vegetables.- 12.5 Summary.- References.- 13Naturally occurring antimicrobial systems.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 A systems approach to food preservation.- 13.3 Agents that damage microbial cell walls: lysozyme and other hydrolytic enzymes.- 13.4 Agents that perturb the physiology of microbial membranes: lactoperoxidase.- 13.5 Agents that impair microbial metabolism: iron chelators and avidin.- 13.6 Agents having a generalized and ill-defined role: plant extracts and phenolics.- 13.7 Future prospects.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 14 Starter and protective cultures.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Bacterial starters and protective cultures.- 14.3 Fungi in food processing.- 14.4 Future prospects and genetic optimization.- References.- 15 Legislative aspects.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Role of preservatives.- 15.3 Legislation of preservatives.- 15.4 Future trends in preservatives legislation.- References.- 16 Food preservatives — future prospects.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Stress response and virulence.- 16.3 Risk analysis.- 16.4 Some specific preservative issues.- References.

Erscheint lt. Verlag	12.12.2012
Zusatzinfo	XVI, 380 p.
Verlagsort	New York, NY
Sprache	englisch
Maße	178 x 254 mm
Themenwelt	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Mikrobiologie / Immunologie
	Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
	Technik ► Lebensmitteltechnologie
ISBN-10	1-4757-1006-2 / 1475710062
ISBN-13	978-1-4757-1006-9 / 9781475710069
Zustand	Neuware