Gene Expression to Neurobiology and Behaviour (eBook)

Human Brain Development and Developmental Disorders

Janette Atkinson, Oliver Braddick, Giorgio M. Innocenti (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2011 | 1. Auflage
376 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-444-53885-7 (ISBN)

Infos

How does the genome, interacting with the multi-faceted environment, translate into the development by which the human brain achieves its astonishing, adaptive array of cognitive and behavioral capacities? Why and how does this process sometimes lead to neurodevelopmental disorders with a major, lifelong personal and social impact?

This volume of Progress in Brain Research links findings on the structural development of the human brain, the expression of genes in behavioral and cognitive phenotypes, environmental effects on brain development, and developmental processes in perception, action, attention, cognitive control, social cognition, and language, in an attempt to answer these questions.

Leading authors review the state-of-the-art in their field of investigation and provide their views and perspectives for future research

Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered

All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Gene Expression to Neurobiology and Behavior: Human Brain Development and Developmental Disorders 4
Copyright 5
List of Contributors 6
Preface 8
The developing brain: From developmental biology to behavioral disorders and their remediation 8
Visual processing 16
Social perception 16
Language 17
Concluding remarks 17
Acknowledgments 17
Contents 18
Section I: Overview of brain development 22
Chapter 1: Brain development and the nature versus nurture debate 24
Psychological models of inheritance 25
Biological perspective on inheritance 26
The brain as a model of biological development 26
Five milestones in the development of the areal organization of neocortex 27
Early intrinsic signaling and the development of the embryonic central nervous system 28
Extrinsic signaling and the organization of neocortical areas 35
The dynamics of brain development: Exuberance and constraints 37
Nature v Nurture or Nature X Nurture 40
Acknowledgments 41
References 41
Chapter 2: The dynamics of ontogeny: A neuroconstructivist perspective on genes, brains, cognition and behavior 44
Introduction 44
The biological (im)plausibility of modular assumptions 45
Neuroconstructivism 47
Developmental cognitive psychology 48
Developmental fMRI 49
Developmental cognitive genetics 51
Concluding thoughts 52
References 52
Section II: Processes of brain development 56
Chapter 3: Molecular bases of cortico-cerebral regionalization 58
Pallial regionalization and cortical arealization: Generalities and methodologies of investigation 58
Regionalization/arealization models: Protomap versus tabula rasa 61
Molecular players of the canonical protomap model: Secreted ligands (SLs) and transcription factors (TFs) 63
Patterning activity of SLs: Fgfs, Wnts, Bmps, Egf-like ligands 64
Feedforward information flow: Control of TFs by patterning edges 67
Patterning activities of TFs: Lhx2, Foxg1, Pax6, Couptf1, Emx2, Emx1, Sp8 69
Functional complexity of the system 72
Modulation of the cortical areal blueprint by CR cells 76
Digitizing an analog pattern: How may it work? 77
Concluding remarks 79
References 79
Chapter 4: Development and evolution: Two determinants of cortical connectivity 86
Introduction 86
The axonal phenotype in evolution and development 87
The computational properties of axons 90
Development and evolution of axon diameters 91
Environmental control of differentiation 94
Conclusions and perspectives 94
Acknowledgments 94
References 95
Chapter 5: Postnatal brain development: Structural imaging of dynamic neurodevelopmental processes 98
Introduction 98
Changes in brain morphology during postnatal development 99
Diffusion-weighted imaging of postnatal brain development 102
Brain morphological correlates of behavioral differences in children 102
Diffusion imaging correlates of behavioral differences in children 104
Intrinsic and environmental factors linked to variability in neural architectural features 107
Important remaining questions 109
Acknowledgments 110
References 110
Section III: Application of new techniques for studying the typical and atypical developing brain 114
Chapter 6: VERP and brain imaging for identifying levels of visual dorsal and ventral stream function in typical and preterm infants 116
Introduction 117
The visual processing hierarchy 117
Visual event-related potentials 118
Selectivity of visual cortical neurons 119
Global cortical responses 121
Multichannel ERPs 124
VERPs as indicators of early atypical development 125
"Dorsal-stream vulnerability" 128
Conclusion 130
Acknowledgments 130
References 130
Chapter 7: Neurodevelopment of the visual system in typically developing children 134
Introduction 135
General development of the nervous system and its implications for neuroimaging 135
Development of the visual system during infancy (between 0 and 1 year) 142
Development of the visual system during childhood 145
Summary 151
Acknowledgments 151
References 152
Section IV: Neurobiology of brain development and plasticity 158
Chapter 8: Perinatal brain damage in children: Neuroplasticity, early intervention, and molecular mechanisms of recovery 160
Introduction 160
Perinatal brain damage and timing and mechanisms of the insult 161
Early neuroplasticity: Differential mechanisms in various functional systems 164
Taking advantage of early neuroplasticity: The concept of environmental enrichment 169
Conclusions 173
References 173
Chapter 9: The impact of perinatal stress on the functional maturation of prefronto-cortical synaptic circuits: Implications... 176
Introduction 176
Sensitive time windows during brain development 177
Adaptive structural brain plasticity 178
Impact of perinatal stress on the development of prefronto-limbic synaptic circuits 180
Relevance of perinatal stress for the pathophysiology of ADHD 183
Can stress- and deprivation-induced synaptic changes be "reversed" or normalized? 184
Acknowledgments 185
References 185
Section V: Typical and atypical development of the social brain 192
Chapter 10: The processing of social stimuli in early infancy: From faces to biological motion perception 194
Introduction 194
Mechanisms to detect faces at birth 196
Biological motion: Introduction 204
Conclusion 210
Acknowledgments 210
References 210
Chapter 11: Social and attention factors during infancy and the later emergence of autism characteristics 216
Modeling interactions in the developing brain 216
Infants at risk for autism as a model for studying developmental interactions 218
Infant precursors for autism characteristics: An overview 219
Infants at risk for autism: Implications for typical and atypical development 223
Acknowledgments 225
Appendix 225
Procedure and data processing 225
References 227
Chapter 12: How special is social looking in ASD: A review 230
Introduction 230
Hypotheses related to face scanning alterations in ASD 231
About this review 231
The age of the subjects 232
Mouth looking as a normative process linked to language development 233
The nature of the stimuli 234
Attending to social versus nonsocial objects and events 237
Predicting social events 238
General discussion 239
Acknowledgments 241
References 241
Section VI: Language and its disorders 244
Chapter 13: Developmental disorders of speech and language: From genes to brain structure and function 246
Introduction 246
The KE family: A genetic disorder affecting speech and language development 247
Developmental stuttering: A specific neural system deficit 251
Discussion: The role of the basal ganglia in speech disorders 257
Acknowledgments 257
References 257
Chapter 14: Precursors to language in preterm infants: Speech perception abilities in the first year of life 260
Introduction 261
Speech perception abilities in early infancy 261
Preterm birth as a risk factor for language development 265
Data from a prospective experimental research: Overview 268
Early native-language recognition and discrimination 269
Early word-form segmentation: Monosyllabic words 272
The link between early speech/language perception tasks and expressive vocabulary in the second year of life 274
Conclusion 275
Acknowledgments 276
References 276
Section VII: Genetic developmental disorders: neurocognitive effects 280
Chapter 15: From genes to brain development to phenotypic behavior: "Dorsal-stream vulnerability" in relation to spatial... 282
Introduction: Williams syndrome 283
Brain mechanisms for vision, attention, and action 283
Models of visual and linked visual attentional systems in infancy 284
Development of early stages of the dorsal and ventral streams in typically developing infants 285
Milestones for action systems in the dorsal streams in early childhood 285
Tests of global motion and form coherence as "signatures" of dorsal- and ventral-stream function in young children 287
"Dorsal-stream vulnerability": Comparative study of form and motion processing in WS and other disorders 287
Dorsal-stream deficits seen in WS related to planning and generating actions 289
Motor control and planning in everyday tasks 289
Studies of attention in WS and other neurodevelopmental disorders 291
Control processes in spatial and nonspatial tasks 292
Component subsystems of attention: Typical development 294
The Early Childhood Attention Battery 295
Components of attention in WS and DS children 296
Remembering and transforming spatial information 298
Conclusions 299
Acknowledgments 299
References 300
Chapter 16: Neurocognitive development of attention across genetic syndromes: Inspecting a disorder's dynamics through the lens of another 306
Introduction 306
Neurocognitive mechanisms of attention: Adult end states and their developmental origins 307
Attention across syndromes: Dissociations and associations in neurocognitive profiles 309
Adding the developmental dimension: Earlier trajectories of attentional processes 312
Future directions: Understanding attention development through its constraints on learning 316
Conclusions 318
Acknowledgments 319
References 319
Chapter 17: Connectivity and the corpus callosum in autism spectrum conditions: Insights from comparison of autism and callosal agenesis 324
Introduction 324
Fractionating the "triad" 325
Neuroanatomy and connectivity in ASD 327
Agenesis of the corpus callosum 329
Conclusions 334
Acknowledgments 335
References 335
Chapter 18: Biological and social influences on cognitive control processes dependent on prefrontal cortex 340
Introduction 340
Special properties of the dopamine system serving Prefrontal Cortex 341
Consequence of the relative dearth of DAT in PFC for understanding differences among subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 342
Consequence of the higher rate of dopamine turnover in PFC for understanding why dietary treatment for phenylketonuria (PKU),... 344
Consequences of the relative dearth of DAT, and hence dependence on COMT, for PFC 346
Environmental conditions and interventions that enhance the development of the cognitive control processes dependent on PFC 350
Acknowledgments 354
References 354
Subject Index 362

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 21.4.2011
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Allgemeine Psychologie
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Verhaltenstherapie
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Neurologie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Humangenetik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Genetik / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 0-444-53885-2 / 0444538852
• ISBN-13: 978-0-444-53885-7 / 9780444538857