Handbook of Maize: Its Biology (eBook)

Jeff L. Bennetzen, Sarah C. Hake (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2008 | 2009
IX, 587 Seiten
Springer New York (Verlag)
978-0-387-79418-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Handbook of Maize: Its Biology centers on the past, present and future of maize as a model for plant science research and crop improvement. The book includes brief, focused chapters from the foremost maize experts and features a succinct collection of informative images representing the maize germplasm collection.

Jeff Bennetzen, Ph.D. is the Norman and Doris Giles Professor of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics at the University of Georgia, and is also a Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar. He has studied the structure and evolution of the maize genome for the last 28 years.

Sarah Hake, Ph.D. is the Center Director of the Plant Gene Expression Center of the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service and University of California, Berkeley. She is also an adjunct Professor in the Department of Plant and Microbial Biology at U. C. Berkeley. She has worked on maize throughout her scientific career.

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Maize is one of the world's highest value crops, with a multibillion dollar annual contribution to agriculture. The great adaptability and high yields available for maize as a food, feed and forage crop have led to its current production on over 140 million hectares worldwide, with acreage continuing to grow at the expense of other crops. In terms of tons of cereal grain produced worldwide, maize has been number one for many years. Moreover, maize is expanding its contribution to non-food uses, including as a major source of ethanol as a fuel additive or fuel alternative in the US. In addition, maize has been at the center of the transgenic plant controversy, serving as the first food crop with released transgenic varieties. By 2008, maize will have its genome sequence released, providing the sequence of the first average-size plant genome (the four plant genomes that are now sequenced come from unusually tiny genomes) and of the most complex genome sequenced from any organism. Beyond its major agricultural and economic contributions, maize has been a model species for genetics since it was the first plant to have a genetic map, initially published by Emerson and colleagues in 1935. Such central genetic phenomena as telomeres, nucleolar organizers, transposable elements and epigenetic gene regulation were all discovered first in maize, and later found to be universal eukaryotic genome properties. These central genetic contributions continue, including the characterization of the structure and evolution of complex plant genomes. Among plant science researchers, maize has the second largest and most productive research community, trailing only the Arabidopsis community in scale and significance. At the applied research and commercial improvement levels, maize has no peers in agriculture, and consists of thousands of contributors worthwhile. A comprehensive book on the biology of maize has not been published. In 1999, Peterson and Bianchi published"e;Maize Genetics and Breeding in the 20th Century"e;, a highly personal account of the last hundred years of maize genetics"e;. In 1968 and 1996, two editions of "e;The Mutants of Maize"e; were published, and these have been landmark books showing and briefly describing the contemporary genetic and molecular status of the maize mutant collection, a collection unsurpassed for any other organism, animal or plant. In the last seven years, there has been no publication targeting maize genetics, genomics or overall biology. Hence, a modern and comprehensive volume on the status (and future) of maize as a species for biological study is highly warranted. Handbook of Maize: Its Biology centers on the past, present and future of maize as a model for plant science research and crop improvement. The book includes brief, focused chapters from the foremost maize experts and features a succinct collection of informative images representing the maize germplasm collection.

Inhalt

Handbook of Maize: Its Biology 2
Title Page 3
Copyright Page 4
Preface 5
Contents 7
Chapter 1 10
Vegetative Shoot Meristems 10
1 Introduction 10
2 SAM Organization and Classical Studies 12
3 Mutants and Genes in Maize SAM Development 13
3.1 Mutants Defective in SAM Initiation and Maintenance 14
3.2 Mutants with Enlarged Meristems 16
3.3 Other Shoot Meristem Mutants 17
3.4 SAM Gene Expression 18
4 Concluding Remarks 18
References 19
Chapter 2 22
Development of the Inflorescences 22
1 Introduction 22
2 Features of the Mature Inflorescence 23
3 Features of the Developing Inflorescenc e 25
4 Significance as a Developmental System 27
5 Insights from Analyses and Gene Cloning of Mutants 33
5.1 Mutants Affecting the Transition to Flowering 33
5.2 Mutants Affecting Meristem Size 34
5.3 Mutants Affecting Meristem Initiation and Maintenance 35
5.4 Mutants Affecting Meristem Identity and Determinacy 36
5.5 Mutants Affecting Sex Determination 39
5.6 Mutants Affecting Organ Specification and Floral Meristem Identity 41
5.7 Mutants Lacking an Inflorescence 42
6 Relationship of the Inflorescence to the Whole Plant 42
7 Concluding Remarks 45
References 46
Chapter 3 50
The Maize Floral Transition 50
1 Overview of Maize Flowering 50
1.1 Teosinte: An Obligate Short-Day Plant 52
2 Breeding for Flowering Time 52
2.1 Quantitative Flowering Time Variation 52
2.2 QTL Corresponding to Specific Genes 54
3 Long Distance Floral Inductive Signals 55
4 Molecular Mechanisms and Genetic Pathways 56
4.1 Photoperiod Effects on Flowering 56
4.2 Maize Flowering Time Mutants 57
4.3 Conserved Elements of Maize Floral Induction 58
4.4 Molecular Components of Maize Florigenic Signals 59
5 Future and Perspectives 60
References 62
Chapter 4 65
The Maize Male Gametophyte 65
1 Introduction 65
2 Overview of Male Gametophyte Development 66
3 Premeiotic Development 68
4 Microsporogenesis and Microgametogenesis 69
5 Mutations That Affect Pollen Development 71
6 Transcriptomic Changes During Pollen Development 74
7 Progamic Development 76
8 Conclusion 81
References 81
Chapter 5 86
The Maize Megagametophyte 86
1 Megasporogenesis 86
2 Megagametophyte Development and Function 88
2.1 Megagametophyte Growth and Development 89
2.2 Megagametophyte Maturation and Cell Differentiation 90
2.2.1 Antipodal Cells 90
2.2.2 Central Cell 92
2.2.3 Egg Cell 92
2.2.4 Synergids 93
3 Double Fertilization 94
3.1 Pollen Tube Guidance and Reception 94
3.2 Fertilization 96
4 Parent-of-Origin Effects 98
5 Molecular and Genetic Analysis of Megagametophytes 100
6 Future Directions 104
References 104
Chapter 6 112
Patterning of the Maize Embryo and the Perspective of Evolutionary Developmental Biology 112
1 Introduction 112
2 Histology 112
2.1 Early Embryo Development 112
2.2 Establishment of the Embryonic Axis: Shoot and Root Meristems 113
2.3 Development of Embryonic Leaves and Maturation 114
3 Cellular Decisions and the Perspective of Evolutionary Developmental Biology 115
3.1 Early Proembryonic Cell Types 116
3.2 Establishment of the SAM and the Scutellum Fate 118
3.3 Formation of Root Meristem and Coleorhiza 119
3.4 Elaboration of the Root Shoot Axis 120
3.5 Cell Types Outside the Morphogenic Axis 122
4 Perspectives 123
References 124
Chapter 7 127
Kernel Biology 127
1 Introduction 127
1.1 Maize Kernel Structure 127
1.2 Double Fertilization Generates the Embryo and the Endosperm 128
1.3 Genetic Analyses of Kernels: An Abundance of Informative Mutants 129
2 Endosperm Development 130
2.1 Cellularization and Growth of the Endosperm 130
2.2 Specification of Cell/Tissue Fate in the Maize Endosperm 132
2.3 BETL Cell Fate is Patterned Early in Endosperm Development 132
2.4 Differentiation of the Aleurone and the Starchy Endosperm: Reversible Cell Fates are Specified According to Positional Information 136
2.5 Endoreduplication: Dosage Effects and Cell Cycle Regulators Control DNA Content of Endosperm Nuclei 138
2.6 Programmed Cell Death of Endosperm Tissues 140
3 Embryo–Endosperm Interactions 141
3.1 Interactions Revealed by Analyses of Discordant Kernels 141
3.2 The ESR May Mediate Embryo–Endosperm Interaction 142
4 Future Prospects 143
References 144
Chapter 8 150
The Maize Root System: Morphology, Anatomy, and Genetics 150
1 Morphology of the Maize Root System 150
1.1 The Embryonic Primary and Seminal Roots 151
1.2 The Postembryonic Shoot Borne Crown and Brace Roots 152
1.3 The Postembryonic Lateral Roots 152
1.4 Exogenously Induced Adventitious Roots 153
2 Cellular Organization of Maize Roots 153
2.1 Radial Organization of Maize Roots 153
2.2 Longitudinal Organization of Maize Roots 155
3 Genetic Dissection of Maize Root Formation 155
3.1 Shoot Borne Root Formation 156
3.2 Lateral Root Formation 159
3.3 Root Hair Elongation 160
4 Conclusion 162
References 162
Chapter 9 166
Axial Patterning of the Maize Leaf 166
1 Introduction 166
2 Leaf Initiation – Recruitment of Leaf Founder Cells from the SAM 167
3 Proximodistal Patterning 169
3.1 Recessive Liguleless Mutations 169
3.2 Dominant Knox Mutations 170
3.3 Negative Regulators of Knox Expression in Leaves 171
3.4 Other Proximodistal Mutants 172
4 Adaxial–Abaxial Patterning 173
4.1 HD-ZIPIII Genes Specify Adaxial Cell Fate 173
4.2 Regulation of HD-ZIPIII Genes by Mirnas 174
4.3 Ta-Sirnas Specify Leaf Polarity Through Regulation of Mir166 174
4.4 KANADI Genes Specify Abaxial Cell Fate 176
4.5 Interactions Between HD-ZIPIII and KANADI Genes 176
5 Mediolateral Pattering and Lamina Outgrowth 176
5.1 NARROW SHEATH Mediates Lateral Founder Cell Recruitment 177
5.2 Maize YABBY Genes Promote Outgrowth of the Lamina 178
6 Conclusion 179
References 179
Chapter 10 184
Cell Biology of Maize Leaf Development 184
1 Overview 184
2 Cellular Organization 185
3 Growth Patterns 188
3.1 Proliferative Cells 188
3.2 Leaf Elongation 190
3.3 Epidermis As a Cell Biology Model 191
4 Cell Division 193
4.1 Spatial Control of Cytokinesis 193
4.2 Case Study: Tangled 195
4.3 Case Study: Stomatal Complex Formation 196
5 Cell Expansion 198
5.1 Cell Wall Synthesis 199
5.2 Cytoskeleton and Cell Expansion 199
5.3 Case Study: Vesicle Trafficking in Warty 200
5.4 Case Study: Generation of Lobed Cell Shapes in Brick 201
6 Future Prospects: Emerging Tools and Analytical Methods 203
References 204
Chapter 11 209
Light Signal Transduction Networks in Maize 209
1 Introduction 209
2 Red/Far-Red Signaling in Maize 212
2.1 Maize Phytochrome Apoprotein Family 214
2.2 elm1, a Chromophore-Deficient Mutant 214
2.3 Phytochrome Apoprotein Mutants 215
3 Blue Light Signaling in Maize 216
4 Light Regulation of C4 Photosynthetic Development 218
5 Light Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis 219
6 The Shade Avoidance Syndrome 220
7 Dissecting the Light Signal Transduction Networks 222
8 Manipulation of Light Signaling Pathways 222
9 Conclusion 223
References 224
Chapter 12 232
Maize Disease Resistance 232
1 Introduction 232
2 Types of Disease Resistance 233
3 Seminal Disease Resistance Genetic Studies in Maize 233
3.1 The First Cloning of a Susceptibility Gene to Pathogens 234
3.2 The First Cloning and Characterization of a Disease Resistance Gene 234
3.3 The Genesis of a Plant Disease and a Grass-Lineage-Specific Disease Resistance Gene 235
3.4 First Indications of the Complex Nature and Function of R Genes 235
4 The Genetic Architecture of Disease Resistance in Maize 236
5 The Genetic Bases of Resistance to Specific Maize Diseases 238
5.1 Stalk and Ear Rots 238
5.1.1 The Genetics of Stalk Rot Resistance 239
5.1.2 The Genetics of Ear Rot Resistance 239
Fusarium Ear Rot 239
Aspergillus Ear Rot 240
Gibberella Ear Rot 240
5.2 The Genetics of Resistance to Foliar Diseases 241
5.2.1 Gray Leaf Spot 241
5.2.2 Northern Leaf Blight 241
5.2.3 Southern Rust 242
6 Systemic Acquired Resistance and Induced Systemic Resistance in Maize 243
7 The Future 244
7.1 Prospects for Genetically Engineered Plant Disease Resistance in Maize 244
7.2 Maize as a System for Disease Resistance Genetics Studies 245
References 246
Chapter 13 254
Virus Resistance 254
1 Introduction 254
2 Identification and Assessment of Virus Resistance 256
2.1 Virus Transmission 256
2.2 Viral Inocula 257
2.3 Identifying Resistant Germplasm 258
3 Genetics of Virus Resistance 258
3.1 The Potyviridae 258
3.2 Maize Streak Virus 259
3.3 Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus 259
3.4 Maize Mosaic Virus and Maize Fine Streak Virus 260
3.5 Wheat Mosaic Virus 261
3.6 Maize Stripe Virus 261
3.7 Fijiviruses 261
3.8 Other Viruses 262
3.9 Clustering and Durability of Resistance Genes 262
4 Breeding for Virus Resistance 262
5 Virus Resistance Genes and Mechanisms 265
6 Alternatives to Naturally Occurring Resistance in Maize 266
6.1 Genes from Closely Related Species 266
6.2 Insect Resistance 266
6.3 Pathogen-Derived Virus Resistance 267
7 Concluding Remarks 267
References 267
Chapter 14 274
Genetics and Biochemistry of Insect Resistance in Maize 274
1 Introduction 274
2 Biochemistry of Resistance 275
2.1 Chemical Defense 275
2.1.1 Benzoxazinoids 275
2.1.2 Phenolic Acids and Cell Wall Components 277
2.2 Defense-Related Proteins 278
2.2.1 Maize Proteinase Inhibitor and Cysteine Proteinase 278
2.2.2 Maize Ribosome-inactivating Proteins 279
3 Genetics of Insect Resistance in Maize 279
3.1 QTL for Resistance to Tropical and Subtropical Maize Leaf Feeding Insects 279
3.2 QTL for Resistance to European Corn Borer 281
3.3 Maysin and Corn Earworm Resistance 282
3.3.1 Genetic Regulation of Maysin Synthesis 282
3.3.2 Maysin: How Much Is Possible? How Much Is Enough? 284
4 Maize–Insect Tritrophic Interactions 285
References 287
Chapter 15 293
Chilling Stress in Maize Seedlings 293
1 Introduction 293
2 Physiological Effects of Short-Term Low-Temperature Stress 294
2.1 Effects of Chilling on Photosynthesis and Down-Stream Processes 294
2.2 The Role of Antioxidants 296
3 Physiological and Developmental Effects of the Growth of Maize Seedlings at Suboptimal Temperature 298
3.1 Primary Sites Affected by Suboptimal Growth Temperature 298
3.2 Development of the Photosynthetic Apparatus Under Chilling Conditions 299
3.3 Consequences of Chill-Induced Changes in the Photosynthetic Machinery 301
4 The Role of the Root System During Chilling Stress 302
5 The Genetic Basis of Chilling Tolerance 303
5.1 The Genetic Basis of Chilling Tolerance Studied by QTL Analyses 303
5.2 Molecular Basis of Chilling Tolerance 304
6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 306
References 307
Chapter 16 313
Drought Tolerance in Maize 313
1 Background and Introduction 313
2 Germplasm Evaluation 315
2.1 Definition of Breeding Targets 315
2.2 Evaluation of Segregating Populations Under Managed and Multilocation Drought-Stress Environments 317
3 Secondary Breeding Traits 318
3.1 The Use of Secondary Traits for Selection Under Drought Conditions 318
3.2 Traits Associated with Drought Tolerance 319
3.3 The Need for Further Secondary Traits 322
4 Selected Metabolic Pathways and Signaling 325
4.1 Resource Partitioning and Signaling Under Moisture Stress Conditions 325
4.1.1 At the Plant Level 325
4.1.2 From the Root to the Aerial Tissues 325
4.1.3 In the Reproductive Organs 326
4.2 Root Growth Responses to Water Deficit 326
4.3 Osmotic Adjustment 327
4.4 Stomatal Regulation 327
5 The Genetic Basis of Drought Tolerance in Maize 328
5.1 The QTL Approach 328
5.2 Expression Profiles in Response to Water Stress 330
5.3 The Candidate Gene Approach 331
6 Genetic Gains 332
6.1 Improvement of Drought Tolerance Through Conventional Breeding 332
6.1.1 Population Improvement for Drought Tolerance in Tropical Maize 332
6.1.2 Hybrid Improvement for Drought Tolerance in Tropical Maize 333
6.1.3 Hybrid Improvement of Drought Tolerance in Temperate Maize 335
6.2 Molecular Breeding (MB) Approach 335
6.2.1 The Marker-Assisted Back-Cross (MABC) Approach 335
6.2.2 The Marker-Assisted Recurrent Selection (MARS) Approach 336
6.3 The Transgenic Approach 336
6.4 Perspectives for New Segregating Populations and MB Strategies 337
7 Conclusions 338
References 338
Chapter 17 347
Responses to Oxygen Deprivation and Potential for Enhanced Flooding Tolerance in Maize 347
1 Maize Growth and Productivity Under Oxygen Deprivation 348
2 Methods of Imposing Flooding Stress in Laboratory Studies 348
3 Gene Expression Changes in Response to Oxygen Deprivation 349
4 Calcium Perturbations Are Critical for Anoxic Gene Induction in Maize 350
4.1 Ionic Homeostasis As an Integral Part of Adaptation to Anoxia 351
5 Regulation of Sucrose Synthase (SUS) Under Anoxia 352
5.1 Reversible Phosphorylation of SUS Under Oxygen Deprivation: A Mechanism of Carbon Flux Control? 353
5.2 Organelle Distribution of SUS: A Signaling Role? 354
6 Cell Death Pathways Under Oxygen Deprivation 354
6.1 Lysigenous Aerenchyma Formation 355
6.2 Root Tip Death 355
6.3 Anoxia-Induced Protease (AIP) in Root Tip Death 356
7 Mechanisms and Potential Strategies to Improve Flooding Tolerance 357
7.1 Fermentative Pathway Enzymes and Flooding Tolerance 357
7.2 Hemoglobin Overexpression Confers Anoxic Tolerance 357
7.3 Hypoxic Pre-treatment and Amelioration of Anoxic Injury 358
7.4 Modulation of Root Tip Death Under Anoxia 358
7.5 Genetic Analyses and Prospects for Breeding Flooding Tolerance in Maize 359
8 Conclusions 360
References 361
Chapter 18 368
Maize Al Tolerance 368
1 Introduction 368
2 Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Maize Al Tolerance 369
3 Genetics of Maize Al Tolerance 372
3.1 Applied Genetic Research 373
3.2 Basic Genetic Research 374
3.3 Comparative Genomics-Based Research 376
4 Sorghum Al Tolerance – Identification of a Novel Al Tolerance Gene 376
References 378
Chapter 19 382
Maize Under Phosphate Limitation 382
1 Introduction 382
1.1 Low-Pi Soils: Physical, Biological, and Agricultural Limitations 383
1.2 Plant Responses and Adaptation to Pi Limitation 384
2 The Maize Crop Under Pi Limitation 385
2.1 Growing Maize Under Pi Limitation: Soils and Fertilizers 386
2.2 Genotype Diversity in Maize 387
3 Low-Pi Adaptive Traits in Maize Tolerant Genotypes 388
3.1 Physiological Traits 388
3.1.1 Associations with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 388
3.1.2 Photosynthesis 389
3.2 Biochemical Traits 390
3.3 Morphological Traits 391
3.3.1 Lateral Roots 393
3.3.2 Crown and Brace Roots 393
3.3.3 Root Hairs 394
3.4 Molecular Traits 394
4 Conclusions 397
References 398
Chapter 20 406
Agronomic Traits and Maize Modifications: Nitrogen Use Efficiency 406
1 Introduction 407
2 Genetic Basis of NUE 407
2.1 Quantitative Genetic Parameters 407
2.2 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) 408
2.3 Candidate Genes 410
3 Correlated Traits 413
4 Genetic Improvement 415
4.1 Experimental Prerequisites 415
4.2 Response to Selection 415
References 417
Chapter 21 419
Seed Phosphate 419
1 Introduction 419
2 Practical Issues Concerning Maize Seed P 419
3 Genetics and Biochemistry of Seed P Composition 421
3.1 Genetics 421
3.2 Biochemical Pathways to Seed Phytic Acid 424
3.3 Compartmentalization of Phytic Acid Synthesis and Storage During Seed Development 426
4 Agronomic and Nutritional Quality Studies 428
4.1 Development of High-Yielding Low-Phytate Maize: Breeding Versus Genetic Engineering 428
4.2 Nutritional Quality Studies of Low-Phytate Genotypes 429
5 Future Directions: Seed Total P Mutants 430
5.1 Targets for Reverse Genetics 431
5.2 Forward Genetic Screens 433
6 Summary 434
References 435
Chapter 22 438
Seed Starch Synthesis 438
1 Introduction 438
2 Production of ADP-Glucose, the Activated Glucosyl Donor 439
2.1 First Committed Step in Starch Biosynthesis 439
2.2 Regulation of AGP 439
3 Starch Structural Organization 440
4 Synthesis of Amylose 441
5 Synthesis of Amylopectin 441
5.1 Elongation of Linear Ap Chains by Starch Synthases 441
5.2 Branch Linkage Introduction and Placement 444
6 Potential Functions of Starch Debranching Enzymes 444
7 Regulation of Starch Biosynthetic Enzymes 446
7.1 Protein Interaction and Enzyme Coordination 446
7.2 Protein Modification 448
7.3 Redox Regulation of Enzyme Activity 448
7.4 Transcriptional Regulation 449
8 Future Directions 450
References 450
Chapter 23 456
Heterosis 456
1 History 456
2 Inbred Lines, Hybrids, and Heterotic Groups 457
3 Gain from the Use of Hybrids 458
4 The Mechanisms Responsible for Heterosis 458
4.1 Proposed Models 458
4.2 Quantitative and Molecular Approaches for Understanding Heterosis 459
4.2.1 Modes of Gene Action 459
4.2.2 Quantitative Trait Analyses 459
4.2.3 Complementation Model Does Not Explain Dosage Effects 460
4.2.4 Global Analyses of Modes of Gene Action 460
4.2.5 Global Analyses of Gene Regulation 461
5 Investigations of Heterosis in Other Plants 462
6 Future Directions 463
References 464
Chapter 24 467
Increasing Yield 467
1 Historical Trends in Maize Yield 467
2 The Genetics of Yield 469
2.1 Quantitative Genetics of Yield 469
2.2 Heterosis 470
2.3 Breeding for Yield Improvement 472
3 Physiological Aspects of Yield Improvement 473
4 The Future of Maize Yield Improvement 474
4.1 Yield Plateau? 474
4.2 Marker-Assisted Selection for Yield 475
4.3 Untapped Genetic Resources 476
4.4 Increasing Yield for Resource-Poor Farmers 476
References 477
Chapter 25 481
The Illinois Long-Term Selection Experiment, Related Studies, and Perspectives 481
1 Introduction 482
2 Molecular Marker Studies 484
3 Quantitative Trait Loci Studies 488
4 Random Mated QTL Mapping Population Studies 491
5 Variation for Other Traits in the Strains 493
6 Current and Future Directions 494
7 Summary 495
References 496
Chapter 26 499
QTL for Agronomic Traits in Maize Production 499
1 Introduction 499
2 Mapping QTL in Maize: An Historical and Methodological Perspective 500
2.1 Segregating Populations, Congenic Progenies, and Panels 501
2.2 QTL Galore: Consensus Maps and Meta-Analyses 503
2.3 Searching for Valuable QTL Alleles in Unadapted and Wild Germplasm 505
3 QTL for Traits of Agronomic Interest 506
3.1 Plant Architecture 506
3.1.1 Root 507
3.1.2 Leaf and Inflorescence 509
3.1.3 Plant and Ear Height 512
3.2 Lodging Resistance 513
3.2.1 Root Lodging 514
3.2.2 Stalk Lodging 514
3.3 Flowering Time and Maturity 515
3.4 Growth Rate and Grain Yield 518
3.4.1 Testing for Heterotic QTL 518
3.4.2 Physiology of Biomass Accumulation and GY 523
3.4.3 Testing for QTL × Environment Interaction 525
3.4.4 Testing for QTL Epistasis 526
4 Concluding Remarks 527
References 528
Chapter 27 540
The Mexican Landraces: Description, Classification and Diversity 540
1 Introduction 540
2 Conservation of Mexican Maize Germplasm 541
3 Identification and Classification of Mexican Landraces 543
4 The Classification of Sánchez et al. (2000) 544
5 Genetic Erosion of Mexican Maize Diversity 554
6 Landrace Genome Sequencing and Functional Maize Diversity 554
References 556
Chapter 28 559
Production, Breeding and Process of Maize in China 559
1 Introduction 559
1.1 History of Maize in China 559
1.2 Significance of Maize in Chinese Economy 560
1.3 Utilization and Marketing of Maize 561
2 Maize Production in China 561
2.1 Ecological Characterization of Primary Maize-Growing Zone in China 561
2.2 Cropping Systems and Cultural Practices 564
2.3 Disease and Pest Control in Maize 565
3 Maize Breeding in China 565
3.1 History and Current Status of Hybrid Maize 565
3.2 Germplasm Resources and Heterotic Groups 567
3.3 Production of Hybrid Seeds 568
3.4 Application for Bio-Technology in Maize Breeding 568
4 Maize Process and Products 569
4.1 Traditional and Current Maize Food 569
4.2 Processing Industry of Maize and its Products 570
5 Future Prospects 571
References 571
Index 573

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 25.12.2008
• Zusatzinfo: IX, 587 p.
• Verlagsort: New York
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Genetik / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: currentjks • Evolution • Heterosis • Maize • Mutant • Plant Biology • Plant genetics • plant genomics • seed
• ISBN-10: 0-387-79418-2 / 0387794182
• ISBN-13: 978-0-387-79418-1 / 9780387794181