Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Signaling (eBook)

Luis A. del Río, Alain Puppo (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 2009
X, 246 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-642-00390-5 (ISBN)

Infos

Oxygen (O ) appeared in significant amounts in the Earth's atmosphere over 2. 2 2 billion years ago, largely due to the evolution of photosynthesis by cyanobacteria (Halliwell 2006). The O molecule is a free radical, as it has two impaired electrons 2 that have the same spin quantum number. This spin restriction makes O prefer to 2 accept its electrons one at a time, leading to the generation of the so-called reactive oxygen species (ROS). The chemical nature of these species dictates that they can create damage in cells. This has contributed to the creation of the 'oxidative stress' concept; in this view, ROS are unavoidable toxic products of O metabolism and 2 aerobic organisms have evolved antioxidant defences to protect against this tox- ity (Halliwell 1981; Fridovich 1998). Indeed, even in present-day plants, which are full of antioxidants, much of the protein synthetic activity of chloroplasts is used to replace oxidatively damaged D1 and other proteins (Halliwell 2006). Yet, the use of the 'oxidative stress' term implies that ROS exert their effects through indiscriminate widespread inactivation of cellular functions. In this context, ROS must not be able to react with lipids, proteins or nucleic acids in order to avoid any damage to vital cellular components. However, genetic evidence has suggested that, in planta, purely physicoche- cal damage may be more limited than previously thought (Foyer and Noctor 2005).

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contents 8
Reactive Oxygen-Generating NADPH Oxidases in Plants 10
1 Diversity of the NADPH Oxidase Superfamily Basic Structure and Evolutionary Aspects 10
2 RBOH Multi Gene Family 12
3 Structurally Conserved Aspects of NOXs 13
4 Chemical Highlights of Superoxide Formation 15
5 NOX Inhibitors 16
6 Calcium-Binding Domains in RBOH Proteins 17
7 Phosphorylation of RBOH Potentiates Calcium Responses 20
8 Small G Proteins Interact with RBOH 21
9 Membrane Microdomain Milieu of RBOH 22
10 Extracellular and Intracellular Localization of NOX and RBOH 23
11 Conclusion 26
References 27
Integration of ROS and Hormone Signaling 33
1 Auxin 33
2 Abscisic Acid 36
3 Methyl Jasmonate, Salicylic Acid, and Ethylene 38
4 Hormone Signal Integration in Guard Cells 40
5 Gibberellin and Abscisic Acid in Seed Gemination 43
6 Cytokinin 45
7 Conclusion 46
References 46
Reactive Oxygen Species in Growth and Development 51
1 Introduction 51
2 ROS are Involved in Polarised Cell Growth 52
3 ROS in Developmentally Programmed Cell Death 59
4 Concluding Remarks 59
References 60
ROS Signalling in Stomata 62
1 Introduction 62
2 Sources of ROS 64
3 ROS Production in Response to Stimuli 64
4 Regulators of ROS Synthesis and Action 70
5 Conclusions and Further Remarks 74
References 75
Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Cell Walls 79
1 Introduction 79
2 Plant Cell Wall Composition 81
3 Why Plant Cell Walls Need Generating ROS for Growth and Development? 82
4 Cell Wall Stiffening 82
5 Cell Wall Softening 84
6 ROS Generation in Plant Cell Walls During Development is a Cell/Tissue-Specific Event with a Marked Topographic Localization 85
7 Sources of ROS in Cell Walls 88
8 H2 O2 as Autocrine and Paracrine Signal 92
10 Conclusion 95
References 95
Peroxisomes as a Cellular Source of ROS Signal Molecules 100
1 Introduction 100
2 Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Peroxisomes 102
3 Antioxidant Systems in Peroxisomes 103
4 Nitric Oxide and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Peroxisomes 106
5 Function of Peroxisomes in Oxidative Stress 107
6 Peroxisomes as a Source of ROS and RNS Signal Molecules 108
7 Conclusion 111
References 112
Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant–Pathogen Interactions 117
1 Introduction 117
2 Dissecting the Role of ROS in Molecular Plant–Pathogen Interactions 118
3 Upstream Signalling Leading to ROS Production 119
4 Sources of ROS 121
5 ROS and Molecular Targets 125
6 Downstream Signalling 130
ROS in the Legume- Rhizobium Symbiosis 138
1 Introduction 138
2 ROS and the Early Steps of the Interaction 139
3 ROS and the Functioning Nodule 143
4 Conclusion 146
References 146
Hydrogen Peroxide-Responsive Genes in Stress Acclimation and Cell Death 151
1 Dual Face of Reactive Oxygen Species 151
2 ROS Perception and Signal Transduction 152
3 ROS-Dependent Gene Expression 154
4 Photorespiratory H 2 O 2 -Dependent Gene Expression 157
5 Perspectives 161
References 162
The ROS Signaling Network of Cells 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Production of ROS in Plants 168
3 Scavenging of ROS in Plants 169
4 ROS Signaling and its Modulation by the ROS Gene Network 170
5 A Model for ROS Signaling Developed from the Study of Plants Lacking Apx1 171
6 Coordination of the ROS Network 173
7 NADPH Oxidases, a Possible Link Between Calcium and ROS Signaling 173
8 Concluding Remarks 174
References 174
Reactive Oxygen Species and Signaling in Cadmium Toxicity 177
1 Introduction 177
2 Effect of Cadmium on Plant Metabolism 178
3 Plant Transcriptional Responses to Cadmium 179
4 Oxidative Stress Induced by Cadmium 180
5 Cadmium, ROS, and Hormones Balance 185
6 Conclusion 185
References 187
Reactive Oxygen Species in Ozone Toxicity 192
1 Introduction 192
2 O3 Responses 194
3 O 3 Perception and Signaling 196
4 The Road to Ruin 197
5 The RCD1 Gene and Family 203
6 Nitric Oxide 204
7 Chloroplast Signaling 204
8 Conclusions 205
Reference 205
ROS and Plant Membrane Rafts 209
1 Evidence for Lateral Segregation of Plasma Membrane Components in Cells, the Case of Membrane Rafts 209
2 Membrane Localization of ROS-Producing Enzymes and Compartmentalization of ROS Production 213
References 217
ROS in Retrograde Signalling from the Chloroplast to the Nucleus 221
1 Introduction 221
2 Mechanisms of Retrograde Signalling from Damaged Chloroplasts and the Involvement of ROS 223
3 The Future: Major Opportunities and Challenges 233
References 235
Index 241

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.6.2009
• Reihe/Serie: Signaling and Communication in Plants
• Reihe/Serie: Signaling and Communication in Plants
• Zusatzinfo: X, 246 p. 28 illus., 7 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Cadmium • Chloroplast • Expression • gene expression • Metabolism • pathogen • plant cell biology • Plant Molecular Biology • Plant Physiology • Plant signaling • Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
• ISBN-10: 3-642-00390-7 / 3642003907
• ISBN-13: 978-3-642-00390-5 / 9783642003905