Forest Ecology
Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)
978-1-119-47608-5 (ISBN)
Authoritative resource covering traditional plant ecology topics and contemporary components such as climate change, invasive species, ecosystem services, and more
Forest Ecology provides comprehensive coverage of the field, focusing on traditional plant ecology topics of tree structure and growth, regeneration, effects of light and temperature on tree physiology, forest communities, succession, and diversity. The work also reviews abiotic factors of light, temperature, physiography (landforms and topography), soil, and disturbance (especially fire), and provides coverage of ecosystem-level topics including carbon storage and balance, nutrient cycling, and forest ecosystem productivity.
The 5th edition of Forest Ecology retains the readability and accessibility of the previous editions and includes important additional topical material that has surfaced in the field. All topics are approached with a landscape ecosystem or geo-ecological view, which places biota (organisms and communities) in context as integral parts of whole ecosystems that also include air (atmosphere and climate), topography, soil, and water.
As such, the book fills a niche utilized by no other forest ecology text on the market, helping students and researchers consider whole ecosystems at multiple scales.
Sample topics covered in Forest Ecology include:
- Contemporary components of forest ecology, including climate change, invasive species, diversity, ecological forestry, landscape ecology, and ecosystem services.
- Characteristics of physiography important for forest ecosystems, including its effects on microclimate, disturbance, soil, and vegetation.
- Genetic diversity of woody plants and genecological differentiation of tree species, including the importance of hybridization, polyploidy, and epigenetics.
- Site quality estimation using tree height and ground flora, and multiple-factor approaches to forest site and ecosystem classification and mapping.
Forest Ecology is a highly accessible text for students, but it also serves as an excellent reference for academics. In addition, practitioners of forest ecology can also harness the information within to gain better insight into the field for practical application of concepts.
Daniel M. Kashian, Professor of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA.
Donald R. Zak, Alexander H. Smith Distinguished University Professor of Ecology; Arthur F. Thurnau Professor, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
Burton V. Barnes (deceased) was an integral part of the authorship of Forest Ecology from its 2nd edition.
Stephen H. Spurr (deceased) authored the original Forest Ecology book and subsequent revisions.
Preface
PART 1 Forest Ecology and Landscape Ecosystems
CHAPTER 1 CONCEPTS OF FOREST ECOLOGY
Ecology
Landscape Ecosystems
Landscape Ecosystem and Community
Ecosystem Structure and Function
Examples of Landscape Ecosystems
An Approach to the Study of Forest Ecology
Applicability to Forest Management
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 2 LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEMS AT MULTIPLE SCALES
Overview of Spatial and Temporal Scales
Spatial Scales of Hierarchical Landscape Ecosystems
Climatic Classification
Physiography
Vegetation Types and Biomes
Distinguishing and Mapping Landscape Ecosystems at Multiple Spatial Scales
Regional Landscape Ecosystems
Regional Landscape Ecosystems of Michigan
Local Landscape Ecosystems
Local Landscape Ecosystems in Upper Michigan
Suggested Readings
PART 2 The Forest Tree
CHAPTER 3 FOREST TREE VARIATION
Components of Phenotypic Variation
Plasticity of the Phenotype
Sources of Variation
The Evolutionary Sequence
Sexual and Asexual Systems
Genetic Diversity of Woody Species
Genecology
Patterns of Genecological Differentiation
Genecological Categories
Factors Eliciting Genecological Differentiation
Growth Cessation
Growth Resumption
Examples of Genecological Differentiation
Eastern North American Species
Scots Pine
Wide-Ranging Western North American Conifers
Ponderosa Pine
Douglas-fir
Local Genecological Differentiation
Factors Affecting Differentiation: Gene Flow and Selection Pressure
Ecological Considerations at the Species Level
Niche
Hybridization
Polyploidy
The Fitness–Flexibility Compromise
Epigenetics
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 4 REGENERATION ECOLOGY
Regeneration
Sexual Reproduction
Maturation and the Ability to Flower
Increasing Seed Production
Reproductive Cycles
Pollination
Periodicity of Seed Crops
Effects of Reproduction on Vegetative Growth
Dispersal
Seed Bank, Dormancy, and Germination
Establishment Following Sexual Reproduction
Post-Establishment Development
Vegetative Reproduction
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 5 TREE STRUCTURE AND GROWTH
Tree Form
Architectural Models
Short and Long Shoots
Patterns of Intermittent Growth
Sylleptic and Proleptic Shoots
Roots
Kinds, Forms, and Occurrence
Fine Root Relations
Horizontal and Vertical Root Development
Periodicity of Primary Root Growth
Root Grafting
Specialized Roots and Buttresses
Stems
Xylem Cells and Growth Rings
Periodicity and Control of Secondary Growth
Control of Earlywood and Latewood Formation
Winter Freezing and Water Transport
Water Deficits and Tree Growth
Suggested Readings
PART 3 The Physical Environment
CHAPTER 6 LIGHT
Distribution of Light Reaching the Ecosphere
Plant Interception of Radiation
Canopy Structure and Leaf Area
Light Quality Beneath the Forest Canopy
Sunflecks
Light and Growth of Trees
Light and Seedling Survival and Growth
Light and Tree Morphology and Anatomy
Light and Epicormic Sprouting
Photocontrol of Plant Response
Light and Ecosystem Change
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 7 TEMPERATURE
Geographical Patterns of Temperature
Temperatures at the Soil Surface
Temperature within the Forest
Temperature Variation with Local Topography
Temperature and Plant Growth
Cold Injury to Plants
Dormancy
Frost Hardiness and Cold Resistance
Thermotropic Movements in Rhododendrons
Winter Chilling and Growth Resumption
Natural Plant Distributions and Cold Hardiness
Deciduousness and Temperature
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 8 PHYSIOGRAPHY
Concepts and Terms
Characteristics of Physiography and Their Significance
Physiographic Setting
Specific Landforms
Elevation
Form of Landforms
Level Terrain
Sloping Terrain
Slope Characteristics
Position on Slope
Aspect
Slope Inclination
Parent Material in Relation to Landform
Position of Landform in the Landscape
Multiple Roles of Physiography
Physiographic Diversity, Landscape Ecosystems, and Vegetation
Mountainous Physiography
Mountainous Terrain of California and the Pacific Northwest
Physiography and Forests of the Central Appalachians
Flatlands
The Great Plains
Pine Savannas of the Western Great Lakes Region
Till Plains of the Midwest
Southeastern and Southern Coastal Plain
Floodplains
Physiography and Firebreaks
Microlandforms and Microtopography
Tree Uprooting and Pit-and-Mound Microtopography
Microtopography and Regeneration in Hardwood Swamps
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 9 SOIL
Parent Material
Soil Formation
Soil Profile Development
Physical Properties of Soil
Soil Texture
Soil Structure
Soil Color
Soil Water
Physical Properties of Water
Soil Water Potential
Chemical Properties of Soil
Clay Mineralogy
Cation Exchange and the Supply of Nutrients
Soil Acidity
Soil Organic Matter
Soil Classification
Landform, Soil, and Forest Vegetation: Landscape Relationships
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 10 FIRE
Fire and the Forest Tree
Causes
Fire Regime
Fire Types, Frequency, and Severity
Fire Adaptations and Key Characteristics
Strategies of Species Persistence
Closed-Cone Pines
Fire and the Forest Site
Indirect Effects
Direct Effects
Organic Matter and Erosion
Beneficial Effects of Fire
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 11 SITE QUALITY AND ECOSYSTEM EVALUATION AND CLASSIFICATION
Direct Measurement of Forest Productivity
Tree Height as a Measure of Site
Site-Index Curves
Comparisons between Species
Advantages and Limitations
Vegetation as an Indicator of Site Quality
Species Groups of Ground Cover
Indicator Plants of Coastal British Columbia
Ecological Species Groups
Plant Associations and Habitat Types in the Western United States
Operational Site Classification Based on Vegetation
Applications and Limitations of Vegetation
Environmental Factors as a Measure of Site
Climatic Factors
Physiographic Land Classification
Physiographic and Soil Factors: Soil-Site Studies
Soil Surveys
Multiple-Factor Methods of Site and Ecosystem Classification
Ecosystem Classification and Mapping in Baden-Württemberg
Applications of Multifactor Methods in the United States and Canada
Ecosystem Classification and Mapping in Michigan
Ecosystem Classification in the Southeastern United States
Ecosystem Classification in the Southwestern United States
National Classification Systems in the United States
Ecological Land Classification in Canada
Hills’ Physiographic Approach
Other Approaches Used in Canada
Suggested Readings
PART 4 Forest Communities
CHAPTER 12 ANIMALS IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
Plant Defense
Investment in Plant Defense
Plant Defense Against Insects
Examples of Injury and Plant Defense
Nutrition
Plant Hybrid Zones as Reservoirs for Insect Diversity
Plant Defense Against Mammals
Roles of Animals in Plant Life History
Pollination
Seed Dispersal
Fish and Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Germination and Establishment
Decomposition, Mineral Cycling, and Soil Improvement
Damage and Death
Influence of Livestock on Forest Ecosystems
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 13 FOREST COMMUNITIES
Community Concept
Grounding Communities
Florida Keys
Interior Alaska
Southern Illinois
View from the Past: Community Concepts
Schools and Terminology
Concepts of Clements and Gleason
Phytosociology in Europe
Continuum Concept
Community as a Landscape Property
Examples of Spatial Variation in Forest Communities
Discrete Forest Communities
Coastal California: Giant and Pygmy Forests
Forest–Grassland Ecotone
Alpine Tree Lines
Merging Forest Communities
Eastern Deciduous Forest—Southern Appalachians
New England
Competition and Niche Differentiation
Interactions Among Organisms
Mutualisms in Forest Ecosystems
Symbiotic Mutualisms—Mycorrhizae
Nonsymbiotic Mutualisms
Competition
Forest Community Structure and Composition
Vertical Structure
Stand Density
Competition and Overstory Composition
Competition in the Understory
Understory Tolerance
Characteristics of Understory-Tolerant and -Intolerant Species
Tolerance Ratings of Tree Species
Examples of Understory Tolerance in Forest Ecosystems
Nature of Understory Tolerance
Environmental Factors Relating to Understory Tolerance
Physiological Processes Relating to Tolerance
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 14 DIVERSITY IN FORESTS
Concepts of Biological and Ecosystem Diversity
The Value of Species Diversity
Value of Biodiversity
Common Threats to Diversity
Measuring Diversity
Levels of Diversity
Measurement
Inventory Diversity: Alpha Diversity
Differentiation or Beta Diversity
Diversity of Landscape Ecosystems
Examples of Diversity
Ground-Cover Species Diversity in Northern Lower Michigan
Ecosystem Groups
Ecosystem Types
Ecosystem Diversity
Causes of Species Diversity
Diversity at Continental and Subcontinental Scales
Paleogeography and Continental Relationships
Glaciation
Latitude and Elevation
Diversity at Local Scales
Physiography and Soil
Community Composition and Structure
Disturbance and Succession
Species of Concern in Conserving Diversity
Foundation Species
Keystone Species
Endemics and Rare and Endangered Species
Diversity and the Functioning of Ecosystems
Biodiversity–Productivity Relationship
The Role of Biodiversity in Ecosystem Stability
Forest Management and Diversity
Effects of Traditional Forest Management on Diversity
Preserving Diversity in Managed Forests
Ecological Forestry: Incorporating Biodiversity into Forest Management
Variable-Retention Harvest System
Designing a Variable-Retention Harvest System
How Well Does Variable Retention Conserve Biodiversity?
Prolog: Conserving Ecosystem and Biological Diversity
Suggested Readings
PART 5 Forest Ecosystem Dynamics
CHAPTER 15 LONG-TERM FOREST ECOSYSTEM AND VEGETATION CHANGE
Change Before the Pleistocene Age
Pleistocene Glaciations
Ecosystem and Vegetational Change Since the Last Glacial Maximum
Eastern North America
Overall Migration Sequence and Patterns
Ecosystem Change in the Southern Appalachians
Western North America
Patterns of Tree Genera and Species Migrations
Migration Irregularities and Disturbance
Migration from Glacial Microrefugia
Independent Migration and Similarity of Communities Through Time
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 16 DISTURBANCE
Concepts of Disturbance
Defining a Disturbance
Disturbance as an Ecosystem Process
Source of Disturbance
Major Disturbances in Forest Ecosystems
Fire
Role of Fire in Forest Ecosystems
Pines in New England and the Lake States
Western Pines and Trembling Aspen
Southern Pines
Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest
Giant Sequoia
Fire History and Behavior
Northern Lake States
Boreal Forest and Taiga
Northern Rocky Mountains
Fire Suppression and Exclusion
Wind
Widespread and Local Effects
Principles of Wind Damage
Broadscale Disturbance by Hurricanes
Gulf and Southern Atlantic Coast
New England—1938 Hurricane
Wave-Regenerated Fir Species
Floodwater and Ice Storms
Insects and Disease
Catastrophic and Local Land Movements
Logging
Land Clearing
Disturbance Interactions
Biotic Composition Changes
Elimination of Species
Addition of Species
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 17 FOREST SUCCESSION
Basic Concepts of Succession
Primary and Secondary Succession
Biological Legacies
Successional Pathways, Mechanisms, and Models
Autogenic and Allogenic Succession
How Is Succession Determined?
Evolution of the Concept of Forest Succession
Formal Ecological Theory
How Does Succession Work?
Clementsian Succession
Stages of Succession
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession
Successional Causes, Mechanisms, and Models
Key Characteristics and Regeneration Strategies
Availability and Arrival Sequence of Species
Facilitation, Tolerance, and Inhibition
Change in Ecosystems
End Point of Succession?
Succession as an Ecosystem Process
Examples of Forest Succession
Primary Succession on Recently Deglaciated Terrain
Succession Following the Eruption of Mount St. Helens
Secondary Succession Following Fire in Ponderosa Pine Forests of Western Montana
Secondary Succession and Gap Dynamics
Gap Specialists: American Beech and Sugar Maple
Fire and Oak Dominance—Oaks at Risk
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 18 CARBON BALANCE OF TREES AND ECOSYSTEMS
Carbon Balance of Trees
Photosynthesis, Dark Respiration, and Leaf C Gain
Light and Leaf C Gain
Temperature and Leaf C Gain
Water and Leaf C Gain
Soil Nitrogen Availability and Leaf C Gain
Construction and Maintenance Respiration
Allocation to Structure, Storage, and Defense
Light and C Allocation
Soil Nitrogen Availability and C Allocation
Carbon Balance of Ecosystems
Biomass and Productivity of Forest Ecosystems
Measurement of Biomass and Productivity
Climate and Productivity
Soil Properties, Forest Biomass, and ANPP
Biomass Accumulation During Ecosystem Development
Soil N Availability and Belowground Net Primary Productivity
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 19 NUTRIENT CYCLING
Nutrient Additions to Forest Ecosystems
Mineral Weathering
Atmospheric Deposition
Biological Fixation of Nitrogen
Nutrient Cycling within Forest Ecosystems
Nutrient Transport to Roots
Nutrient Uptake and Assimilation by Roots
Root Architecture, Mycorrhizae, and Nutrient Acquisition
Root Architecture
Mycorrhizae
Plant Litter and the Return of Nutrients to Forest Floor and Soil
Leaf and Root Litter Production
Nutrient Retranslocation
Nutrients in the Forest Floor
Organic Matter Decomposition and Nutrient Mineralization
Biochemical Constituents of Plant Litter
Dynamics of Decomposition
Nitrogen Immobilization and Mineralization
Nitrogen Availability in Forest Ecosystems
Nitrification
Nutrient Loss from Forest Ecosystems
Nutrient Leaching from Forest Ecosystems
Denitrification
The Cycling and Storage of Nutrients in Forest Ecosystems
Nutrient Storage in Boreal, Temperate, and Tropical Forests
The Nitrogen and Calcium Cycle of a Temperate Forest Ecosystem
Ecosystem C Balance and the Retention and Loss of Nutrients
Forest Harvesting and Nutrient Loss
Suggested Readings
PART 6 Forests of the Future
CHAPTER 20 CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
Climate Change Concepts
Effects on Temperature
Effects on Precipitation
Climate Change Effects on the Forest Tree
Tree Growth and Mortality
Phenology
Regeneration
Climate Change Effects on Tree Species Distributions
Observed Range Shifts
Projected Changes in Tree Species Distributions
Projected Changes in Forest Type Distributions
Climate Change Effects on Forest Disturbances
Fires
Insects and Pathogens
Wind
Climate Change Effects on Forest Carbon
Climate Change Effects on Carbon Gain: Primary Productivity
Climate Change Effects on Carbon Loss: Heterotrophic Respiration
Feedbacks Among Disturbance, Climate Change, and Carbon in Forests
Fire, Carbon, and Climate Change in Forests of Yellowstone National Park
Adapting to Climate Change Effects on Forests
Assisted Migration
Refugia
Forest Carbon Management
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 21 INVASIVE SPECIES IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
Concepts of Invasive Species
Definition of Invasive Species
Characteristic Traits of Invasive Plant Species
Non-Plant Invasive Species in Forests
Impacts of Invasive Species on Forests
Impacts of Invasive Plants on Forests
Competition
Altered Fire Regimes
Carbon and Nutrient Cycling
Impacts of Invasive Insects and Pathogens on Forests
Chestnut Blight, Dutch Elm Disease, and Forest Succession
Impacts of Invasive Animals on Forests
A Primer of Invasive Species Management in Forests
Early Intervention Strategies
Management Approaches for Established Invasive Species
Novel Ecosystems and Invasive Species
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 22 FOREST LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
Concepts of Landscape Ecology
Forest Fragmentation and Connectivity
Patches in Forest Ecology
Forest Fragmentation
Ecological Effects
Connectivity
Disturbances on Landscapes
Effects of Heterogeneity on Disturbances
Hurricanes in New England
Landscape Pattern Effects on Disturbance Spread
Effects of Disturbances on Heterogeneity
Stand-Replacing Wildfires in Yellowstone National Park
Historical Range of Variability
Interactions of Landscape Patterns and Ecological Processes
Leaf Area and Productivity
Forest Carbon Dynamics
Nutrient Dynamics
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 23 SUSTAINABILITY OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
Concepts of Sustainability
The Prevalence of Human Values in Forest Ecology
Historical Perspective of Sustainability in Forests
Ecosystem Services
Toward a Definition of Sustainability
Where Do We Go from Here?
Prologue: Earth as a Metaphor for Life
Suggested Readings
LITERATURE CITED
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF TREES AND SHRUBS
INDEX
| Erscheinungsdatum | 23.08.2021 |
|---|---|
| Verlagsort | Hoboken |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 181 x 261 mm |
| Gewicht | 1594 g |
| Einbandart | kartoniert |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz |
| Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei | |
| ISBN-10 | 1-119-47608-9 / 1119476089 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-119-47608-5 / 9781119476085 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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