Alligator Metabolism Studies on Chemical Reactions in Vivo (eBook)

Roland A. Coulson, Thomas Hernandez (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
190 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-6155-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Alligator Metabolism: Studies on Chemical Reactions in Vivo presents a summary of research in vivo on the metabolism of alligators. The volume contains updates of earlier investigations which were presented in Biochemistry of the Alligator, a Study of Metabolism in Slow Motion (1964). Since then, with the aid of better equipment and better methods, it seemed time to correlate and summarize the findings of researchers who have used this remarkable experimental animal with profit. The primary purpose of almost all the research was not to determine the nature of the alligator, but to understand biochemical reactions in vivo and the alligator was a means to that end. The book begins with a chapter on natural history for those scientists, wild-life experts, alligator farmers, zoo keepers etc., whose primary interest is in the nature and habits of the intact alligator. This is followed by separate chapters that deal with metabolic rate, anaerobic glycolysis, digestion-growth-protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, respiration and acid-base balance, and kidney function.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Alligator Metabolism: Studies on Chemical Reactions in Vivo 2
Copyright Page 3
Table of Contents 4
PREFACE 6
Chapter 1. NATURAL HISTORY 10
Conservation laws 10
Habitat of the alligator 11
Nest and nest building, egg laying and incubation 11
Rates of growth size and age 12
Food and feeding habits 13
Telemetrie studies on activity and movement 14
Population studies 15
Anatomical features 15
Crocodilian phytogeny 19
Chapter 2. METABOLIC RATE 24
Measuring 02 consumption 24
Oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin 26
Diameter of the aorta and velocity of blood flow 28
Ciculation time 29
Size of the heart, heart rate and blood flow 30
Substrate concentration 32
Enzyme content inside the cells 33
Blood flow 33
Relationship between metabolic rate and the rate of catabolism of various metabolites 34
Relationship between enzyme kinetics in the flask and enzyme kinetics in the live animal 34
Reactions affected by blood flow 38
A theory for the conversion of substrate to product, and for the reverse reactions 39
Molecular activity (turnover number) of an enzyme 40
Transport 40
Oxygen requirements of some organs 43
Oxygen requirement of the brain and the association between brain size and diving time 43
Energy needed to keep Na and . apart 44
Metabolic rate and protein turnover 45
Chapter 3. ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS 46
Work induced glycolysis in the alligator 48
Work induced lacticemia in the chameleon 49
Power from anaerobic glycolysis 51
Rate of enzyme action in the alligator 52
Recovery from exhaustion 52
Oxygen consumption during the recovery period 54
Liver and muscle glycogen synthesis 55
Conclusions 57
Adrenal medulla 57
Glucagon 58
Catecholamine blocking agents 59
Catecholamines plus phenoxybenzamine 60
Catecholamines plus propranolol 60
Work and work plus blocking agents 60
Xanthines and related derivatives 62
Effect of catecholamines on metabolic rate 62
Natural source of muscle glycogen in the alligator 65
Chapter 4. DIGESTION-GROWTH-PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 68
The factor of temperature 68
Carbohydrate digestion 68
Site of protein digestion in crocodilia 69
Complete balanced mixes 71
Incomplete amino acid mixes 73
Effect of giving complete and incomplete mixes tolizards 75
Further evidence for macromolecule synthesis from incomplete mixes 76
Effect of temperature on the rate of digestion, amino acid absorption, and protein synthesis 84
Intestinal transport of amitw acids derived from digestion of protein 85
The effect of feeding poor guality protein 86
The metabolic cost of intestinal absorption and plasma membrane transport of single amino acids 90
Metabolic cost of disposing of a complete balanced mixture of amino acids 90
Metabolic cost of disposing of incomplete mixes of amino acids 91
Effect of protein feeding on 02 consumption 92
Effect of feeding on 02 consumption in the chameleon 93
Chapter 5. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 98
Seasonal blood glucose 98
Effect of inanition on blood glucose and appetite 98
Effect of day length on blood glucose 98
Effect of season on glucose tolerance 99
Effect of body size on glucose metabolism 99
Effect of temperature on glucose tolerance 99
Relationship between the dose of insulin and the hypoglycemic response 100
Distribution of glucose in the body fluids 101
Effect of insulin on glucose space 102
Effects of various other hormones on blood sugar 102
Production of hyperglycemia in the alligator by glucosamine 104
Production of hyperglycemia in the rat by glucosamine 104
Miotic effect of glucosamine 104
Effect of insulin on glucosamine-induced hyperglycemia in the alligator 104
Effects of insulin on glucosamine-induced hyperglycemia in the rat 105
Effect of galactosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine on blood glucose 105
Miotic effect of galactosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine 105
Effect of glucosamine on glycogen of the control rat 105
Effect of dietary glucosamine on glycogen in the rat 106
Effect of glucosamine on glycogen synthesis in fasted rats 106
Inhibition of glucose utilization by glucosamine in the rat 106
Failure to catabolize glucosamine and galactosamine 106
The excretion of glucosamine 107
Effect of insulin 108
Chapter 6. AMINO ACID METABOLISM 110
Shape of the tolerance curves 112
Tissue amino acid composition in the caiman and rat 113
Effect of insulin on endogenous amino acids 117
Effect of insulin on exogenous amino acids 118
Effect of growth hormone (somatotropin), hydrocortisone, ACTH, and glucagon on amino acid concentrations in body tissues 119
Effect of the injection of various amino acids on the aspartate and glutamate concentrations in the plasma 121
Transamination inside the cells 121
Tissue glutamate synthesis by transamination 123
Aspartate synthesis by transamination 123
Pyruvate 124
Dipyruvate (y-methyl y-hydroxy-a-ketoglutarate)If free pyruvic acid is allowed to stand in a bottle 129
Glutamate 130
a-Ketoglutarate 130
Inhibition of glutamine synthetase by methionine sulfoximine 130
Sources of nitrogen in the carbonic anhydrase catabolized reactions 132
Other precursors of aspartate, serine, glutamine,glycine, alanine and glutamate 132
Relationship between changes in organ glutamine concentration and changes in plasma glutamine 132
Results of14C isotope experiments 134
Glycine metabolism 137
Serine metabolism 137
Glutamate and aspartate 137
Histidine 138
Arginine, ornithine and citrulline 139
Tryptophan 140
Lysine 140
Phenylalanine and tyrosine 140
Cystine and cysteine 140
Methionine 140
Proline and hydroxyproline 140
Threonine 141
Valine, leucine and isoleucine 141
Relationship between the rate of disappearance of an amino acid and the rate of appearance of its derivative 141
Chapter 7. RESPIRATION AND ACID-BASE BALANCE 146
Respiratory rate 146
Hemoglobin 146
Carriage of C02 147
Alkaline tide 147
Intracellular buffering 149
The effect of voluntary diving on acid-base balance 150
Renal regulation of acid-base balance 150
Effect of prolonged exposure to 10% C02 151
Chapter 8. KIDNEY 152
Composition of the urine 152
Effects of single amino acids on ammonia synthesis 152
Effects of feeding 153
Effects of catabolic and anabolic agents 155
Sources of bicarbonate 157
Creatinine and thiosulfate 161
Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and uric acid 161
Osmolar clearance 163
Non-electrolytes 163
Electrolytes 163
Amino acids 164
Asparagine and glutamine 164
Threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and methionine 164
Arginine, ornithine, lysine and histidine 164
Aspartic and glutamic acids 165
Tryptophan and tyrosine 165
Effects of hydration on renal clearance 167
Feeding 167
Low temperature 168
Administration of electrolytes 169
Administration of urea and glucose 169
Growth hormone, hydrocortisone and insulin 170
Posterior pituitary hormone 170
Diuretics 171
Injection of sympathomimetic compounds 172
Injection of CaCl2 172
Injection of various salts and acetazolamide 173
Effect of glycine on salt conservation 173
Effects of renal failure 174
Renal vs non-renal loss of water 176
Comparative renal studies in crocodilia 176
REFERENCES 180
SUBJECT INDEX 186

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 17.5.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Angewandte Physik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Veterinärmedizin ► Vorklinik
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• ISBN-10: 1-4831-6155-2 / 1483161552
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4831-6155-6 / 9781483161556