Permafrost Ecosystems (eBook)
XXVI, 502 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-1-4020-9693-8 (ISBN)
Drawing from a decade-long collaboration between Japan and Russia, this important volume presents the first major synthesis of current knowledge on the ecophysiology of the coniferous forests growing on permafrost at high latitudes. It presents ecological data for a region long inaccessible to most scientists, and raises important questions about the global carbon balance as these systems are affected by the changing climate.
Making up around 20% of the entire boreal forests of the northern hemisphere, these 'permafrost forest ecosystems' are subject to particular constraints in terms of temperature, nutrient availability, and root space, creating exceptional ecosystem characteristics not known elsewhere. This authoritative text explores their diversity, structure, dynamics and physiology. It provides a comparison of these forests in relation to boreal forests elsewhere, and concludes with an assessment of the potential responses of this unique biome to climate change.
The book will be invaluable to advanced students and researchers interested in boreal vegetation, forest ecology, silviculture and forest soils, as well as to researchers into climate change and the global carbon balance.
Drawing from a decade-long collaboration between Japan and Russia, this important volume presents the first major synthesis of current knowledge on the ecophysiology of the coniferous forests growing on permafrost at high latitudes. It presents ecological data for a region long inaccessible to most scientists, and raises important questions about the global carbon balance as these systems are affected by the changing climate.Making up around 20% of the entire boreal forests of the northern hemisphere, these permafrost forest ecosystems are subject to particular constraints in terms of temperature, nutrient availability, and root space, creating exceptional ecosystem characteristics not known elsewhere. This authoritative text explores their diversity, structure, dynamics and physiology. It provides a comparison of these forests in relation to boreal forests elsewhere, and concludes with an assessment of the potential responses of this unique biome to climate change.The book will be invaluable to advanced students and researchers interested in boreal vegetation, forest ecology, silviculture and forest soils, as well as to researchers into climate change and the global carbon balance.
0001088580.pdf 1
Anchor 1 6
Anchor 2 20
Osawa_Part I_O.pdf 24
0001088551.pdf 25
Chapter 1 25
Introduction 25
1.1 Permafrost Forest Biome 25
1.2 The Environment and Ecology 27
1.3 Natural Regions of Siberia 29
1.4 Main Region of Study 30
1.5 Brief History of Investigation 33
References 35
0001088552.pdf 38
Chapter 2 38
Floristic Diversity and its Geographical Background in Central Siberia 38
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Regional Landforms Near Tura, Central Siberia 39
2.2.1 Geological Setting 39
2.2.2 Slope Landforms 39
2.2.3 Fluvial Landforms 45
2.3 Soils in Permafrost Region of Siberia 46
2.3.1 Permafrost Distribution in Siberia 46
2.3.2 Unique Soil Characteristics 47
2.3.3 Revised Knowledge on the Circumpolar Biomes 48
2.4 Geographical Patterns of Floristic Diversity in Central Siberia 48
2.5 Plant Species Diversity of Larch Association 55
2.5.1 Description of Species Diversity 55
2.5.2 Observed Patterns and Interpretations 55
2.6 Conclusions 57
References 57
0001088553.pdf 61
Chapter 3 61
Geographical Distribution and Geneticsof Siberian Larch Species 61
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Systematic Position and Present Status of Siberian Larch Species 62
3.3 Geographical Distribution of Siberian Larch Species 65
3.3.1 Larix sibirica Ledeb. 65
3.3.2 Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. 67
3.3.3 Larix cajanderi Mayr. 68
3.4 Morphological and Ecological Features of Siberian Larch Species 69
3.4.1 Larix sibirica Ledeb. 70
3.4.2 Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. 72
3.4.3 Larix cajanderi Mayr. 74
3.5 Conclusions 75
References 75
0001088554.pdf 79
Chapter 4 79
Wildfire Ecology in Continuous Permafrost Zone 79
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Approaches to Study Wildfire Ecology 80
4.3 Vegetation Fuel 83
4.4 Seasonal Conditions of Fuel Moistening, Drying, and Burning 84
4.5 Wildfire Spread over the Territory 85
4.6 Causes of Wildfire and Areas of Wildfire Occurrence 86
4.7 Wildfire Impact on Larch Regeneration 87
4.8 Ecological Effects of Wildfires 89
4.8.1 Soil Temperature 92
4.8.2 Summer Soil Thawing Depth 92
4.8.3 Influence of Fires on Growth of Larch Trees 97
4.9 Conclusions 99
References 100
0001088555.pdf 103
Chapter 5 103
Recovery of Forest Vegetation After Fire Disturbance 103
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Approaches to Study Vegetation Recovery 104
5.3 Patterns of Vegetation Development After Fire 106
5.3.1 Sites with Complex Microtopography 106
5.3.2 Sites Without Microtopography 108
5.4 Conclusions 113
References 114
0001088556.pdf 117
Chapter 6 118
Biomass and Productivity of Siberian Larch Forest Ecosystems 118
6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 Data Source and Analysis 119
6.2.1 Study Site 119
6.2.2 Estimation of Above- and Below-Ground Biomass 122
6.2.3 Estimation of Aboveground Net Primary Production 124
6.3 Biomass 126
6.3.1 Aboveground Biomass 126
6.3.1.1 Local Scale Variation 126
6.3.1.2 Geographical Scale Variation 129
6.3.2 Belowground Biomass 131
6.3.2.1 Coarse Root Biomass 131
6.3.2.2 Fine Root Biomass 132
6.4 Net Primary Production 132
6.4.1 Aboveground Production 132
6.4.2 Belowground Production 135
6.5 Carbon Allocation Pattern 136
6.6 Conclusions 138
References 139
0001088557.pdf 142
Chapter 7 142
Development of Stand Structure in Larch Forests 142
7.1 Introduction 142
7.2 Approaches to Describe Stand Development in Larch Forests 143
7.2.1 Study Site 143
7.2.2 Measurement of Chronosequence Plots 143
7.2.3 Measurement of Additional Stands 145
7.2.4 Yield-Density and Yield Table Data 145
7.2.5 Reconstructing Past Stand Structure 146
7.3 Yield-Density Relationship 147
7.4 Yield Table Data 150
7.5 Chronosequence Data 151
7.6 Reconstructed Stand Structure in the Past 152
7.6.1 Height Growth 153
7.6.2 Tree Mortality 154
7.6.3 Reconstructed Stem Slenderness and Stand Density 155
7.6.4 Reconstructed Stem Size Distribution 158
7.6.5 Reconstructed Total Stem Volume and Stem Volume Growth 158
7.6.6 Consideration on Accuracy of the Reconstruction Method 162
7.7 Conclusions 164
References 165
0001088558.pdf 168
Chapter 8 168
Soil Carbon and Nitrogen, and Characteristics of Soil Active Layer in Siberian Permafrost Region 168
8.1 Introduction 168
8.2 Approaches to Describe Soil Properties 169
8.2.1 Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Storage, and Carbon Budget 169
8.2.2 Soil Properties Along a Toposequence 171
8.3 Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Storage 172
8.3.1 Carbon storage in Forest Ecosystems 172
8.3.2 SOC Storage and C/N Ratio in Central and Northeastern Siberia 173
8.4 Soil Properties Along a Toposequence in a Larch Forest 175
8.4.1 Thickness of Soil Active Layer and Forest Floor, and Characteristics of Canopy Cover 175
8.4.2 Soil Chemical Properties 175
8.4.3 Forest Structure and Soil Nutrient Properties 177
8.5 Conclusions 180
References 180
0001088559.pdf 183
Chapter 9 183
Soil Respiration in Larch Forests 183
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Approaches to Study Soil Respiration 184
9.2.1 Study Site 184
9.2.2 Measurement of Soil Respiration 185
9.2.3 CO2 Analysis and Calculation of Soil Respiration Rate 186
9.2.4 Climate Condition of the Measurement Period 186
9.3 Soil Temperature, Moisture, and Respiration Rate 186
9.4 Relationship Between Soil Respiration and Soil Temperature and Moisture 188
9.5 Seasonal Changes of Soil Respiration 189
9.6 Comparison of Soil Respiration in the Growing Season 190
9.7 Dynamics of Other Trace Gases in Larch Forests of Siberia 192
9.7.1 Methane (CH4) 192
9.7.2 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 193
9.8 Conclusions 193
References 197
0001088560.pdf 201
Chapter 10 201
Net Ecosystem Exchange of CO2 in Permafrost Larch Ecosystems 201
10.1 Introduction 201
10.2 Study Site for Micrometeorological Measurements 202
10.3 Meteorological Condition and Features of the Measurement Site 208
10.4 Intensity and Seasonal Variations in Net Ecosystem Exchange and Larch Tree Phenology 210
10.5 Conclusions 217
References 217
0001088561.pdf 222
Chapter 11 222
Behavior of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Larch Ecosystems 222
11.1 Introduction 222
11.2 Approaches to Study Dissolved Organic Carbon 223
11.2.1 Site Description 223
11.2.2 Soil and Water Sampling and Analyses 224
11.3 DOC Content and Release in Soils 227
11.3.1 Soil Organic Matter Stocks and WEOC Content in Soils 227
11.3.2 Soil DOC Concentrations and Fluxes 229
11.4 Export of Terrestrial DOC to Riverine System 235
11.4.1 Seasonal Patterns of Riverine DOC Concentrations 235
11.4.2 Implication for Global Change 241
11.5 Conclusions 242
Acknowledgments 242
References 243
0001088562.pdf 246
Chapter 12 246
Soil Nitrogen Dynamics in Larch Ecosystem 246
12.1 Introduction 246
12.2 Approaches to Examination of Soil Nitrogen Dynamics and Status 247
12.2.1 Study Sites 247
12.2.2 Soil N Mineralization, Leaching, and Status 248
12.3 Soil Nitrogen Dynamics 249
12.3.1 Soil Inorganic N Pool 249
12.3.2 Soil N Mineralization 251
12.3.3 Controlling Factors on Soil N Dynamics 252
12.3.4 Inorganic N leaching in Soil 254
12.4 Soil Nitrogen Status in Larch Forest in Central Siberia 254
12.4.1 Available N 254
12.4.2 The Possibility of N Limitation of Larch Forest in Central Siberia 254
12.4.3 N Source of Larch Forest in Central Siberia Based on Isotopic signature 255
12.5 Conclusions 257
Acknowledgments 258
References 258
0001088563.pdf 261
Chapter 13 261
Hydrological Aspects in a Siberian Larch Forest 261
13.1 Introduction 261
13.2 Approaches to Study Stand-scale Hydrological Characteristics in a Larch Forest of Northeastern Siberia 262
13.2.1 Study Site for the Stand-scale Investigation 262
13.2.2 Measurement of Meteorological and Environmental Variables 263
13.2.3 Measurement of Water Vapor and Energy Fluxes 263
13.2.4 Evaluation of Hydrological Cycles in the Lena River Basin 264
13.3 Seasonal and Interannual Variation of Energy Partitioning above the Siberian Larch Forest 264
13.4 Water Balance of One-dimensional Scale in the Siberian Larch Forest 267
13.4.1 Interannual Variation 267
13.4.2 Annual Evapotranspiration and Environmental Variables 271
13.4.3 Water and Energy Exchange Differences between Non-permafrost and Permafrost Areas of Siberia 273
13.4.4 Water and Energy Exchange in Different Environments and Climates 274
13.4.4.1 Seasonal Variations and Magnitudes among Climates 274
13.4.4.2 Factors Controlling the Difference in Water and Energy Exchanges among Climate Zones 277
13.5 Evaluation of Hydrological Aspects in Northeastern Siberia 279
13.6 Conclusions 281
References 282
Osawa_Part III_O.pdf 286
0001088564.pdf 287
Chapter 14 287
Photosynthetic Characteristics of Trees and Shrubs Growing on the North- and South-Facing Slopes in Central Siberia 287
14.1 Introduction 287
14.2 Study Site and Measurement of Foliar Ecophysiology 288
14.3 Environmental Conditions 289
14.4 Photosynthetic Production and Shoot Morphology 290
14.5 Photosynthesis and Respiration of Trees and Shrubs 291
14.5.1 Dominant Tree Species 291
14.5.2 Nutrient Condition in Needles 294
14.5.3 Shrubs 294
14.6 Light-Photosynthetic Curves 295
14.7 Chlorophyll Content 296
14.8 Future Vegetation 297
14.9 Conclusions 298
References 299
0001088565.pdf 302
Chapter 15 302
Respiration of Larch trees 302
15.1 Introduction 302
15.2 Approaches and Measurement System 303
15.2.1 Study Site 303
15.2.2 Setting Whole-Plant Chamber 303
15.2.3 Closed Air-Circulation System 305
15.2.4 CO2 Scrubber 306
15.2.5 Temperature Control 306
15.2.6 Measurement of Whole-Tree Respiration 306
15.3 System Response and Estimated Tree Respiration 307
15.3.1 Temperature Control of the System 307
15.3.2 Temperature Dependency of Whole-tree Respiration 307
15.3.3 Size Dependency of Whole-tree Respiration 309
15.3.4 Estimation of Stand-Level Aboveground Respiration 310
15.4 Evaluation of Measurement System 310
15.5 Aboveground Respiration and Production 311
15.6 Conclusions 312
References 313
0001088566.pdf 316
Chapter 16 316
Root System Development of Larch Trees Growing on Siberian Permafrost 316
16.1 Introduction 316
16.2 Data Source 317
16.2.1 Study Site 317
16.2.2 Methods of Root System Excavation and Measurements 318
16.2.3 Parameters of Above- and Below-Ground Space Occupation 319
16.2.4 Growth Pattern Analysis 321
16.3 Spatial Pattern of Individual Root System 321
16.4 Effects of Microscale Soil Condition on Root Distribution 322
16.4.1 Topography and Soil Temperature 322
16.4.2 Topography and Soil Water 327
16.5 Temporal Pattern of Root System Development 328
16.5.1 Replacement of Root System 328
16.5.2 Growth Rate and Pattern of Lateral Root 330
16.6 Below-ground Space Occupation by Root System 334
16.6.1 Relationship Between Root System and Crown 334
16.6.2 Stand-Level Root Network 336
16.7 Linkage with Postfire Permafrost Soil Environment 336
16.8 Below-ground Competitive Interactions 338
16.9 Conclusions 339
References 340
0001088567.pdf 344
Chapter 17 344
Seasonal Changes in Stem Radial Growth of Larix gmelinii in Central Siberia in Relation to its Climatic Responses 344
17.1 Introduction 344
17.2 Approaches to Study Growth Phenology and Tree-Ring Responses to Climate 345
17.2.1 Study Sites 345
17.2.2 Observations of Snow Melting, Needle Phenology, and Seasonal Radial Growth 346
17.2.3 Analysis of Climatic Response of Radial Growth 347
17.3 Seasonal Changes in Snow Melting, Needle Phenology, and Radial Growth 350
17.4 Climatic Responses of Radial Growth 351
17.5 Conclusions 356
References 357
0001088568.pdf 359
Chapter 18 359
Dendrochronology of Larch Trees Growing on Siberian Permafrost 359
18.1 Introduction 359
18.2 Experimental Background 360
18.3 Relationships of Tree-Ring Parameters Obtained for Larch Dendrochronological Network 364
18.4 Effects of Climatic Factors on Radial Growth of Larch Trees 366
18.5 Reconstruction of Summer Temperature Based on Regional Chronologies 369
18.6 Effect of Ground Fires on Radial Tree Growth 369
18.7 Features of Tree-Ring Growth on Siberian Permafrost 371
18.8 Conclusions 372
Acknowledgments 373
References 373
Osawa_Part IV_O.pdf 376
0001088569.pdf 377
Chapter 19 377
Characteristics of Larch Forests in Daxingan Mountains, Northeast China 377
19.1 Introduction 377
19.2 Approaches to Study Biomass, Net Primary Production, and Regeneration 378
19.2.1 Study Sites 378
19.2.2 Estimation of Biomass and Net Primary Productivity 380
19.2.3 Examination of Postfire Forest Dynamics 381
19.3 Biomass, Productivity, and Stand Density 381
19.3.1 Biomass and Aboveground Net Primary Productivityin Different Climatic Zones 381
19.3.2 Aboveground Biomass and Aboveground Net Primary Productivity in Different Forest Types 382
19.3.3 Tree Density, Aboveground Biomass, and Aboveground Productivity in Relation to Forest Age 383
19.3.4 Aboveground Biomass and Aboveground Net Primary Productivity of Larch Plantation 383
19.4 Regeneration of Larch-Dominant Forests after Forest Fires 388
19.5 Synthesis 389
19.6 Conclusions 391
References 391
0001088570.pdf 394
Chapter 20 394
Carbon Dynamics of Larch Plantations in Northeastern China and Japan 394
20.1 Introduction 394
20.2 Site Descriptions 395
20.3 Biomass and Net Primary Production 398
20.3.1 Estimation Procedures 398
20.3.2 Biomass, Allocation, and Net primary production 402
20.4 Photosynthesis and Autotrophic Respiration 406
20.4.1 Data Source 406
20.4.2 Leaf Photosynthesis 406
20.4.3 Cone Photosynthesis 408
20.4.4 Stem Respiration 410
20.4.5 Soil Respiration 410
20.5 Soil Respiration and Environment 411
20.5.1 Enriched CO2 experiment 411
20.5.2 Effects of CO2 411
20.5.3 Effects of Plantation Management 413
20.6 Conclusions 417
References 417
0001088571.pdf 421
0001088572.pdf 434
Chapter 22 434
From Vegetation Zones to Climatypes: Effects of Climate Warming on Siberian Ecosystems 434
22.1 Introduction 434
22.2 Background 435
22.2.1 Study Area 435
22.2.2 Mapping Current and Future Climates 435
22.2.3 Permafrost 436
22.2.4 Vegetation Zones 436
22.2.5 Major Forest-Forming Tree Species of Siberia 438
22.2.6 Distributions of Pinus sylvestris and Larix Species 438
22.2.7 Mapping Climatypes of Pinus sylvestris and Larix Species 439
22.3 Effects of Global Warming on Vegetation Shifts 440
22.4 Effects of Global Warming on Species Distributions 442
22.5 Effects of Global Warming on Number, Size, and Distribution of Climatypes 445
22.5.1 Pinus sylvestris 445
22.5.2 Larix sibirica 447
22.5.3 Larix dahurica 447
22.5.4 Larix sukaczewii 447
22.6 Synthesis 448
22.7 Conclusions 451
References 451
0001088573.pdf 454
Chapter 23 454
Effects of Elevated CO2 on Ecophysiological Responses of Larch Species Native to Northeast Eurasia 454
23.1 Introduction 454
23.2 Growth Characteristics of Larch Species 455
23.3 Photosynthetic Adjustment at Elevated [CO2] 455
23.4 Nitrogen and Water Use Efficiency 457
23.5 Xylem Formation 458
23.6 Rehabilitation with Larch Species 458
23.7 Conclusions 461
References 461
Osawa_Part V_O.pdf 464
0001088574.pdf 465
Chapter 24 465
Characteristics of Permafrost Forests in Siberia and Potential Responses to Warming Climate 465
24.1 Introduction 465
24.2 Characteristics of Permafrost Forests in Siberia 466
24.2.1 Forest Fire and Dynamics of Ecosystem Development 466
24.2.2 Ecosystem Carbon Budget 467
24.2.3 Comparison to Permafrost Forests of North America 470
24.3 Potential Responses to Warming Climate 473
24.3.1 Ecosystem Structure 473
24.3.1.1 Shift in Dominant Biome 473
24.3.1.2 North- and South-Slope Ecosystems 473
24.3.1.3 Forest Dimension and Biomass 476
24.3.2 Ecosystem Development 478
24.3.3 Ecosystem Function 480
24.3.3.1 Biomass Allocation 480
24.3.3.2 Hydrology 481
24.3.3.3 Soil Respiration 481
24.3.3.4 DOC 482
24.3.3.5 Delayed Snowmelt and Tree Growth 482
24.3.3.6 Complex Interactions 483
24.4 Conclusions 483
References 484
Color Plate_O.pdf 488
Osawa_Species Index_O.pdf 499
Osawa_Subject Index_O.pdf 501
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 4.1.2010 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Ecological Studies | Ecological Studies |
| Zusatzinfo | XXVI, 502 p. 10 illus. in color. |
| Verlagsort | Dordrecht |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz | |
| Technik | |
| Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei | |
| Schlagworte | Biome • Boreal forests • Coniferous forests • Ecology • ecophysiology • ecosystem • ecosystem dynamics • Ecosystems • Environment • Forest • forest ecology • Japan • permafrost • Physiology • Russia • Silviculture • Soil • Vegetation |
| ISBN-10 | 1-4020-9693-3 / 1402096933 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-4020-9693-8 / 9781402096938 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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