Cereals (eBook)

Marcelo J. Carena (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 2009
XIV, 426 Seiten
Springer New York (Verlag)
978-0-387-72297-9 (ISBN)

Infos

Agriculture depends on improved cultivars, and cultivars are developed through proper plant breeding. Unfortunately, applied plant breeding programs that are focused on cereal commodity crops are under serious erosion because of lack of funding. This loss of public support affects breeding continuity, objectivity, and, perhaps equally important, the training of future plant breeders and the utilization and improvement of plant genetic resources currently available. Breeding programs should focus not only on short-term research goals but also on long-term genetic improvement of germplasm. The research products of breeding programs are important not only for food security but also for commodity-oriented public and private programs, especially in the fringes of crop production. Breeding strategies used for long-term selection are often neglected but the reality is that long-term research is needed for the success of short-term products. An excellent example is that genetically broad-based public germplasm has significantly been utilized and recycled by industry, producing billions of dollars for industry and farmers before intellectual property rights were available. Successful examples of breeding continuity have served the sustainable cereal crop production that we currently have. The fact that farmers rely on public and private breeding institutions for solving long-term challenges should influence policy makers to reverse this trend of reduced funding. Joint cooperation between industry and public institutions would be a good example to follow.

The objective of this volume is to increase the utilization of useful genetic resources and increase awareness of the relative value and impact of plant breeding and biotechnology. That should lead to a more sustainable crop production and ultimately food security.

Applied plant breeding will continue to be the foundation to which molecular markers are applied. Focusing useful molecular techniques on the right traits will build a strong linkage between genomics and plant breeding and lead to new and better cultivars. Therefore, more than ever there is a need for better communication and cooperation among scientists in the plant breeding and biotechnology areas. We have an opportunity to greatly enhance agricultural production by applying the results of this research to meet the growing demands for food security and environmental conservation. Ensuring strong applied plant breeding programs with successful application of molecular markers will be essential in ensuring such sustainable use of plant genetic resources.

Marcelo Carena is Associate Professor from the Department of Plant Sciences at the North Dakota State University (NDSU), Fargo, ND, USA. Since 1999, Dr. Carena is the Director of the NDSU Corn Breeding and Genetics Program, the most northern public corn research program in North America focused on increasing genetic diversity, drought tolerance, and grain quality in early maturing maize. He teaches Quantitative Genetics and Crop Breeding Techniques at NDSU. Prof. Carena is currently Editor of Euphytica and Maydica, and Chair of the Crop Science Society of America Maize Registration Committee. Dr. Carena has trained five Ph.D. and eight MS students, two Visiting Scientists, and several interns over the past 10 years. In the same time, he has released eight early maturing corn inbred lines, has released four improved early maturing populations, and has published over 50 scientific papers, abstracts, book chapters, and editions on corn breeding and genetics.

Inhalt

134261_1_En_FM1_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 2
Preface 6
Contents 6
Contributors 6
134261_1_En_Section-I_OnlinePDF.pdf 15
Section I: Cereal Crop Breeding 15
134261_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 16
: Maize Breeding 16
1 Introduction 17
2 General 20
3 PreBreeding 21
4 Recurrent Selection 35
5 Inheritance of Quantitative Traits 51
6 Inbred Line Development 60
7 Doubled Haploids 72
8 Hybrids 74
9 Types of Hybrids 79
10 Heterotic Groups 81
11 Heterosis 83
12 Stability of Cultivars 85
13 Selection Indices 87
14 Summary 94
References 99
134261_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 112
: Rice Breeding 112
1 Introduction 112
2 Genetic Diversity 113
3 Choice of Germplasm 116
4 Major Breeding Achievements 118
4.1 The Rice Green Revolution 118
4.2 The New Plant Type 118
4.3 Hybrid Rice 119
4.4 NERICA Rice 120
5 Current Breeding Goals 121
6 Breeding Methods and Techniques 122
6.1 Conventional Rice Breeding Methods 122
6.2 Population Improvement Through Recurrent Selection 122
6.3 Hybrid Rice 126
6.4 Mutation Breeding 127
7 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs 128
8 Foundation Seed Production 130
9 Rice Breeding Capacity Around the World 130
References 133
134261_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 140
: Spring Wheat Breeding 140
1 Introduction 141
1.1 Wheat Uses 142
1.2 Breads 142
1.3 Flour Noodles 143
1.4 Breakfast Cereals and Cereal Bars 143
1.5 Cookies and Cakes 143
1.6 Blending 143
2 Genetics 144
3 Wheat Gene Pools 145
4 Varietal Groups/Classes 146
5 Current Goals of Wheat Breeding 147
5.1 Grain Yield 147
5.2 Grain Quality 148
5.3 Resistance to Biotic Stresses 149
5.4 Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses 150
6 Breeding Methods and Techniques 151
6.1 Backcrossing Selection 151
6.2 Pedigree Selection 151
6.3 Bulk Selection 152
6.4 Single Seed Descent 152
6.5 Recurrent Selection 153
6.6 Double Haploidy 153
6.7 Hybrid Wheat 153
6.8 Mutation Breeding 154
6.9 Shuttle Breeding 154
6.10 Marker-Assisted Selection 155
7 Major Breeding Achievements 156
7.1 Grain Yield 156
7.2 Grain Quality 157
7.3 Resistance to Diseases and Pests 159
7.4 Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses 162
8 Integration of Novel Technologies in Breeding Programs 162
9 Foundation Seed Production and Intellectual Property Issues 164
10 Future Prospects 165
References 166
134261_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 170
: Rye Breeding 170
1 Introduction 171
2 Germplasm and Use of Genetic Resources 172
3 Disease Resistance 173
4 Use and Breeding Goals 176
5 Breeding Methods and Techniques 177
5.1 Population Breeding 177
5.2 Hybrid Breeding 181
5.3 Commercial Hybrid Seed Production 186
5.4 Integrating Population and Hybrid Breeding 188
6 Major Achievements of Breeding 189
References 191
134261_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 195
: Grain Sorghum Breeding 195
1 Introduction 195
2 Origin of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 196
3 Taxonomy of the Genus Sorghum 196
4 Cytogenetics and Genetics of S. bicolor (L.) Moench 197
5 Sources of Genetic Diversity 197
6 Sorghum Breeding in Australia 198
6.1 Resistance to the Sorghum Midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola [Coquillette]) 198
7 Drought Resistance Breeding 202
7.1 Indirect Selection for Drought Resistance 202
7.2 Direct Selection for Drought Resistance 205
8 Conclusions 206
Acknowledgements 207
References 207
134261_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 210
: Durum Wheat Breeding 210
1 Introduction 210
2 Genetic Diversity 211
3 Choice of Germplasm 213
4 Varietal Groups 215
4.1 The Italian Pool 215
4.2 The CIMMYT Pool 216
4.3 The North American Pool 216
4.4 The Winter Pool 219
5 Major Breeding Achievements 219
6 Current Goals of Breeding 224
7 Breeding Methods and Techniques 226
8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs 228
9 Foundation Seed Production and Intellectual Property Issues 228
References 230
134261_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 238
: Barley 238
1 Introduction 238
2 Genetic Diversity 239
3 Types of Barley 239
4 Choice of Germplasm 242
5 Major Breeding Achievements 244
6 Current Goals of Breeding 245
7 Breeding Methods and Techniques 248
7.1 NDSU Breeding Scheme 249
7.2 Year 1 249
7.3 Year 2 249
7.4 Year 3 250
7.5 Year 4 250
7.6 Year 5 251
7.7 Year 6 251
7.8 Year 7 251
7.9 Year 8 252
7.10 Year 9 252
7.11 Year 10 252
8 Integration of New Biotechnologies in Breeding Programs 253
9 Cultivar Release and Intellectual Property Issues 254
9.1 Australia 254
9.2 Canada 255
9.3 European Union 256
9.4 United States 258
Acknowledgments 258
References 259
134261_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 262
: Winter and Specialty Wheat 262
1 Introduction 262
2 Genetic Diversity and Germplasm Selection 263
3 Varietal Groups 265
4 Breeding for End Use Quality 268
5 Breeding Methods 270
6 Transgenic Wheats 270
7 Foundation Seed Production and Intellectual Property Issues 273
References 274
134261_1_En_Section-II_OnlinePDF.pdf 1
Section II: Adding Value to Breeding 1
134261_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 277
: Triticale: A ``New´´ Crop with Old Challenges 277
HeadingsSec1_9 277
1 Introduction 277
2 Uses 279
2.1 Feed Grain 279
2.2 Food Grain 279
2.3 Forage Crop 280
2.4 Other Uses 282
3 Genetics 282
4 Early Triticale Breeding 283
5 Achievements in Triticale Breeding 284
5.1 Yield Increase 284
5.2 Adaptation 285
5.3 Enhanced Quality 286
5.4 Biotic Resistance 287
6 Breeding Strategies 287
6.1 Shuttle Breeding 289
6.2 Hybrid Triticale 289
6.3 Double Haploids 290
6.4 Marker-Assisted Selection 290
6.5 Genetic Transformation 291
7 Future Challenges 291
7.1 Adaptation 292
7.2 Uses 292
7.3 Genetic Diversity 293
7.4 Genomics 293
7.5 Health Issues 294
References 295
134261_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 299
: Statistical Analyses of Genotype by Environment Data 299
1 Introduction 299
2 An Example Data Set: Grain Yield of 65 Modern Barley Cultivars Grown in 12 Mediterranean Environments 301
2.1 Genotyping 302
2.2 Phenotyping 305
2.3 Explicit Environmental Characterization 307
3 Phenotype-Based Statistical Analyses of Two-Way GE Tables: Assessment and Partitioning of the Variability 308
3.1 The Additive Model 308
3.2 The Full Interaction Model 309
3.3 Reduced Interaction Model: Clustering of Genotypes and Environments 312
3.4 Modelling the Interaction Using Phenotypic Characterizations of the Environment 315
3.5 Other Linear-Bilinear Models 316
4 Models for Interaction Using Explicit Environmental Characterizations 321
4.1 Factorial Regression Models 321
4.2 Variable Selection 321
5 Models for Interaction Incorporating Explicit Genotypic Information 324
6 Models for Interaction Simultaneously Incorporating Explicit Environmental and Genotypic Information 332
7 Conclusions 335
Acknowledgements 336
References 336
134261_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 340
: Breeding for Quality Traits in Cereals: A Revised Outlook on Old and New Tools for Integrated Breeding 340
1 Introduction: The Need for an Upgrading of the Classical Holistic Tools of the Plant Breeder to Breed for Complex Quality Tr 341
2 Analyses and Data Models in Screening for Simple and Complex Quality Traits and the Genes Behind 341
2.1 Screening and Validation Methods for Technological and Physical-Chemical Quality 341
2.2 Nondestructive Screening for Quality Traits and Improved Genotypes by NIR Spectroscopy Evaluated by Pattern Recognition Da 342
2.3 QTL Analyses for Complex Traits Revitalized by Chemometrics 344
2.4 Characterizing and Connecting Complex Genetic, Biochemical, and Technological Traits in Cereal Variety Testing 345
3 Quality Traits in Cereal Technology and Plant Breeding 348
3.1 Wheat 348
3.2 Barley 349
3.3 Rye 350
3.4 Oats 351
3.5 Rice 351
3.6 Maize 352
3.7 Sorghum and Millets 354
4 Quality Aspects in Breeding Cereals for Whole Crop Utilization in the Nonfood and Food Industries 355
5 Breeding for Nutritional Quality 357
6 Mutation Breeding for Endosperm Quality Traits 358
7 Four Examples on How NIR Technology Supports Advances in Plant Breeding, Seed Sorting, and Plant Science 359
7.1 ``Data Breeding´´: NIR Spectra of Barley Endosperm Mutants Evaluated by PCA Support a Selection for Complex Trai 359
7.2 The Chemical Composition of the Endosperm Is a Response Interface for Mutants and Genotypes that Facilitates Spectral NIR 363
7.3 Classification of Wheat Genotypes from a Gene Bank by Their Spectral and Physical-Chemical Fingerprints Correlated to Qual 364
7.4 Seed Sorting for Complex Quality Traits by NIR Technology 367
8 The Economy in Breeding and Sorting for Complex Quality Traits in Cereals in the Future 368
Acknowledgments 368
References 368
134261_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 374
: Breeding for Silage Quality Traits in Cereals 374
1 Introduction 375
2 Genetic Variations for Cell Wall Digestibility in Cereals 376
2.1 Devising an Estimate of Cell Wall Digestibility 376
2.2 Genetic Variation for Cell Wall Digestibility in Maize 377
2.3 Genetic Variation for Cell Wall Digestibility in Sorghum and Small-Grain Cereals 378
3 Intake as a Primary Nutritional Factor of Cattle Fed Cereal Silages or Straws 380
3.1 Genetic Variation for Intake in Cereal Silages 380
3.2 Devising a Breeding Criterion for Genetic Improvement of Intake 380
4 Genetic Resources for Cell Wall Digestibility Improvement 381
4.1 Necessity of Specific Genetic Resources for the Improvement of Feeding Value Traits 381
4.2 Availability of Genetic Resources for Cell Wall Digestibility Improvement 382
4.3 Feeding Value Improvement Based on Brown-Midrib Mutations 383
5 Investigating Quantitative Trait Loci for Cell Wall Digestibility Improvement 386
6 Targeted Investigations of Genetic Resources for Cell Wall Digestibility Improvement 388
7 Conclusion 393
References 394
134261_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 402
: Participatory Plant Breeding in Cereals 402
1 Introduction 403
2 Genotype Environment Interactions and Breeding Strategies 404
3 Defining Decentralized PPB 407
4 A Model of Decentralized PPB for Self-Pollinated Crops 409
4.1 The Model 409
4.2 Farmers´ Selection and Data Collection 411
4.3 Experimental Designs and Statistical Analysis 411
4.4 Time to Variety Release 412
4.5 Effect on Biodiversity 412
5 Variety Release and Seed Production 413
6 Impact of PPB 415
7 Conclusions 418
Acknowledgments 419
References 419
134261_1_En_BM2_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 422
: Index 422
134261_1_En_Section-II_OnlinePDF.pdf 1
Section II: Adding Value to Breeding 298

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 21.4.2009
• Reihe/Serie: Handbook of Plant Breeding
• Reihe/Serie: Handbook of Plant Breeding
• Zusatzinfo: XIV, 426 p. 40 illus., 13 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: New York
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• Schlagworte: Biotechnology • cereal crop breeding • cereal genomics • cereals • crop breeding • currentjks • food security • plant science • Triticale • Wheat
• ISBN-10: 0-387-72297-1 / 0387722971
• ISBN-13: 978-0-387-72297-9 / 9780387722979