Lubricants from Renewable Feedstocks (eBook)

Chandu Madankar, S. N. Naik, Subhalaxmi Pradhan, Lalit Prasad (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2024 | 1. Auflage
512 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-1-394-17301-3 (ISBN)

Infos

Written and edited by a team of industry experts, this exciting new volume covers the field of renewable lubricants, their processing, optimization, end-use application, and their future potential.

Biolubricants are a viable alternative to synthetic lubricants because they are produced from organic materials such as plant oils, waste oils and by-products. Renewable biolubricants are the subject of research because of their biodegradability, eco-friendliness, and favorable socioeconomic consequences to counteract imitations of synthetic lubricants. Biolubricants have thus emerged as an ideal substitute for mineral oil-based lubricants, as significant economic and environmental acceptability has been received over the last few decades and it has been estimated that there would be a further steady growth in its demand over the next few decades. Furthermore, biolubricants' high-quality lubricating properties, high load carrying ability, long service life, and fast biodegradability have expanded the recent interest. These lubricants can be derived from different sources of vegetable oils, non-edible oils, waste cooking oils (WCO) and microbe-derived oils. Among all these sources, the use of WCOs and microbe-derived oils have received immense interest and provide superior quality biolubricants.

This outstanding new volume covers the prospects and processing of feedstocks for biolubricants, extraction techniques, new advancements in the field of bio-based lubricants, epoxide lubricants, hydrogenated lubricants, microbial-based biolubricants, nano-biolubricants, polyester-based biolubricants, lubricants from waste oils and waste materials, its economic and environmental acceptability and biorefinery approaches. The book will be helpful to industry professionals and engineers of all types, students, and other stakeholders working in the field of lubricant, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering and material science, tribological sectors and biorefinery industries. It will also be of great interest to new start-up companies working in the area of processing feedstocks for biolubricant production and end use application, biorefineries, valorization of biolubricant waste, and in the recycling industries.

Subhalaxmi Pradhan, PhD, is an associate professor at Division of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida, UP. She has three years of postdoctoral experience from the University of Saskatchewan, Canada and IIT Delhi and 12 years of experience in research and teaching. She has three patents and has published over 40 research papers in scientific journals. She has also edited the book, Biofuel Extraction Techniques, available from Wiley-Scrivener.

Lalit Prasad has a PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India. Presently he is serving as a professor of chemistry at the School of Basic Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has more than a decade teaching and research experience and has published more than 30 research papers book chapters in scientific journals and books.

Chandu Madankar,PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India. He earned his PhD in 2015 from IIT Delhi and was awarded the Canadian Commonwealth Fellowship in the Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. He has eight years of experience of research and teaching and has published more than 25 research papers in scientific journals.

S. N. Naik, PhD, is an emeritus professor at the Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, India. He has more than 35 years of experience in research and teaching. He has several prestigious awards and has published nearly 250 papers in scientific journals. He also has seven patents to his credit and has authored three books.

Textauszug

1
Prospectus of Renewable Resources for Lubricant Production

Suruchi Damle and Chandu S. Madankar*

Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India

Abstract

Lubricants aid in decreasing friction between surfaces in proximity, which in turn lowers the heat produced as the surfaces move. They are composed of 80% to 90% of base oils and 10% to 20% of additives that impart properties like antiwear, corrosion inhibition, pour point depression, etc. Petroleum-based lubricants are attributed to low biodegradability and toxicity. Demand for lubricants based on edible and nonedible plant oils or other renewable resources that are good for the environment is rising because of their enhanced lubricity, nontoxicity, and biodegradability. Biolubricants are synthesized by modifying plant oils chemically, by transesterification, estolide formation, epoxidation, etc. This chapter is intended to inform readers about renewable feedstocks for biolubricant production, comparison of physicochemical properties with petroleum-based lubricants, current scope, advantages, and challenges of biolubricant production in the future.

Keywords: Biolubricants, renewable, biodegradable, plant oils, chemical modification

Abbreviations

RRM	Renewable Raw Materials

EU	European Union

CO2	Carbon dioxide

PAO	Poly alpha olefin

HOSO	High oleic sunflower oil

VI	Viscosity Index

PTSA	Para-toluene sulphonic acid

COP	Coefficient of performance

FDBO	Farnesene-derived base oil

PFPE	Perfluoro polalkylether

CFC	Chlorofluoro carbon

SAPO	Silicoaluminophosphate

ZDPP	Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate

DDA	Detergent and dispersion additives

PPD	Pour point depressants

GM	Genetically modified

GHG	Greenhouse gases

1.1 Introduction

Lubricants help solid bodies move closer to each other by lowering wear and friction surfaces that interacting [1]. These are majorly used in chain saws, engines, gear boxes, metal rolling mills, etc. Lubricating oils are necessary for a variety of other tasks in addition to their fundamental roles in reducing friction and wear, such as removing heat, preventing corrosion, transferring power, creating a seal for the liquid moving contacts, and suspending, as well as removing worn-out particles [2].

Among the most promising future markets, according to the Lead Market Initiative of the European Commission, is goods made from renewable raw materials. The utilization of renewable raw materials (RRM) by way of a feedstock can help conserve fossil fuels and lessen adverse environmental effects while producing utilities, chemicals, and different bioderived products. Additionally, it could benefit the agriculture, as well as forestry industries and spur developments for manufacturing products, like biolubricants and bioplastics [3].

Vegetable oils have great lubricating performance, are biodegradable, and can be recycled, making them a promising source of ecologically beneficial (green) lubricants [4].

Triglycerides, or tri-esters, have three long-chain fatty acids connected at the –OH groups through ester bond to the glycerol backbone and make up the majority of vegetable oils. These oils contain a tiny percentage of esters with one ester group from long-chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols with various chemistries [5]. Triglycerol esters from vegetable oil contain fatty acids with variable amounts of unsaturation, all of which have a comparable length (14–22 carbons) [6]. A large proportion of vegetable oils consist of various polar and nonpolar groups in the same molecule. These oils have polar groups and are hence amphiphilic, which enables vegetable oil to be incorporated as a boundary and hydrokinetic lubricant [7]. Almost 8% (12.4 million tonnes) of world’s manufacturing of renewable raw materials comes from Europe (EU-27), primarily from rape, sunflower, and soya.

The utilization of plant-based oils in lubricants depends on their fatty acid composition. Mainly, long-chain fatty acid-based plant oils are preferred for use in biolubricant manufacture. Palm, soya bean, rapeseed, and sunflower oils are hence majorly used [8]. The second largest category of products made from plant oils is lubricants. Lubricants are intricately manufactured goods of about 90% base oils along with useful additives to change inherent qualities. Vegetable oils are typically utilized for the purpose of base oils in biolubricants; however, only 50% of the oil needs to come from renewable sources to qualify as a biolubricant [9].

Biobased lubricants are used as hydraulic fluids, metal working fluids, grease, concrete mold release agents and chainsaw oils. These are majorly applied in mechanical parts, which is being utilized in ecologically sensitive regions like agriculture and machinery for forestry, jet-skis, snow mobiles, etc. Although it is currently a small portion of the overall lubricant market, the biolubricant sector is continually expanding. Similar to mineral oil alternatives, which are more accessible but still account for a relatively small fraction of the industry. Both bioderived as well as some synthetic lubricants contain biologic components. By 2023, 1.06 million tonnes of bioderived lubricants are anticipated to be consumed [10]. The worldwide lubricant market can be broken down into lubricant-based mineral oil (87.72%, 32.63 million tonnes), synthetic lubricants (9.95%, 3.70 million tonnes), and lubricants based on renewable resources (2.33%, 870000 tonnes), as represented in Figure 1.1.

The industrial reach of green lubricants is anticipated to rise to 15% and perhaps 30% in some regions over the next 15 to 20 years. This market is anticipated to increase significantly because of growing utilization of biobased lubricants in the manufacturing and transportation sectors [11].

The potential future shortage of oil and gas resources (whether in terms of availability or quantity) is a serious issue for everyone in the world. Ruling bodies all across the world are attempting to lessen their reliance on foreign sources of energy as a result. In addition, bioderived lubricants have become more popular as alternatives for traditional lubricants based on petroleum sources in a variety of applications, particularly the automobile sector. Despite their advantages, biobased lubricants are still a long way from being a reliable replacement. Biobased lubricants have low cold flow characteristics, poor thermooxidation, and low hydrolytic stability because they are often made from unrefined vegetable oils. However, these flaws could be fixed by chemically altering the oils derived from natural resources or adding additives to the oils [12].

Figure 1.1 Distribution of global lubricant market.

Vegetable oils have been utilized for lubrication needs for a long time. The unearthing of petroleum as well as the availability of inexpensive oils, however, led to the abandonment of this notion. Crude oils derived from fossil fuels are still utilized as primary raw material in the processing of fuels and lubricants. However, because of increased apprehension about ecological effects of lubricants based on nonrenewable resources, there has been a renewed attention to the usage of lubricants made from vegetable oils. Numerous businesses have created and sold biobased lubricants [13].

Because they preserve the mechanical characteristics of traditional lubricants, lubricants based on renewable resources are attractive substitutes for mineral oils. Bioderived lubricants have excellent lubricity, flash point viscosity index, and are biodegradable. They are made from edible and inedible vegetable oils [14].

The current chapter lays emphasis on how modern technological advancement can lead to improved manufacturing of bio lubricants. These technologies are primarily prospective for utilization of renewables as raw source, such as vegetable oils. However, there are certain constraints and impediments for full-scale implementation or commercialization like for example, the economics for development of biolubricants are not fully set or accustomed to manufacture and use of biolubricants as substitute to traditional lubricants based on petroleum sources; development of required technology and its standardization; testing and analysis in real time systems has not yet been performed on a commercial scale, etc. Nonetheless, the current research and findings in these domains can prove to be effective solution.

1.2 History

For hundreds of years, biobased materials have been utilized as efficient lubricants. Even though there has been evidence to show the usage of lubricating agents in the Copper Age, animal as well as vegetable oils had been...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 2.7.2024
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-394-17301-6 / 1394173016
• ISBN-13: 978-1-394-17301-3 / 9781394173013