Biomaterials in Clinical Practice (eBook)
XV, 830 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-68025-5 (ISBN)
Fatima Zivic is an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, where she teaches courses on: Biomaterials, Surface Modification Technologies, Metrology and Quality Control. Her research explores novel biomaterial structures and material characterisation (mechanical and structural properties).
Fatima Zivic is an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, where she teaches courses on: Biomaterials, Surface Modification Technologies, Metrology and Quality Control. Her research explores novel biomaterial structures and material characterisation (mechanical and structural properties). Saverio Affatato is a Medical Physicist at the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute (IOR) (www.ior.it/tecno). In addition, he is the Head of the "Wear Characterization of Joint Prostheses Research Unit" of the IOR’s Medical Technology Laboratory.rial, sans-s Miroslav Trajanovic is a Full Professor at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nis, Serbia. He has more than 35 years of experience in the application of ICT in mechanical engineering and medicine and more than 250 published papers to his credit. He has broad expertise in the modeling of biomaterials’ structural design (scaffold structures, bone grafts). In addition, he is the Serbian coordinator of the European EURAXESS services network. Matthias Schnabelrauch received his PhD in Polymer Chemistry from Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena. After postdoctoral positions at the University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, and the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, he currently heads the Biomaterials Department of INNOVENT e. V., Jena, Germany. His main research interests are in the synthesis, characterisation and application of degradable biomaterials. He is the author/co-author of more than 150 peer-reviewed scientific papers and 50 patent applications. Nenad Grujovic is a Full Professor and Head of the Center for Information Technologies (http://cit.fink.rs) at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Serbia. His research focuses on custom-made medical implants, tissue engineering, 3D printing and FEM modeling. He has led two clinical projects on custom-made implants used iont> of Ti-reinforced PMMA artificial ribs (in 2017) made using 3D printing. Kwang Leong Choy is a Professor of Materials Discovery at University College London and Director of the UCL Institute for Materials Discovery (http://www.ucl.ac.uk/institute-for-materials-discovery). She has authored over 220 peer-reviewed publications, including 3 books, and holds 20 patents on nanomaterials, thin films and coatings for structural, functional and biomedical applications.
Preface 5
Contents 8
About the Editors 11
1 Short History of Biomaterials Used in Hip Arthroplasty and Their Modern Evolution 14
Abstract 14
1 Introduction 15
1.1 Brief Digression of Hip Anatomy 15
1.2 Overview of Problems Leading to Hip Surgery 18
2 History of Biomaterials Used in THA 19
2.1 The Advance in Hip Replacement Prosthesis 22
3 Biomaterials Used for Contemporary Types of THA 24
4 Development of Modern Biomaterials Used in THA 29
References 32
Material Classes 35
2 Progress Beyond the State-of-the-Art in the Field of Metallic Materials for Bioimplant Applications 36
Abstract 36
1 Introduction 37
2 Fundamentals of BMGs 38
3 Permanent Metallic Materials. Recent Advances on Ti-Based BMGs 39
4 Biodegradable Metallic Materials. Recent Advances on Mg-Based BMGs 41
5 Surface Engineering of Ti-Based Alloys 43
6 Nanostructured Coatings by Hydrothermal Treatment on Biomedical Ti-Alloys 44
7 Hydrothermally-Grown Coatings Enhance the Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance 51
8 Conclusions 53
Acknowledgements 54
References 54
3 Review of Existing Biomaterials—Method of Material Selection for Specific Applications in Orthopedics 58
Abstract 58
1 Introduction 59
2 Materials in Orthopedics 59
2.1 Metal Materials 60
2.1.1 Stainless Steel 62
2.1.2 Cobalt Superalloys 63
2.1.3 Titanium and Its Alloys 66
2.2 Polymers 69
2.3 Ceramics 74
2.4 Composite Materials 81
2.4.1 Practical Examples of Commercially Applied Composite Materials 85
3 Advanced Material Structures 86
3.1 Porous Metals—Metal Foams 86
3.2 Biodegradable Materials 88
3.2.1 Biodegradable Polymers 88
3.2.2 Biodegradable Metals 92
3.3 Scaffolds 93
3.4 Smart Biomaterials 97
4 Case Study of Material Selection for the Femoral Component of an Artificial Hip Prosthesis 99
4.1 Analysis of the Material Requirements in Case of a Hip Prosthesis 100
Acknowledgements 104
References 104
4 Polymeric Biomaterials in Clinical Practice 111
Abstract 111
1 Polymeric Biomaterials—Basis of Structure 112
1.1 Mechanical Properties 115
1.2 Degradation 115
2 Applications of Polymers 116
2.1 Polymers in Drug Delivery 123
3 Summary 125
References 126
5 Polymeric Biomaterials Based on Polylactide, Chitosan and Hydrogels in Medicine 128
Abstract 128
1 Polymeric Biomaterials 129
2 Introduction 129
3 Poly(Lactic Acid) 132
3.1 Properties of PLA 133
3.2 Copolymers, Blends and Composites of PLA 134
3.3 Application 136
3.4 PLA—Challenges 136
4 Chitosan 137
4.1 Properties of Chitosan 138
4.2 Application 139
5 Hydrogels 140
5.1 Natural Hydrogels (Biological Hydrogels) 142
5.2 Synthetic Hydrogels 143
5.3 Biohybrid Hydrogels 145
5.4 Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels 146
6 Future Perspectives 147
References 148
6 Polyethylene Based Polymer for Joint Replacement 157
Abstract 157
1 Introduction 158
2 Improvements of Polyethylene for Joint Replacement 160
2.1 Cross-linked Polyethylene 160
2.2 Composite Polyethylenes 161
3 Aging of Polyethylene 162
4 Wear Tests on Polyethylene 163
4.1 Polyethylene and Hip Wear Simulation 164
4.2 Polyethylene and Knee Wear Simulation 166
5 Molecular Characterization of PE 167
6 Future Directions 171
References 172
7 Ceramics for Hip Joint Replacement 174
Abstract 174
1 Introduction 175
2 Alumina for Hip Prostheses 175
2.1 1st Generation of Alumina 176
2.2 2nd Generation of Alumina 176
2.3 3rd Generation of Alumina 176
3 Zirconia Used as Medical Device 178
3.1 Zirconia Toughened Alumina 180
4 Wear Tests on Ceramic Components 181
5 Molecular Characterization of Ceramic Materials 182
6 Conclusions 185
Acknowledgements 186
References 186
8 Metallic Biomaterials 189
Abstract 189
1 Introduction 190
2 Basic Properties of the Metal Materials Used in Medicine 192
2.1 Biocompatibility 195
2.2 Corrosion Resistance 197
2.3 Mechanical Properties 200
2.4 Wear 204
3 Metal Materials in Current Biomedical Applications 207
3.1 Stainless Steel 207
3.2 Titanium Alloys 211
3.3 Cobalt-Based Alloys 216
3.4 Ni–Ti Shape Memory Alloys 221
3.5 Mg Alloys 224
4 Summary and Looking to the Future 226
References 227
9 Biodegradable Metals as Biomaterials for Clinical Practice: Iron-Based Materials 231
Abstract 231
1 Introduction 232
1.1 Application Areas of Degradable Implants 234
1.2 Basic Properties 238
1.3 Production Technologies 241
1.4 Biodegradable Metal Materials 242
2 Iron and Iron-Based Materials for Biodegradable Implants 244
2.1 Iron Properties 245
2.2 Iron Biochemistry 248
2.3 Development of Biodegradable Medical Implants Made of Iron Based Materials 249
2.3.1 Alloying Elements 250
2.3.2 Composites 254
2.3.3 Porosity 256
2.3.4 Production Technologies 258
2.3.5 Biocompatibility Properties 262
2.3.6 Magnetic Properties 265
2.3.7 Research Direction—Material Degradation 267
2.3.8 Modeling and Simulation 272
3 Economic Impact of Biodegradable Metallic Implants 276
4 Conclusions 278
Acknowledgements 280
References 280
10 Porous Metals in Orthopedics 287
Abstract 287
1 Introduction 288
2 Production 289
3 Mechanical Properties 293
4 Medical Device Testing for Porous Metals 295
5 Materials 296
6 Applications and Conclusions 300
Acknowledgements 303
References 303
11 Properties and Behavior of Shape Memory Alloys in the Scope of Biomedical and Engineering Applications 308
Abstract 308
1 Introduction 309
2 Shape Memory Alloy Properties: Experimental Investigation and Modeling 310
2.1 SMA Constitutive Modeling Approaches 319
2.2 Loading Rate Influence on SMA Behavior 324
3 Applications of SMA 326
3.1 Medical Application 327
3.1.1 Orthodontic Application 327
3.1.2 Orthopedic Application 328
3.1.3 Cardiovascular Application 328
3.1.4 Other Medical Applications 329
3.2 Other Technical Applications 330
4 Conclusions 331
Acknowledgements 332
References 333
12 Bioactive Biomaterials: Potential for Application in Bone Regenerative Medicine 337
Abstract 337
1 Introduction to Bioactive Biomaterials in Medicine 338
1.1 Implant-Tissue Interactions 339
2 Classification of Biomaterials in Medicine 339
2.1 Bioinert Biomaterials 340
2.2 Bioactive Biomaterials 340
3 Bioactive Biomaterials in Bone Regenerative Medicine 342
3.1 Natural Bone Substitutes 344
3.2 Synthetic Bone Substitutes 346
3.2.1 Ceramics 346
3.2.2 Metals 348
3.2.3 Polymers 349
3.2.4 Hydrogels 350
3.2.5 Composites 350
3.3 Nanomaterials 351
4 Bioactive Biomaterials in Dentistry 351
5 Bioactive Biomaterials in Drug Delivery Systems 352
6 Future Directions and Perspectives 356
Acknowledgements 356
References 357
13 Bioactive Coatings 365
Abstract 365
1 Introduction 366
2 Processing/Characterisation/Biocompatibility and Bioactivity Properties of Bioactive Coatings 369
2.1 Hydroxyapatite Coatings 369
2.2 Bioglass Coatings 378
2.3 Polymer-Based Bioactive and Degradable Coatings 382
2.3.1 Natural Polymer Derived Coatings 382
2.3.2 Bioactive and Degradable Coatings Based on Synthetic Polymers 390
2.4 Bioactive Composite Coatings 393
2.5 Antimicrobial Coatings 397
3 Future Trends 398
Acknowledgements 399
References 399
14 Nanometals in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy 411
Abstract 411
1 Introduction 412
2 Gold Nanomaterials 413
3 Silver Nanomaterials (AgNMs) 415
4 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MagNPs) 415
5 Nanomaterials Characterization 416
6 Nanometals in Cancer Imaging 417
7 Nanometals in Drug Delivery 420
8 Nanometals in Gene Therapy 422
9 Metalnanomaterials in Photothermal Therapy 424
10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 427
Acknowledgements 427
References 428
Biomaterial Properties and Characterization 433
15 Chemical Bulk Properties of Biomaterials 434
Abstract 434
1 Introduction 434
2 The Role of Water in the Interaction Between Biomaterials and the Living Matter 436
3 Chemical Properties of Different Classes of Biomaterials 438
3.1 Metals and Alloys 438
3.2 Ceramics and Bioactive Glasses 443
3.3 Polymers 449
4 Concluding Remarks 459
References 460
16 Assessment of Metallic Alloys Biocompatibility 463
Abstract 463
1 Introduction 463
2 In Vitro Assays to Evaluate Material Biocompatibility 465
2.1 Cell Model Selection 465
2.2 Cell Viability and Proliferation 466
2.3 Adhesion and Morphology 467
2.4 Osteoblast Differentiation 469
2.5 Inflammatory Response 470
3 Principal Causes of Toxicity 471
3.1 Corrosion 472
3.2 Surface 473
4 Conclusions and Future Directions 475
Acknowledgements 475
Bibliography 475
17 Determining the Biological Properties of Biomaterials In Vivo 478
Abstract 478
1 Introduction 479
2 Hypersensitivity Reactions to Biomaterials 481
2.1 Type I of Hypersensitivity Reactions 482
2.2 Type IV of Hypersensitivity Reactions 483
2.3 Hypersensitivity to Orthopedic Materials 485
2.4 Hypersensitivity to Dental Materials 487
2.5 Endovascular Devices 487
3 Effects of Biomaterials to Implantation 488
3.1 Injury 488
3.2 Blood-Biomaterial Interactions 489
3.3 Provisional Matrix Formation 489
3.4 Inflammation 490
3.5 Granulation Tissue 491
3.6 The Foreign Body Reaction 492
3.7 Fibrous Capsule Development and Fibrosis 493
4 Conclusion 494
Acknowledgements 494
References 494
18 Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity Testing of Biomaterials 501
Abstract 501
1 Introduction 502
2 In Vitro Genotoxicity/Mutagenicity Testing 506
2.1 Gene Mutation Assays 506
2.1.1 Ames Test 506
2.1.2 The Mouse Lymphoma Assay 507
2.2 Chromosomal Aberration Assays 508
2.2.1 Chromosomal Aberration Assay 508
2.2.2 In Vitro Micronucleus Test 509
2.3 Other DNA Effects 511
2.3.1 Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) Assay 511
2.3.2 Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay (Comet Assay) 511
3 In Vivo Genotoxicity/Mutagenicity Testing 515
3.1 Genotoxicity Testing in Drosophila 516
3.1.1 Wing-Spot Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test in D. melanogaster 517
3.1.2 Sex-Linked Recessive Lethal Test in D. melanogaster 519
4 Conclusion 521
Acknowledgements 521
References 521
19 Histopathological Analysis of Bone Tissue Reaction on Implanted Biomaterials 528
Abstract 528
1 Introduction to Bone Biology 528
1.1 Bone Growth, Modeling and Remodeling 531
1.2 Biomaterials 532
2 Histomorphometry 534
3 Conclusions 535
Acknowledgements 535
References 535
20 Imaging in Clinical and Preclinical Practice 538
Abstract 538
1 Introduction 538
2 Medical Imaging Techniques 540
2.1 Radiography 540
2.2 Mammography 543
2.3 Computed Tomography (CT) 543
2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 545
2.5 Ultrasound Imaging (Sonography) 547
2.6 Multimodality Imaging 547
3 Sample Applications of Imaging Techniques 548
3.1 Monitoring of Osteogenesis in Large Animals Using CT 548
3.2 Imaging Techniques in Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis 558
3.2.1 Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) 560
3.2.2 Quantitative Ultrasound Densitometry (QUS) 560
3.2.3 Single Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (SXA) 561
3.2.4 Peripheral Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (pDXA) 562
3.2.5 Radiographic Absorptiometry (RA) 562
3.2.6 Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) 562
3.2.7 Peripheral QCT (pQCT) and High Resolution Peripheral QCT (HR-pQCT) 564
3.2.8 Micro-CT (µCT) 564
3.2.9 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 565
4 Concluding Remarks 566
Acknowledgements 567
References 567
21 Selected Instrumental Methods for Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Different Biomaterials 572
Abstract 572
1 Physico-chemical and Spectroscopic Characterization 572
1.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 572
1.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 574
1.3 Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Spectroscopy 574
1.4 Vibrational Spectroscopy 575
1.4.1 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy 576
1.5 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) 578
1.6 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) 579
Acknowledgements 580
References 580
22 An Overview of In Vitro Mechanical and Structural Characterization of Hip Prosthesis Components 584
Abstract 584
1 Introduction 584
2 From History to Modern Concepts of Total Hip Replacement 585
2.1 Hip Joint Anatomy 585
2.2 Hip Joint Kinematics 585
3 Hip Joint Biomechanics 587
4 History of Hip Joint Replacement 589
5 Fatigue Testing 590
6 Femoral Stem Analysis 591
6.1 Femur Neck and Head Analysis 591
7 Standards for Wear Testing of THR 593
7.1 Wear and Total Hip Replacement 593
7.2 International Guidelines 593
8 Numerical Analysis on THR 595
Acknowledgements 596
References 596
23 Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Metal Biomaterials 599
Abstract 599
1 Introduction 599
2 Methods for Characterization of Mechanical Properties 601
2.1 Mechanical Destructive Testings 602
2.1.1 Tensile Testing 602
2.1.2 Compression Testing 605
2.1.3 Bending Testing 606
2.1.4 Hardness Testing 608
2.1.5 Fatigue Testing 612
2.1.6 Toughness Testing 615
2.2 Non-destructive Testing 616
2.2.1 Ultrasonic Testing 617
2.2.2 Radiographic Testing 617
2.2.3 Magnetic Particle Testing 619
2.2.4 Liquid Penetrant Testing 620
3 Application Potential and Mechanical Properties of Some Metal Biomaterials 621
3.1 Stainless Steels 622
3.2 Co–Cr Alloys 624
3.3 Titanium and Titanium Alloys 625
4 Conclusion 627
References 627
24 Manufacturability of Biomaterials 630
Abstract 630
1 Introduction 630
2 Manufacturability of Metallic Biomaterials 631
2.1 State of Stress Manufacturability 633
2.2 Intrinsic Manufacturability 641
2.2.1 Manufacturability of Stainless Steel 642
2.2.2 Manufacturability of Cobalt and Its Alloys 644
2.2.3 Manufacturability of Titanium and Its Alloys 644
2.3 Forgeability of Biomaterials 646
2.4 Castingability of Biomaterials 647
3 Manufacturability of Porous Materials 650
4 Manufacturability of Ceramic Materials 651
5 Manufacturability at Laser Technology 652
6 Conclusion 654
Acknowledgements 654
References 654
25 Computer Modeling of Stent Deployment in the Coronary Artery Coupled with Plaque Progression 656
Abstract 656
1 Introduction 657
2 Methods 660
2.1 Geometrical Stent Modeling 660
2.2 Three-Dimensional Simulation of Blood Flow, Mass Transport and Fluid-Structure Interaction 662
2.3 Modeling the Deformation of Blood Vessels 669
2.4 Plaque Formation and Progression Modeling—Continuum Approach 671
2.5 Particle Dynamics Model of Plaque Formation—Cellular Automata 672
2.6 Plaque Growth—ODE Model 673
3 Software for Stent Deployment 674
3.1 Component Architecture and Interoperability 674
4 Numerical Results 682
4.1 Nitinol Material Model 682
4.2 Stress Analysis for Stent Deployment 684
5 Discussion and Conclusions 687
References 689
Clinical Applications 691
26 Biomaterials in Dentistry—Implantology and Guided Bone Regeneration 692
Abstract 692
1 Introduction 693
1.1 The Basic Characteristics of the Bone 693
1.1.1 Regenerative Bone Therapy 694
1.1.2 Alveolar Bone 694
1.1.3 Periodontitis 695
1.2 Guided Bone Regeneration 695
1.2.1 Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration 696
1.2.2 Postoperative Care 697
1.2.3 Biomaterials Used for Bone Regeneration 697
1.2.4 Growth Factors 698
1.2.5 Biomaterials 699
1.3 Implantology 700
2 Case Reports 702
2.1 Comparison of Different Methods of Alveolar Bone Regeneration 702
2.1.1 Case Report 1 703
2.1.2 Case Report 2 706
2.1.3 Case Report 3 708
2.1.4 Case Report 4 712
2.1.5 Case Report 5 716
2.1.6 Case Report 6: Implantology 721
3 Discussion 723
4 Conclusion 728
References 729
27 Knee Arthroplasties 735
Abstract 735
1 Anatomy of the Knee Joint 736
1.1 Bones and Menisci 736
1.2 Knee Ligaments 737
1.3 Knee Muscles 738
1.3.1 Extensor Mechanism 738
1.3.2 The Flexor Mechanism 739
1.4 Vascularization of the Knee 739
2 Biomechanics of the Knee 739
3 History of Knee Arthroplasty 740
3.1 Anatomical Approach 741
3.2 Functional Approach 741
3.3 Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty 742
3.4 Patellofemoral Joint 743
4 Materials for Producing Endoprosthesis 743
4.1 Metals 744
4.1.1 Stainless Steel 744
4.1.2 Cobalt 744
4.1.3 Titanium and Its Alloys 744
4.1.4 Tantalum 745
4.2 Ceramics 746
4.3 Polyethylene 746
5 Fixation of Prosthesis Components 750
6 Designs of Knee Endoprosthesis 752
6.1 The Following Terms Are Necessary to Understand the Design of a Knee Endoprosthesis 752
6.2 Cruciate Retaining Design 753
6.3 Posterior Stabilized Design 754
6.4 Constrained Non-hinged Design Features 754
6.5 Constrained Hinged Design 756
6.6 Mobile and Fixed Bearing Design 756
6.7 Unicompartmental Arthroplasty 757
6.8 Tumor and Custom-Made Endoprosthesis 757
7 Preoperative Planning 758
8 The Indications for Knee Arthroplasty 758
8.1 Contraindications for TKA 760
8.2 Preoperative Templating 762
9 Surgical Technique 762
10 Complications of Knee Arthroplasty 767
References 770
28 Total Endoprothesis of Hip Joint: Characteristics and Application in Patients in the Central Region of Serbia 774
Abstract 774
1 Introduction 775
1.1 The Anatomy of the Hip Joint 775
1.2 Acetabulum 777
1.3 Articular Capsule 778
1.4 The Muscles of the Hip Joint 778
1.5 Blood Vessels and Nerves of the Hip 780
1.6 Mechanics of the Hip Joint 780
1.7 Endoprosthesis of the Hip Joint 781
2 Indications for THR 782
3 Historical Development of the Hip Joint Prosthesis 784
4 The Division of the Total Hip Prosthesis Based on Fixation Method 787
4.1 Cement Type of Prosthesis 787
4.2 Cementless Type of Prosthesis 793
4.3 Hybrid Type of Prosthesis 798
5 Biomaterial for Building Up the Prosthesis 802
6 Types of Surgical Approach When Performing THR 802
7 Complications of THR 804
8 Statistical Data Related to the Application of Endoprostheses of the Hip Joint in the Central Region of Serbia 809
9 Conclusion 816
References 816
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 20.10.2017 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XV, 830 p. 297 illus., 194 illus. in color. |
| Verlagsort | Cham |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Physiotherapie / Ergotherapie |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie | |
| Technik ► Maschinenbau | |
| Schlagworte | Bioactive Coatings • biochemical engineering • Biomaterials for Clinical Applications • Bioresorbable Iron and Magnesium • Joint Replacements • Porous Metals and Nanometals • rehabilitation psychology • WIMB Project |
| ISBN-10 | 3-319-68025-0 / 3319680250 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-319-68025-5 / 9783319680255 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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