Marine Protists (eBook)

Diversity and Dynamics

Takeo Horiguchi, Fabrice Not, Susumu Ohtsuka, Toshinobu Suzaki, Noritoshi Suzuki (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2015 | 1st ed. 2015
IX, 648 Seiten
Springer Japan (Verlag)
978-4-431-55130-0 (ISBN)

Infos

This comprehensive book provides a unique overview of advances in the biology and ecology of marine protists. Nowadays marine protistology is a hot spot in science to disclose life phenomena using the latest techniques. Although many protistological textbooks deal with the cytology, genetics, ecology, and pathology of specific organisms, none keeps up with the quick pace of new discoveries on the diversity and dynamics of marine protists in general. The bookMarine Protists: Diversity and Dynamics gives an overview of current research on the phylogeny, cytology, genomics, biology, ecology, fisheries, applied sciences, geology and pathology of marine free-living and symbiotic protists. Poorly known but ecologically important protists such as labyrinthulids and apostome ciliates are also presented in detail. Special attention is paid to complex interactions between marine protists and other organisms including human beings. An understanding of the ecological roles of marine protists is essential for conservation of nature and human welfare. This book will be of great interest not only to scientists and students but also to a larger audience, to give a better understanding of protists' diverse roles in marine ecosystems.

Inhalt

Preface 6
Contents 8
Part I: Diversity, Biology, and Ecology 11
Chapter 1: Protistan Diversity in Environmental Molecular Surveys 12
1.1 Introduction 12
1.2 Protists in Marine Environments 14
1.3 Identification of Marine Planktonic Protists 15
1.4 Environmental Sequencing of Phylogenetic Marker Genes 17
1.5 Fingerprinting Analysis for Community Comparison 20
1.6 Beyond Sequences and Back to the Cells 22
1.7 The Genomic Era 25
1.8 Closing Remarks 27
References 27
Chapter 2: Unusual Features of Dinokaryon, the Enigmatic Nucleus of Dinoflagellates 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Phylogeny of Dinoflagellates 33
2.3 The Dinokaryon 38
2.3.1 Genome, Chromosome, and DNA 38
2.3.2 Transcription and Spliced Leader Trans-Splicing 39
2.3.3 Mitosis 39
2.3.4 Nucleofilament 40
2.3.5 Proposed Models for Chromosome Architecture 40
2.3.6 Nuclear Proteins 41
2.3.7 HCc Family 43
2.3.8 Dinaps and Their Associating Proteins 43
2.3.9 Lamin and Lamin-Like Proteins 44
2.3.10 NP23 and DVNP 45
2.3.11 Histones and Histone-Related Proteins 46
2.3.12 Other Nuclear Proteins 47
2.4 Concluding Remarks 48
References 49
Chapter 3: Diversity of Microbial Eukaryotes in Deep Sea Chemosynthetic Ecosystems Illuminated by Molecular Techniques 54
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Microbial Eukaryotes in the Ecosystems of Hydrothermal Vents 57
3.3 Microbial Eukaryotes in the Ecosystems of Cold Seeps 60
3.4 Perspectives 64
References 66
Chapter 4: Biology, Diversity and Ecology of Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Opisthokonta 74
4.3 Amoebozoa (Amoebobionta) 75
4.4 Excavata 76
4.5 Archaeplastida (Plantae) 80
4.6 Stramenopiles 80
4.7 Alveolata 82
4.8 Rhizaria 84
4.9 Other Flagellates 85
References 87
Chapter 5: Basal Lineages of Green Algae – Their Diversity and Phylogeny 94
5.1 Introduction 94
5.2 Classification of Primitive Green Algae 95
5.2.1 Streptophyta 95
5.2.1.1 Class Mesostigmatophyceae Marin et Melkonian 1999 95
5.2.2 Chlorophyta 98
5.2.2.1 Order Prasinococcales (Clade VI) 98
5.2.2.2 Order Palmophyllales Zechman, Verbruggen, Leliaert, Ashworth, MA Buchheim, Fawley, H Spalding, Pueschel, JA Buchheim, Verghese et Hanisak 2010 98
5.2.2.3 Pyramimonadales sensu Melkonian 1990 (Clade I) 99
5.2.2.4 Mamiellophyceae Marin et Melkonian 2010 (Clade II) 99
5.2.2.4.1 Mamiellales Moestrup 1984 emend. Marin et Melkonian 2010 99
Mamiellaceae Moestrup 1984 emend. Marin et Melkonian 2010 100
Bathycoccaceae Marin et Melkonian 2010 100
5.2.2.4.2 Dolichomastigales Marin et Melkonian 2010 100
Dolichomastigaceae Marin et Melkonian 2010 100
Crustomastigaceae Marin et Melkonian 2010 101
5.2.2.4.3 Monomastigales Marin et Melkonian 2010 101
5.2.2.5 Clade VII sensu Guillou et al. 2004 102
5.2.2.5.1 The Picocystis Clade 102
5.2.2.6 Pycnococcaceae Guillard emend. Fawley 1999 (Clade V) 102
5.2.2.7 Nephroselmidophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Clade III) 103
5.2.2.8 Chlorodendrophyceae Massjuk 2006 (Clade IV) 103
5.2.2.9 Pedinophyceae Moestrup emend. Marin 2012 104
5.2.2.9.1 Pedinomonadales Moestrup emend. Marin 2012 104
5.2.2.9.2 Marsupiomonadales Marin 2011 104
5.2.2.10 Clades VIII and IX 105
5.3 Ecology of Primitive Green Algae 105
References 107
Chapter 6: Typical Features of Genomes in the Mamiellophyceae 111
6.1 Introduction to Mamiellophyceae 111
6.2 Genome Characteristics of Mamiellales 113
6.2.1 The Genomes of the Mamiellales Are Small 113
6.2.2 Similar Cellular Morphologies Cloak Phylogenomic Divergence 116
6.2.3 Two Outlier Chromosomes Have Enigmatic Functionalities 118
6.3 Metabolic Processes or Life Styles Inferred from Genomes 119
6.4 Organellar Genomes 121
6.4.1 Common Features of Mamiellophyceae Organellar Genomes 121
6.4.2 Variable Features of Mamiellophyceae Organellar Genomes 122
6.4.3 Population Genomic Insights into Organelle Inheritance and Evolution 123
6.5 Metagenomics of Mamiellales 123
6.5.1 Linking Marker Gene Diversity, Physiology and Ecology 123
6.5.2 Whole Genomic Sequence from “Wild” Populations 124
6.6 Viruses 125
6.6.1 Prasinoviruses Are Diverse and Abundant 125
6.6.2 Is the Evolution of Host and Viral Genomes Driven by an Arms Race? 126
6.7 Perspectives 127
References 127
Chapter 7: Planktic Foraminifera 132
7.1 Introduction 132
7.1.1 What Are Foraminifera? 132
7.1.2 Evolution over Geological Timescales 133
7.1.3 Research History of Living Planktic Foraminifera: An Overview 135
7.2 Shell Morphology and Structure 136
7.2.1 Morphology-Based Classification 136
7.2.2 Shell Structure and Ontogeny 142
7.3 Horizontal and Vertical Distributions 144
7.4 Biology 145
7.4.1 Cytoplasm 145
7.4.2 Predation 146
7.4.3 Symbiosis 147
7.4.4 Reproduction and Life Cycles 148
7.5 Shell Geochemistry 152
7.5.1 Advances in Geochemistry and Paleoceanography 152
7.5.2 Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes 153
7.5.3 Trace Metals in Foraminiferal Shells 155
7.5.4 Sub-micron-Order Geochemical Analysis 157
7.6 Molecular Biology 160
7.6.1 Evolution 160
7.6.2 Origin of the Modern Planktic Foraminifera 160
7.6.3 Genetic Diversity 161
7.6.4 Geographic and Vertical Distribution of Genetic Diversity 161
7.6.5 Reassessment of Shell Morphology 164
7.7 Collection and Cultivation 166
7.7.1 Collection of Living Specimens 166
7.7.2 Preparation in the Laboratory 167
7.7.3 Maintenance of Living Specimens 168
7.7.4 Feeding and Maintenance 169
7.7.5 Sample Fixation 169
7.7.6 Advanced Systems for Ecological Study: A Flow-­Through Culture Approach 170
References 172
Further Reading Lists 181
Chapter 8: Biology and Ecology of Radiolaria 182
8.1 Overview of Radiolarian Features 182
8.2 Acantharia 189
8.2.1 Cell Structure and Taxonomy 189
8.2.2 Reproduction and Motility 192
8.2.3 Trophic Characteristics and Biotic Interactions 193
8.2.4 Environmental Distribution 194
8.3 Taxopodia 194
8.3.1 Cell Structure and Taxonomy 194
8.3.2 Reproduction and Motility 196
8.3.3 Trophic Characteristics and Biotic Interactions 196
8.3.4 Environmental Distribution 197
8.4 Spumellaria 197
8.4.1 Cell Structure and Taxonomy 197
8.4.2 Reproduction and Motility 199
8.4.3 Trophic Characteristics and Biotic Interactions 200
8.4.4 Environmental Distributions 200
8.5 Nassellaria 203
8.5.1 Cell Structure and Taxonomy 203
8.5.2 Reproduction and Motility 204
8.5.3 Trophic Characteristics and Biotic Interactions 206
8.5.4 Environmental Distributions 206
8.6 Collodaria 208
8.6.1 Cell Structure and Taxonomy 208
8.6.2 Reproduction and Motility 210
8.6.3 Trophic Characteristics and Biotic Interactions 210
8.6.4 Environmental Distributions 211
8.7 General Ecology of Radiolaria 211
8.8 Seasonality of Polycystines in Different Regions 212
8.8.1 Upwelling Regions 215
8.8.2 Major Factors Controlling Polycystine Distributions 216
8.8.3 Contributions to Inorganic Biochemical Cycle 217
8.9 Research Perspectives on Living Radiolarians 218
References 219
Chapter 9: Phaeodaria: Diverse Marine Cercozoans of World-Wide Distribution 226
9.1 Introduction 227
9.1.1 What Are “Phaeodarians”? 227
9.1.2 History 228
9.2 Classification 230
9.2.1 Cercozoa 230
9.2.2 Outline of Taxonomy 231
9.3 Cell Structure 235
9.3.1 Malacoma 235
9.3.2 Scleracoma 236
9.4 Mode of Life 237
9.5 Reproduction 239
9.5.1 Cell Division 239
9.5.2 Swarmer Production 239
9.6 Trophic Interactions 240
9.6.1 Feeding 240
9.6.2 Predators and Symbiosis 241
9.7 Distribution 241
9.7.1 Global Distribution 241
9.7.2 Vertical Distribution 242
9.8 Interactions with the Environment 243
9.8.1 Restricting Factors of Phaeodarian Distribution 243
9.8.2 Biomass 244
9.8.3 Seasonality 244
9.8.4 Importance in the Matter Cycle 245
9.9 Fossil Records 245
References 248
Chapter 10: Ecology and Evolution of Marine Diatoms and Parmales 253
10.1 Introduction 253
10.2 Diatom 254
10.2.1 History of Study 254
10.2.2 Marine Diatom Phytoplankton Ecology 255
10.2.3 Resting Stages 257
10.2.4 Physiological Response to Stress 260
10.2.5 Iron Limitation 260
10.2.6 Genomics and the Urea Cycle 262
10.2.7 Sinking and Staying in Suspension 262
10.2.8 Life History 263
10.2.9 Diatoms and Bacteria 263
10.2.10 Toxicity 264
10.2.11 Palaeoecology 264
10.2.12 Evolution 266
10.3 Parmales 267
10.3.1 An Insight into Diatom Ancestry? 267
10.3.2 Effects of Silicon Limitation on Growth and Morphology of Parmales 268
10.3.3 Ecology 269
References 270
Chapter 11: Planktonic Ciliates: Diverse Ecological Function in Seawater 278
11.1 Introduction 279
11.2 Potential Growth Influencing Grazing Impact of Ciliates 280
11.3 Grazing on Picoplankton and Nanoplankton 280
11.3.1 Ciliates as Picoplankton Feeder 281
11.3.2 Ciliates as Nanoplankton Feeders 284
11.3.3 Factors to Influence Feeding Activities of Ciliates 289
11.3.4 Comparison with the Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates 290
11.4 Prey for Meso- and Macrozooplankton 291
11.5 Nutrient Regeneration 296
11.6 Specific Functions Through Prey–Predator Relationships 297
11.6.1 Role of Grazing on HAB Species 297
11.6.2 Role as Food Source for Aurelia aurita 299
11.6.3 Role as Food for Bivalves 301
11.7 Conclusion and Future Subjects 302
References 302
Chapter 12: Biology and Paleontology of Coccolithophores (Haptophytes) 311
12.1 Introduction 312
12.2 Life Cycle, Biomineralization and Molecular Phylogeny 314
12.3 Biogeography and Seasonality 319
12.4 Coccolithophores in the Geological Past 321
12.5 The Future of Coccolithophores 323
References 325
Chapter 13: Diversity and Ecology of Thraustochytrid Protists in the Marine Environment 331
13.1 Introduction 331
13.2 Taxonomy, Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny 333
13.3 Methodologies for Detecting Thraustochytrids 336
13.4 Ecological Roles of Thraustochytrid Protists 339
13.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 341
References 342
Chapter 14: Ecology and Distribution of Protists in Brackish Water Lakes 347
14.1 Brackish Water Area 347
14.2 Organisms in the Brackish Water Area 349
14.3 Protists in the Brackish Water Area 351
14.4 Genuine Brackish Water Species 353
14.5 Protists in Lake Shinji and Lake Nakaumi 353
14.6 Conclusions 355
References 355
Chapter 15: Oldest Fossil Records of Marine Protists and the Geologic History Toward the Establishment of the Modern-Type Marine Protist World 358
15.1 Introduction 359
15.2 Geologic Record Types of Marine Protists 360
15.3 Marine Protists as a Major Component of Pelagic Sediments 360
15.4 The Oldest Fossil Records of Marine Protists 364
15.5 Biomarker Evidence About Invisible Marine Protists 364
15.6 The Oldest Fossil Records 367
15.6.1 Acritarchs and Dinoflagellates 367
15.6.2 Foraminifers 368
15.6.3 Radiolarian Polycystines 370
15.6.4 Diatoms 371
15.6.5 Coccolithophores and Calcareous Nannofossils 374
15.6.6 Silicoflagellates (Dictyophyceae), Ebridians (Ebriacea), Phaeodaria and Others 376
15.7 Geologic History of Unfossilized and Fossilizable Phases (Fig. 15.6) 377
15.7.1 General Trends in Fossilizable Marine Protists 379
15.7.2 Hadean, Archean and Proterozoic 380
15.7.3 Paleozoic 380
15.7.4 Mesozoic 382
15.7.5 Cenozoic 383
15.8 Establishment of the Modern-Type Marine Protists (Fig. 15.7) 383
References 385
Part II: Symbiosis 394
Chapter 16: Diversity and Phylogeny of Marine Parasitic Dinoflagellates 395
16.1 Introduction 396
16.2 Phylogenetic Affinities of Parasitic Marine Dinoflagellates 397
16.3 Parasitic “Basal” Dinoflagellates 398
16.3.1 Perkinsea 398
16.3.2 Ellobiophyceae 400
16.3.3 Syndiniophyceae 402
16.4 Parasitic Dinoflagellates Belonging to the “Core” Dinoflagellates 407
16.5 Perspectives 412
References 412
Chapter 17: Biology of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium) in Corals 418
17.1 The Basic Nature of Symbiodinium 418
17.1.1 Zooxanthella and Symbiodinium 418
17.1.2 Symbiodinium Taxonomy 419
17.1.3 Symbiodinium Cell Cycle and Architecture 420
17.1.4 Contributions to Host Animals 421
17.1.5 Free-Living Symbiodinium 422
17.2 Genetic Diversity of Symbiodinium 424
17.3 Mechanisms of Symbiosis 425
17.3.1 Symbiosis Establishment 425
17.3.2 Symbiosis Collapse 427
17.4 Conclusion 429
References 430
Chapter 18: Biology of Symbiotic Apostome Ciliates: Their Diversity and Importance in the Aquatic Ecosystems 437
18.1 Introduction 438
18.2 Host Specificities and Site Preference 440
18.3 Life Cycle 444
18.4 Cytological Features 449
18.5 Ecology 451
18.6 Pathogenic Influence 454
18.7 Evolutionary Trends 455
18.8 Future Perspectives 456
References 456
Chapter 19: Photosymbiosis in Marine Planktonic Protists 460
19.1 Introduction 461
19.2 Symbiotic Partnerships in Protists 462
19.2.1 Rhizaria 462
19.2.1.1 Planktonic Foraminifera 464
19.2.1.2 Radiolaria 470
19.2.2 Dinoflagellate Hosts 474
19.2.3 Haptophyte Hosts 477
19.2.4 Ciliate Hosts 477
19.2.5 Diatom Hosts 478
19.3 Life History of Partners and Symbiont Transmission 479
19.3.1 Host and Symbiont Dependence on Symbiosis 479
19.3.2 Symbiont Transmission and Maintenance 481
19.4 Metabolic Interactions and Physiological Adaptations 483
19.4.1 Eukaryote–Eukaryote Photosymbioses 483
19.4.2 Eukaryote–Prokaryote Symbioses 484
19.5 Methods for Studying Symbioses in Plankton 485
19.5.1 Sampling 485
19.5.2 Morphological Description of Symbiotic Associations 485
19.5.3 Genetic Identification of Symbiotic Partners 486
19.5.4 Symbiont Cultivation 487
19.5.5 Unveiling Metabolic Interactions Between Partners 487
19.6 Perspectives 488
References 489
Chapter 20: Marine Protist Viruses 496
20.1 Introduction 496
20.2 Taxonomy of Marine Protist Viruses 497
20.2.1 dsDNA Virus 497
20.2.2 ssDNA Viruses 498
20.2.3 dsRNA Virus 500
20.2.4 ssRNA 500
20.3 Ecology 501
20.3.1 Impact of Viral Infection on Protist Populations 501
20.3.2 Effects of Environmental Factors on Viral Infection 503
20.3.3 Infection Specificities in Algal Host-Virus Systems 504
20.3.4 Multiple Viral Infections 505
20.3.5 Resistance to Viral Infection 506
20.4 Implications 508
References 508
Chapter 21: Biology of Parasitic Heterotrophic Nanoflagellates: Parasitoids of Diatoms 513
21.1 General Biology of Heterotrophic Parasitic Nanoflagellates 513
21.2 The Genus Pirsonia/Pseudopirsonia 516
21.3 Pseudaphelidium drebesii 518
21.4 Zoosporic Fungi 519
References 522
Part III: Interactions Between Marine Protists and Humans 525
Chapter 22: Fish and Shellfish Diseases Caused by Marine Protists 526
22.1 Introduction 526
22.2 Amoebae 527
22.3 Ichthyophonus 527
22.4 Flagellates 529
22.5 X-Cells 530
22.6 Ciliates 531
22.7 Perkinsus 533
22.8 Marteilia 536
22.9 Azumiobodo hoyamushi 538
References 539
Chapter 23: Taxonomy and Distribution of the Unarmored Dinoflagellates Cochlodinium polykrikoides and C. fulvescens 543
23.1 Introduction 544
23.2 Taxonomy of Cochlodinium polykrikoides and Related Species 544
23.2.1 Taxonomic Background 546
23.2.2 Further Characterization of Chain-Forming Cochlodinium spp. 547
23.2.3 Dinoflagellates Related to Chain-Forming Cochlodinium 549
23.3 Recent Expansion of Cochlodinium polykrikoides 550
23.4 Possibility of Recent Migration 552
23.4.1 Intraspecific Relationships in Cochlodinium fulvescens 552
23.4.2 Intraspecific Relationships in Cochlodinium polykrikoides 553
23.5 Conclusion 555
References 555
Chapter 24: Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP)–Producing Dinoflagellate and PSP-Infested Organisms 558
24.1 Introduction 559
24.2 Accumulation of PSP by Filter-Feeding (Traditional) Vectors 561
24.2.1 Occurrence of Toxic Dinoflagellate and PSP-Infested Bivalves in Seto Inland Sea, Japan 562
24.2.1.1 Case Study in Hiroshima Bay—Occurrence of A. tamarense 562
24.2.1.2 Case Study in Bingo-Nada—Occurrence of A. tamiyavanichii 564
24.2.2 Accumulation and Biotransformation of PSP in Short-­Necked Clams Fed with the Toxic Dinoflagellate A. tamarense 565
24.2.3 Accumulation of PSP by a Marine Mossworm (Molluscoidea) as a Filter-Feeding Vector 568
24.3 Accumulation of PSP by Non-Filter-Feeding (Non-­traditional) Vectors 569
24.3.1 Echinoderms 571
24.3.1.1 Case Study: Starfish Asterias amurensis: Fig. 24.6a 571
24.3.2 Gastropods 571
24.3.2.1 Carnivorous Gastropod 572
24.3.2.2 Case Study: Rapa Whelk Rapana venosa: Fig. 24.6b 573
24.3.2.3 Herbivorous Gastropod 573
24.3.2.4 Case Study: Ormer H. tuberculata: Fig. 24.6c 573
24.3.3 Crustacea 574
24.3.3.1 Case Study in the Philippines 576
24.4 Conclusion 581
References 582
Chapter 25: Interactions Between Harmful Algae and Algicidal and Growth-Inhibiting Bacteria Associated with Seaweeds and Seagrasses 588
25.1 Introduction 589
25.2 Characteristics of Algicidal Bacteria 590
25.3 Ecological Relationship Between Algicidal Bacteria and Harmful Algae in Coastal Seas 593
25.4 Seaweed Beds as Prevention Strategies for Red Tides 596
25.5 Seagrass Beds as Prevention Strategies for Harmful Algal Blooms 601
25.6 Perspectives 605
References 606
Chapter 26: Relationships Between Aquatic Protists and Humans 611
26.1 Overviews 612
26.2 Materials for Basic Biology and Medicine 614
26.3 Foods 615
26.4 Negative Impacts on Human Societies 617
26.4.1 Recent Success in Culturing Dinophysis: Toward Understanding of Productive Mechanisms of Toxins 617
26.4.2 Recent Advance in Perkinsus Studies 619
26.5 Response to Anthropogenic Effects 620
References 623
Index 628

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 28.9.2015
• Zusatzinfo: IX, 648 p.
• Verlagsort: Tokyo
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Hydrologie / Ozeanografie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Lebensmitteltechnologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• Schlagworte: Aquatic ecosystem • Chemosynthetic ecosystem • Eukaryotic microorganism • Fish and Wildlife Biology • Harmful algal bloom • Marine environment • Protist and human welfare • Water Quality and Water Pollution
• ISBN-10: 4-431-55130-1 / 4431551301
• ISBN-13: 978-4-431-55130-0 / 9784431551300