New Zealand Freshwater Fishes (eBook)

an Historical and Ecological Biogeography

R.M. McDowall (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2010
XXII, 450 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-90-481-9271-7 (ISBN)

Infos

In many ways, this book is the culmination of more than four decades of my exp- ration of the taxonomy, biogeography and ecology of New Zealand's quite small freshwater fish fauna. I began this firstly as a fisheries ecologist with the New Zealand Marine Department (then responsible for the nation's fisheries research and mana- ment), and then with my PhD at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA in the early-mid 1960s. Since then, employed by a series of agencies that have successively been assigned a role in fisheries research in New Zealand, I have been able to explore very widely the natural history of that fauna. Studies of the fishes of other warm to cold temperate southern lands have followed, particularly southern Australia, New Caledonia, Patagonian South America, the Falkland Islands, and South Africa and, in many ways, have provided the rather broader context within which the New Zealand fauna is embedded in terms of geography, phylogeny, and evolutionary history, and knowing this context makes the patterns within New Zealand all the clearer. An additional stream in these studies, in substantial measure driven by the beh- ioural ecology of these fishes round the Southern Hemisphere, has been exploration of the role of diadromy (regular migrations between marine and freshwater biomes) in fisheries ecology and biogeography, and eventually of diadromous fishes wor- wide.

Inhalt

Preface 8
Volume Foreword 12
References 13
Contents 14
Chapter 1: New Zealand’s Distinctive and Well-Known Freshwater Fish Fauna 24
1.1 Introduction 24
1.2 The Extant Fauna Known to Polynesian Maori 29
1.3 Scientific Discovery and Formal Description of the Fauna: the Place of European Biologists 30
1.4 Local New Zealand Naturalists Take Over 32
1.5 Clarifying a Century of Taxonomic Confusion 34
1.6 The Modern Era 36
1.6.1 The Exploration of New Geographic Areas 38
1.6.2 Osteological Studies 38
1.6.3 The Interaction of Genetics and Ecology 38
1.6.4 The Place of Genetic Studies 38
1.6.5 Recognition of New Diversity 40
1.6.6 Unresolved Problems in Gobiomorphus 41
1.6.7 The Arrival of Additional Species in New Zealand 41
1.7 A Synopsis of the Present Fauna 42
1.8 New Zealand Freshwater Fish Fossils 44
References 50
Chapter 2: The Geographical Setting of New Zealand and Its Place in Global Geography 57
2.1 New Zealand’s Global Setting 57
2.2 The New Zealand Islands 59
2.3 New Zealand Climate 59
2.4 New Zealand’s Rivers and Lakes 60
2.5 Human Colonisation 61
2.6 Biogeographical Significance: The Interest of Darwin, Wallace and Others 61
2.7 Early New Zealand Biogeographers 63
2.8 Biogeography of the Modern Era 64
2.9 The Question of ‘Absence’ and ‘Extinction’ 65
2.10 Origins of the Freshwater Fish Fauna: Marine Derivations or Ancient Land Connections 68
2.11 Darlington, Gondwana, Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift 70
2.12 So, What Is the Role of Dispersal? 71
References 73
Chapter 3: New Zealand’s Geological and Climatic History and Its Biogeographical Context 76
3.1 Background 76
3.2 New Zealand’s Origins 77
3.3 Development of the New Zealand Landscape 77
3.4 Glaciation 82
3.5 Volcanism 85
3.6 The Alpine Fault 89
3.7 Changes to Patterns of River Drainage 89
3.8 Indications of an Ancient Biota 92
3.9 The Evolution of an Alpine Biota 95
3.10 The Place of New Caledonia 97
References 101
Chapter 4: A Conceptual Basis for Biogeography 107
4.1 The Basis for Species’ Distributions 107
4.2 The Search for Pattern 108
4.3 Dispersal and the Question of History and Ecology 109
4.4 Biogeography: ‘Bottom Up’ or ‘Top Down’ 117
4.5 The Biogeographical Synthesis 118
References 120
Chapter 5: Some Essentials of Freshwater Fish Biogeography, Fish Life Histories, and the Place of Diadromy 124
5.1 Freshwater Fish Biogeography 124
5.2 Upstream/Downstream Trends in Riverine Ecology and Biogeography 125
5.3 Questions Relating to Distribution, Dispersal and Salinity Tolerances 125
5.4 The Biogeographical Response 128
5.5 The Question of a Marine Ancestry of Diadromous Fresh Water Fishes 129
5.6 The Place of Diadromy in the New Zealand Freshwater Fish Fauna 134
5.7 The Nature of Diadromy 135
5.8 Different Sorts of Diadromy 137
5.8.1 Anadromous Fishes 137
5.8.2 Catadromous Fishes 138
5.8.3 Amphidromous Fishes 138
5.9 Diadromy in New Zealand Freshwater Fishes 139
5.10 Landlocking 140
5.11 Implications of Loss of Diadromy for Speciation 141
5.12 Implications of Diadromy for Life History/Demography 143
5.13 Implications for Biogeography 145
5.14 Some Predictions 146
References 148
Chapter 6: Data Sources for the Present Study 154
6.1 Taxonomic Status of the Fauna 154
6.2 Data Sources on Distribution 154
6.3 Data Extraction 158
6.4 Localities and Place Names 159
References 167
Chapter 7: Phylogenetic Lineages in the Fauna and the Evolution of Diadromy: A Broad Perspective 169
7.1 Phylogenetic Relationships in the Fauna 169
7.2 Family Geotriidae 171
7.3 Family Anguillidae 172
7.4 Family Retropinnidae 173
7.5 Family Galaxiidae 174
7.6 Family Pinguipedidae 176
7.7 Family Eleotridae 177
7.8 Family Pleuronectidae 177
7.9 The Question of Southern Relationships 178
7.10 General Relationships of the Fauna 178
7.11 Ancestry of Non-diadromous Species 180
References 182
Chapter 8: Galaxias and Gondwana 187
8.1 The Galaxiid Fishes 187
8.2 The Early History of Galaxiid Biogeography 192
8.3 A Developing But Uncertain Consensus About Transoceanic Dispersal of Galaxiids 198
8.4 Growing Understanding of Galaxiid Ecology and Life History 201
8.5 New Approaches to Biogeography and the Writing of Donn Rosen 202
8.6 Do Galaxiids Breed in the Sea? 207
8.7 Galaxias maculatus in Chile 209
8.8 Rosen on the Biogeography of Darlington 210
8.9 Does Galaxias Occur at Sea (Again) 211
8.10 Another Point of View and Summation 213
References 215
Chapter 9: Broad-Scale, Macroecological Patterns, Ranges and Community Species Richness in the Fauna 222
9.1 General Patterns of Distribution: Diadromy and Latitudinal Range 222
9.2 Latitudinal Variation in the Frequency of Occurrence of Diadromous Species 226
9.3 Distinctive Distribution Patterns of the Landlocked Populations of Normally Diadromous Species 228
9.4 Narrower Ranges of Non-diadromous Species 232
9.5 Presence of Freshwater Fishes on the Islands Around New Zealand 232
9.6 Freshwater Fishes on the Chatham Islands 233
9.7 Freshwater Fishes on the Auckland and Campbell Islands 235
9.8 Elevation and Inland Penetration in Diadromous Species 236
9.9 Broad-Scale Distributions and Diadromy 240
9.10 Elevation and Penetration: Differing Patterns in Non-diadromous Species 240
9.11 Some Features of Ranges 242
9.12 Range Size in Fluvial Habitats 246
9.13 Range Shape 248
9.14 Patterns of Species Richness in the Fauna 250
9.15 Latitudinal Variation in Site Species Richness 250
9.16 Species Richness at the Catchment Scale 251
9.17 Site Species Richness 252
9.18 Nestedness 254
References 255
Chapter 10: Pattern and Process in the Distributions and Biogeography of New Zealand Freshwater Fishes: The Diadromous Species 258
10.1 Diadromy as an Adaptive Life History Strategy 258
10.2 Distributions of Diadromous Species at the Global Scale 260
10.3 Why so Many Diadromous Species? 260
10.4 Ranges of Diadromous Fishes at the New Zealand-Wide Scale 261
10.5 Two Diadromous Species with Narrow Latitudinal Range 265
10.6 Facultativeness in Abandoning Diadromy 267
10.7 Upstream Penetration and the Effects of Falls and Dams on the Ranges of Diadromous Species 269
10.8 Implications for the Distributions of Diadromous Fishes of the Marine Straits Between the Main Islands of New Zealand 270
10.9 Occupation of the Aupouri Peninsula in Northern New Zealand 270
References 270
Chapter 11: Pattern and Process in the Distributions of Non-diadromous Species – 1: The Galaxias vulgaris Species Complex 274
11.1 General Pattern in the Non-diadromous Species 274
11.2 Phylogenetic Relationships, Distributions and Biogeography in the Galaxias vulgaris Species Group 275
11.2.1 Northern Flathead Galaxias: Widespread in the Northern South Island 279
11.2.2 Canterbury Galaxias, Galaxias vulgaris, a Canterbury Endemic 280
11.2.3 Southern Flathead and Roundhead Lineages in the Southern South Island 282
11.2.4 Taieri Flathead Galaxias, Galaxias depressiceps, a Largely Taieri River Endemic 283
11.2.5 Clutha Flathead Galaxias, Galaxias ‘Species D’, in Central Otago 283
11.2.6 Teviot Flathead Galaxias, Galaxias ‘Teviot’, a Localised Lineage 285
11.2.7 Southern Flathead Galaxias, Galaxias ‘Southern’, in Southland and Stewart Island 285
11.2.8 Central Otago Roundhead Galaxias, Galaxias anomalus, Widespread in Both the Clutha and Taieri River Systems 286
11.2.9 Gollum Galaxias, Galaxias gollumoides, a Southern Roundhead, Widespread Across Southland and Stewart Island 286
11.2.10 Dusky Galaxias, Galaxias pullus, a Roundhead Lineage in the Lower Taieri River 287
11.2.11 Eldon’s Galaxias, Galaxias eldoni, a Second Roundhead Lineage in the Lower Taieri 288
11.3 Process and Pattern in the Galaxias vulgaris Species Complex 289
References 294
Chapter 12: Pattern and Process in the Distributions of Non-diadromous Species 2: The ‘Pencil-Galaxias’ Species Group 298
12.1 Dwarf Galaxias, Galaxias divergens, Mostly in Central New Zealand 301
12.2 Alpine Galaxias, Galaxias paucispondylus, Widely in the Eastern South Island 305
12.3 Bignose Galaxias, Galaxias macronasus, a Mackenzie Basin Endemic 307
12.4 Upland Longjaw Galaxias, Galaxias prognathus, only in the Large River Systems 307
12.5 Lowland Longjaw Galaxias, Galaxias cobitinis, in the Waitaki and Kakanui Rivers 309
12.6 A Local Synthesis 310
References 311
Chapter 13: Pattern and Process in the Distributions of Non-diadromous Species 3: The Dune Lakes Galaxias 314
13.1 Dune Lakes Galaxias, Galaxias gracilis, a Lacustrine Stock in Northern New Zealand 314
References 318
Chapter 14: Distribution, History and Biogeography of the Neochanna Mudfishes 320
14.1 A Radiation of Neochanna Mudfishes in Australia and New Zealand 320
14.2 Black Mudfish Neochanna diversus in Northern New Zealand 324
14.3 Burgundy Mudfish, Neochanna heleios, a Localised Northland Endemic 324
14.4 Brown Mudfish, Neochanna apoda, Widespread in Central New Zealand 325
14.5 Canterbury Mudfish, Neochanna burrowsius, in the Eastern South Island 327
14.6 Neochanna rekohua, a Mudfish on the Chatham Islands 329
14.7 No Neochanna Mudfishes in Southern New Zealand 329
References 330
Chapter 15: Distribution and Biogeography of the Non-diadromous Gobiomorphus Bullies 332
15.1 Non-diadromous Species of Gobiomorphus Bully 332
15.2 The Tarndale Bully, Gobiomorphus alpinus, in Inland Northern South Island 334
15.3 Two Further Widespread Non-diadromous Bullies, Gobiomorphus basalis and G. breviceps 336
References 344
Chapter 16: A Biogeographical Synthesis: 1. The Big Picture 345
16.1 An Ancient Global Ancestry 345
16.2 Widespread Taxa and Dispersal Ability 346
16.3 Is There a Gondwanan Heritage in the New Zealand Freshwater Fish Fauna? 346
16.4 Diverse External Origins 349
16.5 Species Are Derived from Local Seas 349
16.6 Why No Similar range Expansions for Retropinnidae and Eleotridae 349
16.7 Percichthyids Perhaps also Once Present 350
References 351
Chapter 17: Biogeographical Synthesis: 2. More Local Issues and Patterns 354
17.1 An Ancient Fossil Fish Fauna 354
17.2 Long Time-Scale Processes in the Biogeography of the Fauna 355
17.3 The Implications of New Zealand’s Residual Islands in the Oligocene 356
17.4 Implications of the Alpine Fault 358
17.5 The Evolution of an Alpine Biota 359
17.6 Pliocene Submergence and Then Re-emergence of the Southern North Island 360
17.7 Occupation of the Aupouri Peninsula in the Far North 361
17.8 Endemism in the Northern North Island 362
17.9 Volcanism in the Auckland Isthmus 362
17.10 Signs of the Former Manukau Strait Across the Auckland Isthmus 362
17.11 Mount Taranaki Volcanism 363
17.12 Overlapping Distributions in the Mokau River, Northern Taranaki 363
17.13 Impacts of Central North Island Volcanism 364
17.14 Impacts of Rock Types on Contemporary Freshwater Distributions 366
17.15 Patterns of Presence/Absence in the Wairarapa Area 366
17.16 Bridging of Cook Strait 370
17.17 Non-diadromous Fish Species on D’Urville Island 371
17.18 Impoverished Fish Faunas of Kahurangi National Park and Northwest Nelson in the Northern South Island 371
17.19 Implications of Pleistocene Glaciation in the West Coast of the South Island 371
17.20 Geological History and the Biogeography of Fish Species Near the Lewis Pass 373
17.21 Differing Patterns of Distribution and Speciation Across the Eastern South Island 375
17.22 Affinities of Populations Along the Coastal Strip South of the Mouth of the Waitaki River 376
17.23 Diversification in the Mackenzie Basin 376
17.24 Endemism in the Central South Island 377
17.25 Non-diadromous Fish Species and the Glacial Lakes of the Eastern Southern Alps 377
17.26 Freshwater Fish Populations of the Intermontane Valleys of the Eastern South Island 378
17.27 Absence of Non-migratory Fish Species in Fiordland, West of the Waiau River in Southland 379
17.28 Fish Fauna of Banks Peninsula, and Those of the Canterbury Plains 380
17.29 History and Biogeography of the Nevis and Von Rivers, Clutha River System 380
17.30 Impoverished Fish Fauna of the Kawarau River, Clutha River System 381
17.31 History and Biogeography of the Cardrona River 382
17.32 Bridging of Foveaux Strait 382
17.33 Recruitment Issues in the Southern South Island 382
17.34 Freshwater Fishes at the Chatham Islands 383
17.35 Freshwater Fishes on the Auckland and Campbell Islands 384
References 384
Chapter 18: A Biogeographical Synthesis 3: Issues of Diadromy, Diversification and Dispersal 390
18.1 Failure to Disperse in a Dispersal Fauna 390
18.2 Idiosyncratic Distributions of Non-diadromous Species 393
18.3 Responses of Diadromous Fishes to Major Recent Natural Perturbations (Land Connections, Volcanism and the Pleistocene Ice Ages) 394
18.4 Residual Effects of Volcanism on Lake Populations of Fishes 394
18.5 Penetration by Diadromous Species Though Lakes 395
18.6 High Inland Penetration by Weak Diadromous Migrators 397
18.7 The Role of Lakes and Wetlands in the Evolutionary Ecology of New Zealand Freshwater Fishes 398
18.8 Lowland Species in Upland Lakes 399
18.9 Evolutionary History and the Loss of Diadromy 400
18.10 Durability of Wetland Fish Populations – Taranaki Volcanism and West Coast Glaciation 403
18.11 Issues of Genetic Structuring 403
18.12 Several Widely Accepted Truisms 406
18.13 Range Disjunctions 406
18.14 Species’ Ranges and Environmental Suitability 407
References 408
Chapter 19: Some General Biogeographical Patterns in the Fish Fauna 413
19.1 Understanding Pattern and Process 413
19.2 Freshwater Fish Distributions in the Context of the Broader New Zealand Biota 417
19.3 Development of an Alpine Biota and Areas of Endemism 422
19.4 Comparisons of Patterns with Other Aquatic Biota 425
19.5 Ancient Biotic Elements with Recent Biogeographies 427
References 431
Chapter 20: A More Global Perspective and a Final Summation 438
20.1 New Zealand as Part of Global Ecosystems 438
20.2 A Biogeographical Dichotomy 441
20.3 Is New Zealand a Special Case? 444
20.4 Biogeography: Top Down or Bottom Up – Again? 447
20.5 Answering Darwin’s Question 448
References 449
Index 454

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 27.7.2010
• Reihe/Serie: Fish & Fisheries Series
• Reihe/Serie: Fish & Fisheries Series
• Zusatzinfo: XXII, 450 p.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: biogeography • Colonisation • Diadromy • Distribution • Ecology • Fauna • Fish and Wildlife Biology • New Zealand
• ISBN-10: 90-481-9271-4 / 9048192714
• ISBN-13: 978-90-481-9271-7 / 9789048192717