Mosquitoes and Their Control (eBook)

Norbert Becker, Dusan Petric, Marija Zgomba, Clive Boase, Minoo Madon, Christine Dahl, Achim Kaiser (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2nd ed. 2010
XXX, 577 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-540-92874-4 (ISBN)

Infos

Mosquitoes and Their Control presents a wealth of information on the bionomics, systematics, ecology, research techniques and control of both nuisance and disease vector mosquitoes in an easily readable style, providing practical guidelines and important information for professionals and laymen alike.

Ninety-two European species and more than 100 globally important vector and nuisance species are included in the book. Most of them, including all European species, are described in the fully illustrated identification keys, followed by a detailed description of the morphology, biology, distribution and medical importance of each species, including over 700 detailed drawings.

Mosquitoes and Their Control includes: systematics and biology, medical significance, research techniques, illustrated identification keys for larval and adult mosquito general, morphology, ecology, and distribution of the species identified in the keys, biological, chemical, physical and genetic control of mosquitoes.

Mosquitoes and Their Control is a valuable tool for vector ecologists, entomologists, and all those involved with mosquito control, biology, ecology, and systematics world-wide. It will especially benefit those professionals, scientists and students dealing with mosquitoes and their control on a day-to-day basis. Society as a whole stands to gain from improved, environmentally responsible mosquito management programs designed on the basis of a broader understanding of mosquitoes and their control, as provided in this enlightening book.

Inhalt

Preface to the Second Edition 10
Foreword to the Second Edition 6
Preface to First Edition 12
Acknowledgments 16
Contents 18
Introduction 28
Chapter 1: Systematics 33
Chapter 2: Biology of Mosquitoes 39
2.1 Oviposition 40
2.2 Embryonic Development 43
2.3 Hatching 43
2.4 Larvae 46
2.5 Pupae 49
2.6 Adults 49
2.6.1 Emergence 49
2.6.2 Mating 50
2.6.3 Dispersal and Host-Seeking Behaviour 51
2.6.4 Feeding 52
2.7 Survival During Dry Seasons and Hibernation 54
2.7.1 Egg Stage 54
2.7.2 Larval Stage 54
2.7.3 Adult Stage 54
Chapter 3: Medical Importance of Mosquitoes 55
3.1 Malaria 55
3.2 Arboviruses 60
3.2.1 Togaviridae (Alphavirus) 61
3.2.1.1 Chikungunya Virus 61
3.2.1.2 Ross River Virus 62
3.2.1.3 Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE) Virus 62
3.2.1.4 Western Equine Encephalomyelitis (WEE) Virus 62
3.2.1.5 Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis (VEE) Virus 62
3.2.1.6 O’Nyong-Nyong (ONN) Virus 63
3.2.1.7 The Sindbis Virus Complex 63
3.2.1.8 Viruses of the Semliki Forest Complex 63
3.2.2 Flaviviridae (Flavivirus) 64
3.2.2.1 Yellow Fever Virus 64
3.2.2.2 Dengue Virus 64
3.2.2.3 West Nile Virus 66
3.2.3 Bunyaviridae (Bunyavirus) 67
3.2.3.1 The California Serogroup 67
California Encephalitis Virus 67
Inkoo Virus 67
La Crosse Encephalitis Virus 67
Tahyna Virus 68
Snowshoe Hare Virus 68
Trivittatus Virus 68
Jamestown Canyon Virus 68
3.2.3.2 The Bunyamwera Complex 68
Bunyamwera Virus 68
Batai Virus 68
Cache Valley Virus 69
3.2.3.3 The Turlock GroupLednice Virus 69
3.3 Filariasis 69
3.4 Future Perspectives and Conclusions 70
Chapter 4: Mosquito Research Techniques 73
4.1 Sampling Mosquito Eggs 73
4.1.1 Anopheles Eggs 73
4.1.2 Egg Rafts 73
4.1.3 Aedes/Ochlerotatus Eggs 74
4.1.4 Eggs in Artificial Oviposition Sites 75
4.2 Sampling Mosquito Larvae and Pupae 76
4.3 Sampling Adult Mosquitoes in the Field 77
4.3.1 Sampling Flying Mosquitoes 77
4.3.1.1 Truck Traps 77
4.3.1.2 Electrocution Traps 77
4.3.2 Adult Mosquito–Outdoor Resting Catches 77
4.3.3 Adult Mosquito–Indoor Catches 77
4.3.4 Bait Catches 78
4.3.4.1 Animal Bait Catches 79
4.3.5 Adult Mosquito Traps 79
4.3.5.1 Carbon Dioxide-Baited Light Trap 80
4.3.5.2 Recently Introduced Mosquito Traps 80
4.3.6 Mark-Release-Recapture Techniques 81
4.4 Laboratory Based Research Techniques 81
4.4.1 Rearing Mosquitoes 81
4.4.2 Preserving Mosquitoes 83
4.4.2.1 Larvae 83
4.4.2.2 Pupae 83
4.4.2.3 Adults 84
4.4.3 Mosquito Blood Meal Identification 85
4.4.4 Methods for Measuring the Physiological Stage 85
4.4.5 Morphological and Taxonomic Techniques 86
4.4.5.1 Morphological Studies 86
4.4.5.2 Cytodiagnostic Methods for the Identification of Sibling Species 86
4.4.5.3 Biochemical and Molecular Methods in Studies on Systematics 87
4.5 Assessing the Activity of Insecticides and Repellents on Mosquitoes 88
4.5.1 Insecticide Susceptibility Testing 88
4.5.1.1 Assessing the Susceptibility of Adult Mosquitoes 88
4.5.1.2 Assessing Susceptibility of Larval Mosquitoes 88
4.5.1.2.1 Assessing the Potency of Microbial Larvicides 89
Bioassay Procedure 89
4.5.2 Assays of Insecticide Deposits on Surfaces (e.g. Walls or Nets) 90
4.5.3 Assays of Efficacy of ULV Insecticide Treatments in the Field 90
4.5.4 Assays of Efficacy of Mosquito Repellents 90
4.6 Conclusion 91
Chapter 5: Morphology of Mosquitoes 92
5.1 Adults (Fig. 5.1) 92
5.1.1 Head (Figs. 5.2 and 5.3) 92
5.1.2 Thorax (Figs. 5.4–5.8) 96
5.1.3 Abdomen (Fig. 5.1, 5.9–5.12) 101
5.2 Larvae 105
5.2.1 Head (Fig. 5.14) 107
5.2.2 Thorax (Fig. 5.15) 109
5.2.3 Abdomen (Figs. 5.15– 5.17) 109
5.3 Pupae (Fig. 5.18–5.21) 113
Chapter 6: Key to Female Mosquitoes 118
6.1 Genus Anopheles 119
6.2 Genera Aedes and Ochlerotatus 122
6.3 Genus Culex 133
6.4 Genus Culiseta 135
6.5 Genus Coquillettidia 138
Chapter 7: Key to Male Mosquitoes 139
7.1 Genus Anopheles 141
7.2 Genera Aedes and Ochlerotatus 144
7.3 Genus Culex 154
7.4 Genus Culiseta 158
7.5 Genus Coquillettidia 160
Chapter 8: Key to Mosquito Fourth Instar Larvae 161
8.1 Genus Anopheles 163
8.2 Genera Aedes and Ochlerotatus 167
8.3 Genus Culex 180
8.4 Genus Culiseta 185
8.5 Genus Coquillettidia 188
Chapter 9: Subfamily Anophelinae 189
9.1 Genus Anopheles Meigen 190
9.1.1 Subgenus Anopheles Meigen 191
Anopheles (Anopheles) algeriensis Theobald 1903 191
Anopheles Claviger Complex 192
Anopheles (Anopheles) claviger s.s. (Meigen 1804) 192
Anopheles (Anopheles) petragnani Del Vecchio 1939 194
Anopheles (Anopheles) hyrcanus (Pallas 1771) 195
Anopheles Maculipennis Complex 196
Anopheles (Anopheles) atroparvus Van Thiel 1927 199
Anopheles (Anopheles) beklemisheviStegnii and Kabanova 1976 199
Anopheles (Anopheles) labranchiae Falleroni 1926 200
Anopheles (Anopheles) maculipennis s.s. Meigen 1818 200
Anopheles (Anopheles) melanoon Hackett 1934 201
Anopheles (Anopheles) messeae Falleroni 1926 201
Anopheles (Anopheles) sacharovi Favre 1903 201
Anopheles (Anopheles) subalpinusHackett and Lewis 1935 202
Anopheles (Anopheles) marteri Senevet and Prunelle 1927 203
Anopheles (Anopheles) plumbeus Stephens 1828 204
9.1.2 Subgenus Cellia Theobald 206
Anopheles (Cellia) cinereus Theobald 1901 206
Anopheles (Cellia) cinereus hispaniola (Theobald 1903) 207
Anopheles (Cellia) multicolor Cambouliu 1902 208
Anopheles (Cellia) sergentii (Theobald 1907) 209
Anopheles (Cellia) superpictus Grassi 1899 211
Chapter 10: Subfamily Culicinae 213
10.1 Genus Aedes Meigen 213
10.1.1 Subgenus Aedes Meigen 214
Aedes (Aedes) cinereus Meigen 1818 215
Aedes (Aedes) geminus Peus 1970 217
Aedes (Aedes) rossicus Dolbeskin, Gorickaja and Mitrofanova 1930 218
10.1.2 Subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald 219
Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen 1830) [Aedimorphus vexans] 220
10.1.3 Subgenus Fredwardsius Reinert 222
Aedes (Fredwardsius) vittatus (Bigot 1861) [Fredwardsius vittatus] 222
10.1.4 Subgenus Stegomyia Theobald 224
Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) [Stegomyia aegypti] 224
Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse 1895) [Stegomyia albopicta] 227
Aedes (Stegomyia) cretinus Edwards 1921 [Stegomyia cretina] 229
10.2 Genus Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribalzaga 230
10.2.1 Subgenus Finlaya Theobald 231
Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) echinus Edwards 1920 [Dahliana echinus] 231
Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) geniculatus (Olivier 1791) [Dahliana geniculata] 232
10.2.2 Subgenus Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribalzaga 234
Annulipes Group 235
Caspius Group 235
Communis Group 235
Intrudens Group 235
Punctor Group 235
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) annulipes (Meigen 1830) 235
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) behningi (Martini 1926) 237
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) berlandi (Seguy 1921) 238
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) cantans (Meigen 1818) 240
Ochlerotatus Caspius Complex 242
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas 1771) 242
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) cataphylla (Dyar 1916) 244
Ochlerotatus Communis Complex 245
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) communis (De Geer 1776) 246
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) cyprius (Ludlow 1920) 247
Ochlerotatus Detritus Complex 248
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) detritus (Haliday 1833) 249
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) diantaeus (Howard, Dyar and Knab 1913) 250
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) dorsalis (Meigen 1830) 252
Ochlerotatus Excrucians Complex 254
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) euedes (Howard, Dyar and Knab 1913) 254
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) excrucians (Walker 1856) 255
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) surcoufi (Theobald 1912) 257
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) flavescens (Müller 1764) 257
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) hexodontus (Dyar 1916) 259
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) hungaricus (Mihalyi 1955) 260
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) impiger (Walker 1848) 262
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) intrudens (Dyar 1919) 263
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) leucomelas (Meigen 1804) 264
Ochlerotatus Mariae Complex 266
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) mariae (Sergent and Sergent 1903) [Acartomyia mariae] 266
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) zammitii (Theobald 1903) [Acartomyia zammitii] 268
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) mercurator (Dyar 1920) 268
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) nigrinus (Eckstein 1918) 269
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) nigripes (Zetterstedt 1838) 271
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) pionips (Dyar 1919) 272
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) pulcritarsis (Rondani 1872) 274
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) pullatus (Coquillett 1904) 275
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) punctodes (Dyar 1922) 276
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) punctor (Kirby 1837) 277
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) riparius (Dyar and Knab 1907) 279
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) sticticus (Meigen 1838) 281
10.2.3 Subgenus Rusticoidus Shevchenko and Prudkina 282
Ochlerotatus (Rusticoidus) lepidonotus (Edwards 1920) 283
Ochlerotatus (Rusticoidus) quasirusticus (Torres Canamares 1951) 284
Ochlerotatus (Rusticoidus) refiki (Medschid 1928) 285
Ochlerotatus (Rusticoidus) rusticus (Rossi 1790) 287
Ochlerotatus (Rusticoidus) subdiversus (Martini 1926) 289
10.3 Genus Culex Linnaeus 290
10.3.1 Subgenus Barraudius Edwards 291
Culex (Barraudius) modestus Ficalbi 1889 291
Culex (Barraudius) pusillus Macquart 1850 293
10.3.2 Subgenus Culex Linnaeus 295
Culex (Culex) brumpti Galliard 1931 295
Culex (Culex) laticinctus Edwards 1913 296
Culex (Culex) mimeticus Noe 1899 298
Culex (Culex) perexiguus Theobald 1903 299
Culex Pipiens Complex 301
Culex (Culex) pipiens pipiens Linnaeus 1758 301
Culex pipiens pipiens biotype molestus Forskal 1775 303
Culex (Culex) pipiens quinquefasciatus Say 1823 304
Culex (Culex) torrentium Martini 1925 305
Culex (Culex) theileri Theobald 1903 306
10.3.3 Subgenus Maillotia Theobald 308
Culex (Maillotia) hortensis Ficalbi 1889 308
10.3.4 Subgenus Neoculex Dyar 309
Culex (Neoculex) impudicus Ficalbi 1890 310
Culex (Neoculex) martinii Medschid 1930 311
Culex (Neoculex) territans Walker 1856 313
10.4 Genus Culiseta Felt 314
10.4.1 Subgenus Allotheobaldia Broelemann 315
Culiseta (Allotheobaldia) longiareolata (Macquart 1838) 315
10.4.2 Subgenus Culicella Felt 317
Culiseta (Culicella) fumipennis (Stephens 1825) 317
Culiseta (Culicella) litorea (Shute 1928) 319
Culiseta (Culicella) morsitans (Theobald 1901) 320
Culiseta (Culicella) ochroptera (Peus 1935) 322
10.4.3 Subgenus Culiseta Felt 324
Culiseta (Culiseta) alaskaensis (Ludlow 1906) 324
Culiseta (Culiseta) annulata (Schrank 1776) 326
Culiseta (Culiseta) bergrothi (Edwards 1921) 328
Culiseta (Culiseta) glaphyroptera (Schiner 1864) 329
Culiseta (Culiseta) subochrea (Edwards 1921) 331
10.5 Genus Coquillettidia Dyar 333
10.5.1 Subgenus Coquillettidia Dyar 333
Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) buxtoni (Edwards 1923) 333
Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) richiardii (Ficalbi 1889) 334
10.6 Genus Orthopodomyia Theobald 336
Orthopodomyia pulcripalpis (Rondani 1872) 336
10.7 Genus Uranotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga 338
10.7.1 Subgenus Pseudoficalbia Theobald 339
Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) unguiculata Edwards 1913 339
Chapter 11: Africa 343
11.1 Key to African Female Mosquitoes 344
11.2 Species Description 348
Anopheles (Cellia) funestus Giles 1900 348
Anopheles Gambiae Complex 349
Anopheles (Cellia) gambiae s.s. Giles 1902 350
Anopheles (Cellia) arabiensis Patton 1905 351
Anopheles (Cellia) quadriannulatus s.l. Theobald 1911 351
Anopheles (Cellia) bwambae White 1985 352
Anopheles (Cellia) melas Theobald 1903 352
Anopheles (Cellia) merus Dönitz 1902 352
Anopheles (Cellia) pharoensis Theobald 1901 352
Culex (Culex) antennatus (Becker 1903) 354
Culex (Culex) univittatus Theobald 1901 355
Mansonia (Mansonioides) africana (Theobald 1901) 356
Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis (Theobald 1901) 356
Chapter 12: Asia 359
12.1 Key to Asian Female Mosquitoes 360
12.2 Species Description 366
Anopheles (Anopheles) lesteri Baisas and Hu 1936 366
Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis Wiedemann 1828 366
Anopheles (Cellia) culicifacies Giles 1901 367
Anopheles (Cellia) dirus Peyton and Harrison 1979 368
Anopheles (Cellia) flavirostris (Ludlow 1914) 370
Anopheles (Cellia) fluviatilis James 1902 371
Anopheles (Cellia) maculatus Theobald 1901 371
Anopheles (Cellia) minimus Theobald 1901 372
Anopheles (Cellia) stephensi Liston 1901 373
Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus (Rodenwaldt 1925) 374
Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus Giles 1901 375
Chapter 13: Australia 377
13.1 Key to Australian Female Mosquitoes 377
13.2 Species Description 382
Anopheles (Cellia) farauti s.l. Laveran 1902 382
Ochlerotatus (Mucidus) alternans (Westwood 1835) 383
Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse 1889) 384
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) camptorhynchus (Thompson 1868) 386
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) normanensis (Taylor 1915) 386
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) sagax (Skuse 1889) 388
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) theobaldi (Taylor 1914) 389
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) vigilax (Skuse 1889) 390
Culex (Culex) annulirostris Skuse 1889 391
Culex (Culex) sitiens Wiedemann 1828 392
Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) xanthogaster (Edwards 1924) 393
Chapter 14: Central and South America 395
14.1 Key to Central and South American Female Mosquitoes 395
14.2 Species Description 400
Anopheles (Anopheles) calderoni Wilkerson 1991 400
Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudopunctipennis Theobald 1901 400
Anopheles (Anopheles) punctimacula Dyar and Knab 1906 401
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus Wiedemann 1820 402
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) aquasalis Curry 1932 403
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root 1926 404
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) nuneztovari Gabaldon 1940 406
Haemagogus (Haemagogus) janthinomys Dyar 1921 407
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) albifasciatus (Macquart 1838) 408
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) scapularis (Rondani 1848) 409
Culex (Culex) nigripalpus Theobald 1901 410
Mansonia (Mansonia) titillans (Walker 1848) 411
Chapter 15: North America 413
15.1 Key to North American Female Mosquitoes 413
15.2 Species Description 417
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) sollicitans (Walker 1856) 417
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann 1821) 419
Psorophora (Grabhamia) columbiae (Dyar and Knab 1906) 420
Psorophora (Janthinosoma) ferox (von Humboldt 1819) 421
Culex (Culex) restuans Theobald 1901 422
Culex (Culex) salinarius Coquillett 1904 423
Culex (Culex) tarsalis Coquillett 1896 424
Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) perturbans (Walker 1856) 426
Chapter 16: Biological Control 429
16.1 Introduction 429
16.2 Predators 430
16.2.1 Vertebrate Predators 430
16.2.1.1 Fish (Osteichthyes) 430
16.2.1.2 Amphibians (Amphibia) 432
16.2.1.3 Birds (Aves) 433
16.2.1.4 Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) 433
16.2.2 Invertebrate Predators 434
16.2.2.1 Hydra (Coelenterata) 435
16.2.2.2 Flatworms (Turbellaria) 435
16.2.2.3 Spiders and Mites (Arachnids) 435
16.2.2.4 Crustaceans (Crustacea) 436
16.2.2.5 Insects (Insecta) 436
Odonata 436
Heteroptera 436
Coleoptera 437
Trichoptera 438
Diptera 438
16.3 Parasites 439
16.3.1 Nematodes 439
16.4 Pathogens 440
16.4.1 Fungi 440
16.4.2 Protozoa 442
16.4.3 Bacteria 443
16.4.3.1 Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (B.t.i.) 443
16.4.3.2 Bacillus sphaericus (B.s.) 445
16.4.3.3 Environmental Safety 446
16.4.3.4 Ease of Handling 446
16.4.3.5 Cost-Effectiveness 447
16.4.3.6 Lack of Potential for Resistance Development 448
16.4.3.7 Formulations 448
16.4.3.8 Factors Influencing the Efficacy of Bacterial-Control Agents 450
16.4.3.9 Suitability for Integrated Mosquito Control Programmes with Community Participation 451
16.4.3.10 Use of Microbial-Control Agents in Integrated Mosquito and Vector Management Programmes 451
16.4.3.11 Monitoring the Programme 453
16.4.3.12 Monitoring Environmental Impact 453
16.4.3.13 Monitoring Resistance 454
16.4.3.14 The Role of Microbial-Control Agents in Malaria Control Programmes 454
16.4.4 Viruses 455
Chapter 17: Environmental Management of Mosquitoes 456
17.1 Introduction 456
17.2 Environmental Management of Mosquitoes in Urban Areas 457
17.2.1 Denying Mosquito Access to Urban Areas and into Homes 457
17.2.2 Construction Sites 457
17.2.3 Water Storage Containers 457
17.2.4 Drainage Systems 458
17.2.5 Sewage and Waste-Water Processing 458
17.2.6 Cemeteries 459
17.2.7 Urban Sanitation 459
17.3 Environmental Management of Mosquitoes in Rural Areas 459
17.3.1 Agriculture 459
17.3.2 Natural Wetlands 460
17.4 Environmental Management of Mosquitoes and Human Issues 461
17.4.1 Community Participation 461
17.4.2 Regulations for Environmental Management of Mosquitoes 462
Chapter 18: Chemical Control 463
18.1 History 463
18.2 Insecticides 464
18.2.1 Classification of Insecticides 465
18.2.2 Insecticide Formulations 468
18.2.3 Insecticide Application Techniques 470
18.3 Chemical Groups of Insecticides 471
18.3.1 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 471
DDT: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)ethane 472
18.3.1.1 Mode of Action 473
18.3.2 Organophosphates 474
18.3.2.1 Mode of Action 474
Malathion: 2-(dimethoxyphosphinothioylthio) butanedioic acid diethyl ester 474
Naled: 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl dimethyl phosphate 475
Dichlorvos (DDVP): 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate 476
Fenitrothion: Dimethoxy-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenoxy)-thioxophosphorane 476
Fenthion: Dimethoxy-[3-methyl-4-(methylthio)phenoxy]-thioxophosphorane 477
Diazinon: Diethoxy-[(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)oxy]-thioxophosphorane 477
Chlorpyrifos: O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate 478
Pirimiphos methyl: 0, [2-(diethylamino)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl] 0,0-dimethyl phosphorothioate 478
Temephos: [4-(4-dimethoxyphosphinothioyloxyphenyl)sulfanylphenoxy]-dimethoxy-sulfanylidene-phosphorane 479
18.3.3 Carbamates 480
18.3.3.1 Mode of action 480
Propoxur: 2-isopropoxyphenyl N-methylcarbamate 480
Bendiocarb: 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl) N-methylcarbamate 481
18.3.4 Pyrethroids 481
18.3.4.1 Mode of action 482
18.3.4.2 Resistance 482
Alpha-cypermethrin: (S)-a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1R,3R)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2 dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate and (R 483
Bifenthrin: 2-Methyl-3-phenylphenyl)methyl (1S,3S)-3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]- 2,2-dimethylcyclopropan 484
Cyfluthrin: [(R)-cyano-[4-fluoro-3-(phenoxy)phenyl]methyl] (1R,3R)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxyla 484
Etofenprox: 1-ethoxy-4-[2-methyl-1-([3-(phenoxy)phenyl]methoxy)propan-2-yl]benzene 485
Resmethrin: 5-benzyl-3-[({[(3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl) cyclopropyl]carbonyl}oxy)methyl]furan 485
Deltamethrin: [cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl] 3-(2,2-dibromoethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylate 486
Permethrin: 3-Phenoxybenzyl(1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate 486
Lambda-cyhalothrin: 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate 487
Metofluthrin: 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methoxymethylbenzyl (E,Z) (1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(prop-1-enyl) cyclopropane carboxylate 487
18.3.5 Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) 488
18.3.5.1 Benzoylphenyl Ureas (diflubenzuron and novaluron) 488
Diflubenzuron: 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea 489
Novaluron: (RS)-1-[3-chloro-4-(1,1,2-trifluoro-2-trifluoromethoxyethoxy)phenyl]-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea 489
18.3.5.1.1 Mode of action 489
18.3.5.2 Juvenile Hormone Analogs (JHAs) 490
Methoprene: isopropyl (E,E)-(RS)-11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate 491
Fenoxycarb: ethyl N-[2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl]carbamate 492
Pyriproxyfen: 4-phenoxyphenyl (RS)-2-(2-pyridyloxy)propyl ether2-[1-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)propan-2-yloxy]pyridine 492
18.3.6 Novel Insecticide Classes 492
18.4 Management and Monitoring of Insecticide Resistance 493
18.4.1 Resistance Mechanisms 494
18.4.2 Resistance Surveillance 494
18.4.3 Resistance Management 496
Chapter 19: Physical Control 498
19.1 Introduction 498
19.2 Physical Control of Immature Mosquitoes 498
19.2.1 Oil 498
19.2.2 Surface Films and Polystyrene Beads 499
19.2.2.1 Liparol 499
19.2.2.2 Monomolecular Surface Films (MSF) 499
19.2.2.3 Polystyrene Beads 501
19.3 Physical Control of Adult Mosquitoes 502
19.3.1 Other Technology: Novel Technology or New Tool 502
19.4 Conclusions 502
Chapter 20: Genetic Control of Mosquitoes 503
20.1 Introduction 503
20.2 Population Elimination Via the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) 504
20.2.1 Introduction 504
20.2.2 Rearing and Sexing 504
20.2.3 Male Sterilization 505
20.2.4 SIT in Practice 505
20.3 Population Replacement 506
20.3.1 The principle of Population Replacement 506
20.3.2 Refractoriness to Pathogens 506
20.3.2.1 Natural Immunity-Based Mechanisms 506
20.3.2.2 Engineered Refractory Mechanisms 507
20.3.3 Genetic Drivers 507
20.3.3.1 Transposable Elements 507
20.3.3.2 Meiotic Drive 508
20.3.3.3 Intracellular and Extracellular Symbionts 508
20.3.3.4 Driver Requirements 508
20.4 Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of the Use of Genetic Techniques for Mosquito Control 508
20.4.1 Absence of Community Participation 509
20.4.2 International Committee for Genetic Control Work 509
Chapter 21: Personal Protection 511
21.1 Introduction 511
21.2 Impregnated Bednets 511
21.2.1 Conventional Impregnated Bednets 511
21.2.2 Long-Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets 512
21.3 Repellents Against Mosquitoes 513
21.3.1 Repellents on Skin or Clothing 513
21.3.2 Mosquito Coils 515
21.3.3 Vapourizing Mats 516
21.3.4 Liquid Vapourizers 517
Chapter 22: Implementation and Integration of Mosquito Control Measures 518
22.1 Introduction 518
22.2 Prerequisites for the Successful Implementation of a IVM programme 520
22.2.1 Entomological Research (Monitoring) 520
22.2.1.1 Action Thresholds as a Component of Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) 520
22.2.1.2 Threshold for Vector Mosquitoes 521
22.2.2 Mapping of the Breeding Sites 522
22.2.2.1 Geographic Information Systems 522
22.2.2.2 Application of GIS and Information Technology to Mosquito Control 522
22.2.3 Selection of Appropriate Tools 523
22.2.4 Effective Dosage Assessment 524
22.2.5 Design of the Control Strategy 524
22.2.6 Training of Field Staff 525
22.2.7 Governmental Application Requirements 525
22.2.8 Community Participation 525
22.2.9 Registration of Insecticides 526
22.2.10 Routine Treatments 527
22.2.11 Public Information Systems 528
References 529
Subject Index 570
Taxonomic Index 581

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 18.8.2010
• Zusatzinfo: XXX, 577 p.
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Biology • Ecology • Environment • Environmental Management • Morphology • Systematics
• ISBN-10: 3-540-92874-X / 354092874X
• ISBN-13: 978-3-540-92874-4 / 9783540928744