Trends in Stem Cell Biology and Technology (eBook)

Hossein Baharvand (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 2009
XX, 425 Seiten
Humana Press (Verlag)
978-1-60327-905-5 (ISBN)

Infos

Stem cells, characterized by the ability to both self-renew and to generate diff- entiated functional cell types, have been derived from the embryo and from va- ous sources of the postnatal animals and human. The recent advances in stem cell research have led to a better understanding of self-renewal, maintenance, and diff- entiation of both embryonic and somatic stem cells. This has significantly increased our knowledge of cellular and developmental biology in general and will certainly continue to do so for a long time to come. Moreover, given their role in maintaining and replenishing tissues, stem cells represent a potential means of restoring tissue function and thereby treating the root cause of degenerative disease. Therefore, in parallel, we need to improve our cognizance of the challenges involved in applying stem cells in clinical settings. The current chapters highlight both of these aspects: that of understanding the 'actual' and that of developing the 'possible. ' In recognition of the growing excitement and potential of stem cells as models for both the advancement of basic science and future clinical applications, I felt it timely to edit this book in which forefront investigators would provide new findings for the use of stem cells to study various lineages and tissue types and some app- cations.

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Stem cells, characterized by the ability to both self-renew and to generate diff- entiated functional cell types, have been derived from the embryo and from va- ous sources of the postnatal animals and human. The recent advances in stem cell research have led to a better understanding of self-renewal, maintenance, and diff- entiation of both embryonic and somatic stem cells. This has significantly increased our knowledge of cellular and developmental biology in general and will certainly continue to do so for a long time to come. Moreover, given their role in maintaining and replenishing tissues, stem cells represent a potential means of restoring tissue function and thereby treating the root cause of degenerative disease. Therefore, in parallel, we need to improve our cognizance of the challenges involved in applying stem cells in clinical settings. The current chapters highlight both of these aspects: that of understanding the "e;actual"e; and that of developing the "e;possible. "e; In recognition of the growing excitement and potential of stem cells as models for both the advancement of basic science and future clinical applications, I felt it timely to edit this book in which forefront investigators would provide new findings for the use of stem cells to study various lineages and tissue types and some app- cations.

Inhalt

Preface 6
Contents 10
Contributors 13
Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Their Nature, Properties, and Uses 19
Introduction 20
Definition of a Stem Cell 20
Classification of Stem Cells 21
Derivation and Propagation of hESCs 24
Donation of Embryos 26
Embryoid Body Formation 26
Applications of hESCs 27
Scientific Hurdles to hESC Application 27
Strategies for Differentiation of hESCs Along Desirable Cell Pathways 31
Current State of the Art with Respect to Clinical Application of hESC- Derived Tissues 31
Unanswered Questions when Translating hESC-Derived Tissues to the Clinic 32
References 33
Production of Uniparental Embryonic Stem Cell Lines 36
Introduction 36
Methods for the Derivation of Uniparental ES Cells 40
References 52
Parthenogenetic Embryonic Stem Cells in Nonhuman Primates 56
Introduction 56
Imprinting in Parthenogenetic Primate Stem Cells 62
Primate Parthenogenetic Stem Cells: Future Applications and Concerns 69
Conclusion 70
References 70
Nuclear and Somatic Cell Genetic Reprogramming 73
Introduction 73
Nuclear Reprogramming 74
Cell Reprogramming 78
References 83
Reprogramming Male Germ Cells to Pluripotent Stem Cells 87
Introduction 88
Evidences of Germ Cell Pluripotency 90
Relevance for Regenerative Medicine 95
Conclusions 95
References 96
Pluripotent Stem Cell Epigenetics During Development and Cancer 98
Introduction 98
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Imprinted Genes in Germinal Cells 99
Epigenetic Regulation during Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation 105
Epigenetic Modifications during Apoptosis of Embryonic Stem Cells 108
References 112
Observing and Manipulating Pluripotency in Normal and Cloned Mouse Embryos 116
Natural Pluripotency 116
Induced Pluripotency 118
Visualization of Mouse Embryo Pluripotency Using the Oct4- GFP Transgene 121
Manipulating Pluripotency in Cloned Mouse Embryos 129
What GOF18- D PE-EGFP May and May Not Tell Us About Nuclear Reprogramming 131
References 133
Current Developments in Genetically Manipulated Mice 137
Introduction 137
ES Cells and Culture 138
Cryopreservation 139
Transfection of Constructs into ES Cells 139
Embryonic Feeder Cells 141
Additional Points on ES Cell Culture 142
Sources of Embryonic Stem Cells 142
Choice of ES Cells 144
Generating Transgenic Mice 145
Knockin Transgenic Mice 146
Generating a Knockout Mouse 146
Conclusions 147
References 148
Differentiating Gametes from Stem Cells 151
Introduction 152
State of the Art: In Vitro Differentiation of Gametes from Embryonic Stem Cells 152
State of the Art: Germ Cell Differentiation from Somatic Stem Cells 157
Future Prospects 159
References 159
Spermatogonial Stem Cells 162
Introduction 162
Spermatogenesis in Nonprimate Mammals 163
Regulation of Spermatogonial Stem Cell Renewal and Differentiation 164
Spermatogonial Stem Cell Niche 166
Spermatogonial Stem Cell Markers 167
Culture of Spermatogonial Stem Cells 168
Spermatogonial Stem Cell Lines 169
Plasticity of Spermatogonial Stem Cells 169
Spermatogonial Stem Cells in Primates 170
Conclusions 172
References 172
Regulated Transcripts and Coregulated microRNAs in Male Spermatogonial Stem Cells 176
Introduction 177
Materials and Methods 178
Results 180
Discussion 186
References 187
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Basic Biology and Clinical Applications for Bone Tissue Regeneration 189
Introduction 189
Isolation and Characterization of MSCs 190
The Use of MSCs in Regenerative Medicine 191
Clinical Application of hMSCs in Bone Tissue Regeneration 194
Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 196
References 198
Clinical Cell Therapy for Heart Disease 203
Introduction 204
The Biologic Basis of Heart Failure 205
The Original Concept of Cardiac Cell Therapy 208
The Pluripotent Bone Marrow Cell Letdown 211
Clinical Translation Issues 213
The Clinical Reality of Cardiac Cell Therapy 221
The Future of Cardiac Cell Therapy 229
Highway or Dead End? 232
References 233
Embryonic Stem Cells, Cardiomyoplasty, and the Risk of Teratoma Formation 241
Introduction 241
Spontaneously Occurring Teratomas and Teratocarcinomas 244
Teratomas Formed from Transplanted ES Cells 245
Factors that Affect the Formation of ES Cell–Derived Teratomas 246
Evidence Against the Exclusive Cardiogenic Potential of ES Cells Injected into the Heart 261
Strategies for Preventing Teratoma Formation from ES Cells 263
Conclusion 265
References 268
Neural Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Their Potential Application in a Therapy for Sensorineural Hearing Loss 273
Introduction 274
Developmental Biology of the Nervous System 275
Different Methods to Induce Neural Differentiation In Vitro 283
Translation of hESC-Derived Neural Precursors to Clinic: The Attempt to Develop the Tools for Regeneration of Sensorineural Hearing Loss 287
Conclusion 289
References 289
Stem Cell Transplantation Supports the Repair of Injured Olfactory Neuroepithelium After Permanent Lesion 295
Introduction 296
Materials and Methods 298
Molecular Biology Analysis 300
Results 302
Discussion 304
References 307
Strategies Toward Beta-Cell Replacement 310
Introduction 311
Insulin-Producing Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells 313
Insulin-Producing Cells from Adult Stem Cells 320
Conclusion 323
References 324
Corneal Epithelial Stem Cells and Their Therapeutic Application 329
Introduction 330
Corneal Structure and Function 330
Corneal Epithelial Stem Cells 333
Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency 348
Management of Partial LSCD 352
Management of Total LSCD 358
Cultured CESC/LSC Grafts 363
Summary 368
References 369
Tissue Engineered Scaffolds for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine 376
Introduction 377
The Source of Stem Cells and Their Therapeutic Application 377
Tissue Engineering Principles in Stem Cells Technology 379
Tissue-Engineered Scaffolds 381
Tissue Engineered Nanoscaffolds 388
References 392
Mechanotransduction and Its Role in Stem Cell Biology 397
Introduction 397
Mechanotransduction and the Primary Cellular Senses 400
Application of Mechanotransduction and Techniques 402
Challenges and Potential Applied Solutions 406
Tools and Experimental Vehicles 407
Conclusions, Questions, and the Outlook for the Future 409
References 411
Index 412

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 20.4.2009
• Zusatzinfo: XX, 425 p.
• Verlagsort: Totowa
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Mikrobiologie / Immunologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zellbiologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• Schlagworte: Bone • Cell Biology • cell lines • Cells • Regenerative medicine • tissue • Tissue engineering
• ISBN-10: 1-60327-905-9 / 1603279059
• ISBN-13: 978-1-60327-905-5 / 9781603279055