Nitrogen-fixing Leguminous Symbioses (eBook)

Michael J. Dilworth, Euan K. James, Janet I. Sprent, William E. Newton (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2008 | 2008
XIX, 403 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-1-4020-3548-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Nodules produced on legume roots by root-nodule bacteria provide the major nitrogenous input into natural and agricultural systems worldwide. This book provides an in-depth and up-to-the-minute analysis of what is known about this symbiosis, its origins, the process of nodule formation and development, and the biochemistry and genetics of nodular nitrogen fixation. It also reviews the physiology of the root-nodule bacteria themselves, their ecology in both natural and agricultural systems, and how we can introduce new legumes along with the bacteria they require. This book is recommended for scientists working with root nodule bacteria or host legumes, agronomists, forestry scientists, and soil scientists.

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This book is the stand-alone final volume of a comprehensive series covering the basic and applied science relating to nitrogen fixation. It addresses the most important nitrogen-fixing symbiosis of all - that between legumes and their root-nodule bacteria - and therefore deals with the properties and behaviour of both macro- and micro-symbiont. The coverage is comprehensive, beginning with the extent of the symbiosis and how it may have arisen in the geological past. It considers how legumes select the root-nodule bacteria they allow to form nodules on their roots and the intricate series of signals to be exchanged between legume and bacteria for infection to occur. The immense progress in understanding the genetic systems in the bacteria necessary for nodulation is now being replicated in a rapidly increasing understanding of the required systems in the legumes. The cell biology of the processes of both infection and nodule development is analysed and leads to a parallel assessment of the biochemical processes in carbon and nitrogen metabolism required for successful nitroogen fixation by the symbiotic bacteroid. Attention is given to the ways in which the nodule has solved the conundrum of providing enough O2 for energy generation to drive nitrogen fixation without either inactivating the O2-sensitive nitrogenase or creating damaging reactive oxygen species. The volume also covers the basic physiology of the variety of root-nodule bacteria infecting legumes, as well as looking at the renewed controversy about the chemical form(s) of nitrogen exported to the legume. Successful exploitation of the legume symbiosis in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry demands an understanding of the ecology of the root-nodule bacteria - particularly what makes for a successful inoculant strain for legume introduction to agricultural systems. Then, there is a requirement for inoculation technology to both successfully deliver viable bacteria to the root surface and facilitate nodulation. These practical aspects are thoroughly covered in the volume, with a final chapter assessing how the massive amount of recent information can be exploited in matching host and microsymbiont for the wide variety of environments in which they are needed in our production systems.

Inhalt

Preface to the Series, Preface, List of Contributors, Dedication
1. Evolution and Diversity of Legume Symbiosis: J. I. Sprent 1. Introduction2. The Diversity of Legume Nodules 3. The First 700 Million Years 4. The Last 60 Million Years 5. The Present 6. Conclusions References
2. Ecology of Root-nodule Bacteria of Legumes: P. H. Graham 1. Introduction2. Taxonomy of Root-nodule Bacteria3. Population Structure of Rhizobia in Soil and Rhizosphere4. Above and Below Ground Diversity and Symbiotic Function5. Strain Competitiveness, Rhizosphere Colonization, and Persistence6. Edaphic Factors Affecting Rhizobia7. Future Dimensions of Rhizobial EcologyReferences
3. Maintaining Cooperation in the Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis: Identifying Selection Pressures and Mechanisms: E. T. Kiers, S. A. West and R. F. Denison1. Introduction2. Explaining Cooperation: The Problem 3. Explaining Cooperation: The Hypothesis 4. Cheating and Mixed Nodules5. Future Directions6. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences
4. Inoculation Technology for Legumes: D. F. Herridge1. Introduction2. The Need to Inoculate3. Selection of Rhizobial Strains for Use in Inoculants4. Inoculants in the Market Place5. Pre-inoculated and Custom-inoculated Seed6. Co-inoculation of Legumes with Rhizobia and Other Beneficial Microorganisms7. Quality Control of Legume Inoculants8. Constraints to Inoculant Use and Future Prospects9. Concluding StatementsReferences
5. Fine-tuning of Symbiotic Genes in Rhizobia: Flavonoid Signal Transduction Cascade: H. Kobayashi and W. J. Broughton1. Introduction 2. NODD and NOD-boxes: Central Elements in Transduction of Flanovoid Signals3. Functions of Genes Controlled by NOD-boxes4. Fine-tuning Expression of Symbiotic Genes in Restricted Host-Range Rhizobia5. Post-genomic Studies: Do Flavonoids Regulate Other Genes?6. Conclusion and Perspectives: Roles of Flavonoid-inducible Regulons in Symbiosis, Signaling, and AdaptationReferences
6. Cell Biology of Nodule Infection and Development: N. Maunoury, A. Kondorosi, E. Kondorosi and P. Mergaert1. Introduction2. Nod-factor Signalling 3. Cortical-cell Activation Leading to Primordium Formation and Infection4. Secondary Signals for Nod Factor-induced Cell Activation5. Differentiation of N2-fixing Cells: The Role of Endoreduplication6. Bacteroid Differentiation7. Nitrogen Fixation8. Senescence of NodulesReferences
7. Genetics, A Way to Unravel Molecular Mechanisms Controlling the Rhizobial-Legume Symbiosis: P. Smit and T. Bisseling1. Introduction2. Model Legumes3. Genetic Dissection of the Nod Factor-Signalling Pathway4. Nature of the Nod-factor Receptors5. The DMI Proteins6. NSPs are Nod Factor-Response Factors7. NIN is a Nod Factor-Response Factor8. Autoregulation of Nodule Number9. Concluding RemarksReferences
8. Legume Genomics Relevant to N2 Fixation: L. Schauser, M. Udvardi, S. Tabata and J. Stougaard1. Introduction2. Genomes3. Transcriptome Analysis4. Proteomic 5. Metabolomics6. Genetic Analysis Using Genomics7. Comparative Genomics 8. ConclusionsReferences
9. Physiology of Root-nodule Bacteria: P. S. Poole, M. F. Hynes, A. W. B. Johnston, R. P. Tiwari, W. G. Reeve and J. A. Downie 1. Introduction2. Introduction to Central Metabolism3. Metabolism and the Environment4. Micronutrition, Metals, and Vitamins5. Environmental Responses of Rhizobia6. Changes in Gene Expression in Bacteroids7. Stress Responses in RhizobiaReferences
10. Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Legume Nodules: C. P. Vance 1. Legume Root Nodules are Carbon and Nitrogen Factories2. Nodule Carbon Metabolism3. Sucrose Synthase4. Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase5. Carbonic Anhydrase6. Malate Dehydrogenase7. Initial Assimilation of Fixed-N8. Glutamine Synthetase9. Glutamate Synthase10. Aspartate Aminotransferase11. Asparagine Synthetase12. Ureide Biosynthesis13. Genomic Insights14. OverviewReferences
11. Oxygen Diffusion, Production of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species, and Antioxidants in Legume Nodules: F. R. Minchin, E. K. James and M. Becana 1. Introduction 2. Physiological Evidence for a Variable Oxygen-diffusion Barrier 3. Structure of the Cortical Oxygen-diffusion Barrier 4. Development of the Cortical Oxygen-diffusion Barrier 5. Regulation of the Cortical Oxygen-diffusion Barrier 6. Infected Zone Control 7. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Nodules 8. Antioxidants in Nodules 9. Concluding Remarks References
12. Prospects for the Future Use of Legumes: J. G. Howieson, R. J. Yates, K, Foster, D. Real and B. Besier1. Introduction2. Current and Past Legume-Usage Patterns3. New Uses for Legumes4. Matching Legumes and the Symbiosis to Edaphic and Economic Factors5. Utilising the Basic Advances6. ConclusionsReferences
Subject Index

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 18.1.2008
• Reihe/Serie: Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress
• Reihe/Serie: Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress
• Zusatzinfo: XIX, 403 p.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: AgroMicro • biochemistry • Evolution • Expression • Genetics • Legumes • Metabolism • nitrogen • nodulation • Physiology • Plant-microbe-interations • Protein • root-nodule-bacteria • Roots • Symbiose
• ISBN-10: 1-4020-3548-9 / 1402035489
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4020-3548-7 / 9781402035487