Demographic Change in Australia's Rural Landscapes (eBook)

Implications for Society and the Environment

Gary W. Luck, Digby Race, Rosemary Black (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2010
XVIII, 388 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-90-481-9654-8 (ISBN)

Infos

The distribution and re-distribution of people across the landscape has signi cant implications for ecological, economic and social dynamics. Movement of people to urban centres (mostly from rural landscapes, especially in the developing world) is a major global phenomenon. This can result in the de-population of rural landscapes. Conversely, population growth and a changing demographic pro le have been id- ti ed for particular rural landscapes with notable examples from North America, Europe and Australia. Yet we know little of the factors that drive demographic changes in rural landscapes and even less about the implications of these changes. This book examines broad and local-scale patterns of demographic change in rural landscapes, identi es some of the drivers of these changes using Australian case studies or comparisons between Australian and international contexts, and outlines the implications of changes for society and the environment. This book makes a valuable contribution to the literature because it adopts an integrated and interdisciplinary approach by explicitly linking demographic change with environmental, land-use, social and economic factors. This integrated approach was achieved by encouraging interaction among authors writing on similar topics to ensure coherency and complementarity among chapters, and cross-pollination of ideas and perspectives. Chapters are presented as interactive and re ective d- cussions that address the ndings of other contributors; yet, each chapter contains enough background to stand alone as a unique contribution.

Inhalt

Foreword by the Series Editors 5
Preface 6
Contents 10
Contributors 12
About the Authors 14
1 Patterns, Drivers and Implications of Demographic Change in Rural Landscapes 18
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 Patterns of Demographic Change in Rural Landscapes 21
1.2.1 Population Decline 21
1.2.2 Population Growth 24
1.3 The Drivers of Demographic Change 27
1.3.1 Population Decline 27
1.3.2 Population Growth 29
1.4 The Implications of Demographic Change in Rural Landscapes 30
1.5 Signs of a Contested Landscape 33
1.6 Natural Resource Management in Multi-Functional Landscapes 35
1.7 Conclusion 36
References 37
2 Amenity-Led Migration in Rural Australia: A New Driver of Local Demographic and Environmental Change? 40
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Amenity-Led Migration into Rural Areas: A Review 43
Box 2.1 Rural Amenity and Agricultural Restructuring 45
2.3 In-Migration to Rural Australia 46
2.4 Ex-metropolitan Migration 50
2.5 The Role of Rural Amenity 52
2.6 Ecological Consequences of Amenity-Led Migration 54
2.7 Conclusion 56
References 58
3 Sea- and Tree-Change Phenomena in Far North Queensland, Australia: Impacts of Land Use Change and Mitigation Potential 62
3.1 Introduction 63
3.1.1 Sea- and Tree-Change Phenomena in Far North Queensland 65
3.2 Methods 65
3.2.1 The Wet Tropics Case Study Region 65
3.2.2 A Mixed Methods Approach 67
3.3 Results 68
3.3.1 Why Do Sea- and Tree-Changers Choose to Move to the Wet Tropics? 68
Box 3.1 Increasing Property Prices Result fromTree-Change Migration 64
Box 3.2 Classic Sea-Change Push and Pull Factors 68
Box 3.3 The Beach as a Pull Factor for Sea-Changers 68
Box 3.4 The Landscape as a Pull Factor for Tree-Changers 69
Box 3.5 Tree-Change as a Life Style Choice 69
Box 3.6 Tree-Change to Escape the Coastal Heat 69
Box 3.7 Complexity of Factors Leading to Sea- and Tree-Change Migration 70
3.3.2 Types of Sea- and Tree-Change Areas in the Wet Tropics 70
3.3.3 Where Do Sea- and Tree-Changers Live in the Wet Tropics? 71
3.3.4 What Do Sea- and Tree-Changers Do and How Do They Manage Their Properties? 72
3.3.5 Environmental Effects of the Sea- and Tree-Change Phenomena 72
3.3.6 Social, Cultural and Economic Effects of the Sea- and Tree-Change Phenomena 74
3.4 Governance of Sea- and Tree-Change Landscapes 74
3.4.1 Planning Strategies to Protect Sea- and Tree-Change Growth Areas 78
3.4.1.1 Urban Growth Boundary 78
3.4.1.2 Rural Fragmentation 78
3.4.1.3 Transferable Development Rights 80
3.4.1.4 Master Planning 81
3.4.1.5 Conservation Partnerships and Incentives 81
3.5 Recommendations 82
References 83
4 Seeking Trees or Escaping Traffic? Socio-Cultural Factors and 'Tree-Change' Migration in Australia 87
4.1 Introduction 88
4.1.1 Perceptions and Realities of the Australian Lifestyle: An Historical View 90
4.1.2 Migration in Australia: Historical and Contemporary Experiences 92
4.2 Research Methodology 96
4.3 Research Findings 97
4.3.1 Tree-Change: Media-Driven Stereotypes and the Creation of a Property Market 97
Box 4.1 Marketing Campaign: Riverina Regional Development Board 100
Box 4.2 Marketing Campaign: North East Victoria 100
4.3.1.1 Stereotype 1: Tree-Changers Are Cashed up Baby Boomers 101
Box 4.3 Example of Media Inconsistency: The Australian 102
Box 4.4 Academic Response to Popular Sea-Change and Tree-Change Imagery 103
4.3.1.2 Stereotype 2: Tree-Changers Are Poor Young Families in Search of Affordable Housing 103
4.3.2 Regional Growth, Rural Suburbanisation 104
4.3.2.1 Tree-Changers: An Insider's Perspective 105
Box 4.5 Reasons for Tree-Changing from Sydney 107
4.3.2.2 Tree-Changers ? What Do They Want? 109
Box 4.6 Air Pollution: One Reason for Tree-Changing from Melbourne 110
4.4 Conclusion 111
References 113
5 Demographic Change and Rural Nature 116
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Spatial Patterns of People and Nature Across Broad Scales 118
5.3 The Lure of Natural Amenities 120
5.4 Conservation Challenges and Opportunities in Developing Rural Landscapes 122
5.4.1 Challenges 122
5.4.2 Opportunities 123
5.5 The Vast Interior: Implications of Agricultural Land Abandonment 125
5.6 Managing Rural Environments for Conservation and Production 128
5.6.1 Business-as-Usual Is Not an Option 128
5.6.2 The Challenges of Managing Australia's New Bush 129
5.6.3 A Way Forward 131
5.7 Conclusion 133
References 134
6 Agricultural Areas Under Metropolitan Threats: Lessons for Perth from Barcelona 139
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Population Pressures at the Urban Fringes: Barcelona and Perth 145
6.2.1 Population Growth Pressures in Barcelona 145
6.2.2 Population Growth Pressures in Perth 146
6.3 Peri-Urban Agricultural Spaces: Planning and Management 146
6.3.1 A Review of Peri-Urban Agricultural Research 146
6.3.2 Planning and Managing Peri-Urban Agricultural Spaces 149
6.4 Case Study Area One: Peri-Urban Agriculture in Barcelona 152
6.4.1 Barcelona's Agricultural Fringe: A General Overview 152
6.4.2 The Baix Llobregat Agrarian Park 153
6.5 Case Study Area Two: Peri-Urban Issues in Perth 158
6.5.1 Perth's Agricultural Fringe: A General Overview 158
6.5.2 The Chittering Valley: A Peri-Urban Locality Near Perth 159
6.6 Discussion and Conclusion: Lessons from Barcelona for Perth 161
References 163
7 Agricultural Land Ownership Change and Natural Resource Management: Comparing Australian and US Case Studies 167
7.1 Introduction 168
7.2 Conceptualising Rural and Agricultural Landscape Change 170
7.3 Rural Change in Australia and the American West 172
7.4 Methodology 174
7.4.1 Australian Case Studies 176
7.4.2 American West Case Studies 177
7.5 Trends in Rural Property Turnover 179
7.5.1 Rates of Ownership Change 179
7.5.2 New Owners 179
Box 7.1 Working Landscapes in Transition 181
Box 7.2 Motivations of Newer Owners 181
7.6 Implications of Property Turnover 183
7.6.1 Differences Between New and Longer-Term Landholders 184
Box 7.3 Conservation and Recreation Goals of NewerOwners 185
Box 7.4 Production Goals of Newer and Longer-Term Owners 185
Box 7.5 Investment Goals of Newer Owners in the GYE 186
Box 7.6 Differing Attitudes TowardsWildlife Managementin the GYE 188
Box 7.7 Leaving the Property in Better Condition 188
Box 7.8 Learning and Knowledge About NRM 189
Box 7.9 Challenges Engaging Newer Owners in CoordinatedNRM 190
Box 7.10 Learning from Others 190
7.6.2 Land Management Practices 190
Box 7.11 Passive Management Due to Time Constraintsand a Learning Period 192
Box 7.12 Constraints Affecting Active Management Efforts 192
Box 7.13 The Role of Owner-Manager Relations in NRM in the GYE 192
7.7 Discussion 193
7.8 Conclusion 195
References 196
8 Land-Use Planning and Demographic Change: Mechanisms for Designing Rural Landscapes and Communities 202
8.1 Introduction 203
8.2 Demographic Change in Rural Landscapes: Challenges for Land-Use Planners 204
8.2.1 Planning Challenges for Areas with Net Out-Migration 204
8.2.2 Planning Challenges for Areas with Net In-Migration 207
8.3 Land-Use Planning Policies and Mechanisms: Are They Addressing the Challenges? 210
8.4 Developing Mechanisms for Managing the Impacts of Demographic Change 212
8.4.1 Regulatory Planning Mechanisms 213
8.4.2 Voluntary Planning Mechanisms 214
8.5 Taking Control: Using the Right Mix of Planning Mechanisms to Design Preferred Rural Landscapes and Communities 216
References 218
9 Demographic Change and the Implications for Commercial Forestry: Lessons from South-East Australia 220
9.1 Introduction 221
9.2 Research Methods 222
9.2.1 Selection of Case Studies 222
9.2.2 Sources of Data and Methods of Collection 224
9.2.3 Regional Settings for the Case Studies 224
9.3 Characteristics of Socio-Economic Changes and Factors Influencing the Changes 225
9.3.1 Population Changes 225
9.3.2 Employment Dynamics 226
9.3.2.1 Employment in Primary Industry 226
9.3.2.2 Off-Farm Employment 227
9.3.3 Purchase of Rural Property 227
9.3.3.1 The Value of Land for Agriculture 227
9.3.3.2 Spatial Distribution of Persons Who Purchased Rural Property 230
9.3.3.3 Patterns of Property Purchase in North-East Victoria 230
9.4 Impacts of Socio-Economic Changes in Rural Landscapes for Plantation Expansion 233
9.4.1 Introduction 233
9.4.2 Market Dynamics and Regional Expansion Targets 233
9.4.2.1 Regional Markets 233
9.4.2.2 Regional Targets for Plantation Expansion 233
9.4.3 The Supply of Land for Plantations 234
9.4.3.1 Studies of Land for Plantation Forestry in the Murray Valley 234
9.4.4 Recent Experiences of Companies Seeking to Expand Plantations 234
9.4.4.1 A Project to Develop Hardwood Plantations Within 200 km of Melbourne 234
9.4.4.2 Projects to Develop Radiata Pine Plantations 235
9.4.5 The Affordability of Land for Forestry 236
9.5 The Social Acceptability of Plantation Forestry 237
9.5.1 Forestry Land-Use Determination Under the Planning System 238
9.5.2 Impacts of New Landowners on the Management of Existing Plantations 239
9.6 Discussion and Conclusion 240
References 242
10 Why Farming Families Decide to Maintain Native Biodiversity on Their Farms and the Implications of Demographic Change for Conservation Policies 245
10.1 Introduction 246
10.2 Decision-Systems Theory (DST) 249
Box 10.1 A Farming Career 251
10.3 The 4-Group-Stakeholder Model 253
10.4 Policy Implications 256
10.4.1 Policies Implications in Relation to Farming Families 257
Box 10.2 Farms as Homes and Businesses 258
10.4.2 Policies for Professional Managers of Corporate Farms 260
10.4.3 Policies for Families with Smaller Holdings of Farmland 262
10.4.4 Landholdings and Biodiversity Conservation 262
10.5 Conclusion 264
10.6 Key Terms and Definitions 265
References 265
11 Immigration and Multicultural Place-Making in Rural and Regional Australia 270
11.1 Introduction 271
11.2 Inter-ethnic Relations and Built Environment 274
11.3 Immigrants and the Built Environment in Rural and Regional Australia: Two Case Studies 276
11.3.1 Griffith, New South Wales 276
11.3.1.1 Italian Museum and Cultural Centre 278
Box 11.1 Inclusion of Italian and Australian Symbols 279
Box 11.2 Tension between Northern and Southern Italian Immigrants 280
Box 11.3 Initial Reactions to the Italian Museum 280
11.3.1.2 The Riaz Mosque 281
Box 11.4 The Riaz Mosque and Muslim Community in Griffith 283
11.3.2 Katanning, Western Australia 283
11.3.2.1 The Katanning Mosque 284
Box 11.5 Anti-Islamic Sentiment in Katanning 286
Box 11.6 Katanning Mosque and Local Community 286
11.4 Conclusion 287
References 289
12 Too Bad to Stay or Too Good to Leave Two Generations of Women with a Farming Background What is Their Attitude Regarding the Sustainability of the Australian Family Farm? 292
12.1 Introduction 293
12.2 Research Method 295
12.3 Women in Farming Families -- Exploring Some Concepts 296
12.4 Women and Family Farming in Some Developed Countries -- Literature Review 297
12.5 Women and Family Farming in Australia -- Overview 299
12.6 Results of This Study 300
Box 12.1 Definitions of the Family Farm 300
12.6.1 The Participants 301
12.6.2 What Advice Did You Give Your Daughter Regarding Her Future? 301
Box 12.2 Mothers' Advice to Daughters 302
12.6.3 What Is the Reason for You to Study at University? 302
Box 12.3 Daughters' Reasons for Studying at University 302
12.6.4 Would You Have Liked to Take Over the Family Farm? 302
Box 12.4 The Outside Influences -- Mothers 303
Box 12.5 The Outside Influences -- Daughters 303
Box 12.6 Farm Management -- Mothers 303
Box 12.7 Farm Management -- Daughters 303
Box 12.8 Traditional Values -- Mothers 303
Box 12.9 Treatment of Farm Animals 304
12.6.5 Do You Like Living on the Farm? 305
Box 12.10 Do You Like Living on the Farm -- Mothers 305
Box 12.11 Do You Like Living on the Farm -- Daughters 305
12.6.6 What Was It Like to Grow Up on the Family Farm? 306
Box 12.12 What It Was Like to Live on the Farm, One Woman Captures It 306
Box 12.13 Resilience of Country Women 308
12.6.7 What Is Your Opinion Regarding the Future of the Australian Family Farm? 309
Box 12.14 Positive Thoughts Regarding the Family Farm 310
Box 12.15 More Positive Thoughts Regarding the Family Farm 310
12.7 Discussion and Conclusion 311
Box 12.16 Doing Better Than Becoming a Farmers Wife 313
Box 12.17 Paintings, Wine and Long Stemmed Glasses 313
References 314
13 Doing More for Fewer: Health Care for Declining Rural Communities 317
13.1 Rural Population Decline and Health 318
13.1.1 Demographic Characteristics of Declining Rural Communities 320
13.1.2 The Health of Rural Populations 321
13.1.3 Socioeconomic Status and Social Interaction 322
13.2 Health Care in Rural Australia 322
13.2.1 Primary Health Care Workforce 323
Box 13.1 The Revolving Door of Rural Doctors 324
13.2.2 Hospitals 324
13.2.3 Specialist Services 325
13.3 Vulnerable Populations 325
13.3.1 Indigenous Australians 326
13.3.2 Older Australians 326
13.3.3 Farming Families 327
13.4 Impact of Declining Health Services on Rural Communities 327
13.4.1 Health Impacts 328
13.4.2 Demographic and Social Change 328
13.4.3 Economic Impacts 329
13.4.4 Political Impacts 329
Box 13.2 Importance of Health Services to RuralCommunities 330
13.5 Policy Responses 330
13.5.1 Workforce Recruitment and Retention 331
13.5.2 Health Care Reform 332
13.5.3 Reducing the Tyranny of Distance and Size 333
13.6 Conclusion 333
References 334
14 Staffing Rural Schools: A New Perspective 338
14.1 Introduction 339
14.2 Background 340
14.2.1 Sea-Change and Tree-Change Phenomenon 340
14.2.2 Teachers as Tree-Changers 342
14.3 Case Study of Tree-Change Teachers 344
14.3.1 Data Collection 344
14.3.2 Identifying the Tree-Change Teacher 345
14.3.2.1 Teaching Background 345
14.4 Key Research Findings 346
14.4.1 Deciding on the Tree-Change 346
Box 14.1 Comments to Support the Tree Change 347
14.4.2 Career-Related Matters 347
14.4.3 Adjustment to Rural Place 349
Box 14.2 Comments by One Teacher on Community Acceptance 349
14.4.3.1 Perceptions of Life and Working in a Rural Place 350
14.5 Synthesising the Case Study Findings 352
14.6 Policy Implications for Rural Staffing 353
14.6.1 Adoption of a Rural Lens 354
14.6.2 Challenge-Deficit Theory 354
14.6.3 Focussing the Rural Lens on Rural Place 355
14.6.4 Rural Staffing Implications 356
14.7 Conclusion 357
References 359
15 Fly-In Fly-Out: The Challenges of Transient Populations in Rural Landscapes 361
15.1 Introduction 362
15.2 Fly-In Fly-Out and Long Distance Work Commuters 366
15.3 Economic Reasons for FIFO 368
15.4 Social Reasons for FIFO 369
15.5 Impacts of an Increased FIFO Workforce 371
15.6 Opportunities Derived from Workforce Mobility 374
15.7 Long Term Sustainability 376
15.8 Conclusion 378
References 379
16 Demographic Change in Rural Australia:Future Opportunities and Challenges 383
16.1 Introduction 384
16.2 Growing Rural Communities -- Trends and Complications 385
16.3 The Decline of Australia's Outback Population 388
16.4 Managing Future Rural Landscapes What Do We Need to Know 390
Index 393

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 30.11.2010
• Reihe/Serie: Landscape Series
• Reihe/Serie: Landscape Series
• Zusatzinfo: XVIII, 388 p.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Australia • biodiversity • conservation • Demographic Change • Development • Environmental Management • Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning • land use • Rural landscapes • urbanisation • World Regional Geography
• ISBN-10: 90-481-9654-X / 904819654X
• ISBN-13: 978-90-481-9654-8 / 9789048196548