Fiber Bragg Gratings (eBook)

Raman Kashyap (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2009 | 2. Auflage
632 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-091991-1 (ISBN)

Infos

• Provides an overview of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), from fundamentals to applications
• Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of particular applications, methods and techniques
• Contains new chapters on sensing, femtosecond laser writing of FBGs and poling of glass and optical fibers
• Includes a special version of the photonic simulator PicWave(tm), allowing the reader to make live simulations of many of the example devices presented in the book.

This fully revised, updated and expanded second edition covers the substantial advances in the manufacture and use of FBGs in the years since the publication of the pioneering first edition. It presents a comprehensive treatise on FBGs and addresses issues such as the merits of one solution over another, why particular fabrication methods are preferred, and what advantages a user may gain from certain techniques.

Beginning with the principles of FBGs, the book progresses to discuss photosensitization of optical fibers, Bragg grating fabrication and theory, properties of gratings, specific applications, sensing technology, glass poling, advances in femtosecond laser writing of Bragg gratings and FBG measurement techniques. In addition to material on telecommunications usage of FBGs, application areas such as fiber lasers and sensors are addressed in greater detail.

This special version of Picwave is limited to modelling only the passive fibre devices covered in this book. However the full PicWave package is capable of modelling other non-linear and active devices such as laser diodes and SOAs as discussed in Chapter 8. More information about PicWave can be found at www.photond.com/products/picwave.htm.

In addition to researchers, scientists, and graduate students, this book will be of interest to industrial practitioners in the field of fabrication of fiber optic materials and devices.

Raman Kashyap, Canada Research Chair holder on Future Photonics Systems, and Professor at ?cole Polytechnique, University of Montr?al since 2003, has researched optical fibers and devices for over 30 years. He pioneered the fabrication of FBGs and applications in telecommunications and photonics.

• Provides an overview of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), from fundamentals to applications


• Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of particular applications, methods and techniques


• Contains new chapters on sensing, femtosecond laser writing of FBGs and poling of glass and optical fibers


• Includes a special version of the photonic simulator PicWave(tm), allowing the reader to make live simulations of many of the example devices presented in the book.

---

- Provides an overview of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), from fundamentals to applications- Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of particular applications, methods and techniques- Contains new chapters on sensing, femtosecond laser writing of FBGs and poling of glass and optical fibers- Includes a special version of the photonic simulator PicWave(tm), allowing the reader to make live simulations of many of the example devices presented in the book. This fully revised, updated and expanded second edition covers the substantial advances in the manufacture and use of FBGs in the years since the publication of the pioneering first edition. It presents a comprehensive treatise on FBGs and addresses issues such as the merits of one solution over another; why particular fabrication methods are preferred; and what advantages a user may gain from certain techniques. Beginning with the principles of FBGs, the book progresses to discuss photosensitization of optical fibers, Bragg grating fabrication and theory, properties of gratings, specific applications, sensing technology, glass poling, advances in femtosecond laser writing of Bragg gratings and FBG measurement techniques. In addition to material on telecommunications usage of FBGs, application areas such as fiber lasers and sensors are addressed in greater detail. This special version of Picwave is limited to modelling only the passive fibre devices covered in this book. However the full PicWave package is capable of modelling other non-linear and active devices such as laser diodes and SOAs as discussed in Chapter 8. More information about PicWave can be found at www.photond.com/products/picwave.htm. In addition to researchers, scientists, and graduate students, this book will be of interest to industrial practitioners in the field of fabrication of fiber optic materials and devices. Raman Kashyap, Canada Research Chair holder on Future Photonics Systems, and Professor at Ecole Polytechnique, University of Montreal since 2003, has researched optical fibers and devices for over 30 years. He pioneered the fabrication of FBGs and applications in telecommunications and photonics. - Provides an overview of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), from fundamentals to applications- Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of particular applications, methods and techniques- Contains new chapters on sensing, femtosecond laser writing of FBGs and poling of glass and optical fibers- Includes a special version of the photonic simulator PicWave(tm), allowing the reader to make live simulations of many of the example devices presented in the book

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Fiber Bragg Gratings 4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
Preface 16
Acknowledgments 18
Chapter 1: Introduction 20
1.1. Historical Perspective 21
1.2. Materials for Glass Fibers 23
1.3. Origins of the Refractive Index of Glass 25
1.4. Overview of Chapters 27
References 30
Chapter 2: Photosensitivity and Photosensitization of Optical Fibers 34
2.1. Photorefractivity and Photosensitivity 35
2.2. Defects in Glass 37
2.3. Detection of Defects 39
2.4. Photosensitization Techniques 40
2.4.1 Germanium-Doped Silica Fibers 41
2.4.2 Germanium-Boron Codoped Silicate Fibers 45
2.4.3 Tin-Germanium Codoped Fibers 47
2.4.4 Cold, High-Pressure Hydrogenation 48
2.4.5 Rare-Earth-Doped Fibers 53
2.5. Densification and Stress in Fibers 53
2.6. Summary of Photosensitive Mechanisms in Germanosilicate Fibers 54
2.7. Summary of Routes to Photosensitization 56
2.7.1 Summary of Optically Induced Effects 57
2.8. Chemical Composition Gratings 60
References 63
Chapter 3: Fabrication of Bragg Gratings 72
3.1. Methods for Fiber Bragg Grating Fabrication 72
3.1.1 The Bulk Interferometer 72
3.1.2 The Phase Mask 74
3.1.3 The Phase-Mask Interferometer 78
3.1.4 Slanted Grating 84
3.1.5 The Scanned Phase-Mask Interferometer 85
3.1.6 The Lloyd Mirror and Prism Interferometer 88
3.1.7 Higher Spatial Order Masks 91
3.1.8 Point-by-Point Writing 93
3.1.9 Gratings for Mode and Polarization Conversion 94
3.1.10 Single-Shot Writing of Gratings 96
3.1.11 Long-Period Grating Fabrication 97
3.1.12 Ultralong-Fiber Gratings 98
3.1.13 Tuning of the Bragg Wavelength, Moireacute, Fabry–Perot, and Superstructure Gratings 100
3.1.14 Fabrication of Continuously Chirped Gratings 105
3.1.15 Fabrication of Step-Chirped Gratings 110
3.1.16 Techniques for Continuous Writing of Fiber Bragg Gratings 112
3.2. Tunable Phase Masks 120
3.2.1 Fabrication of Long-Period Gratings 122
3.3. Type II Gratings 123
3.4. Type IIA Gratings 123
3.5. Sources for Holographic Writing of Gratings 123
3.5.1 Low Coherence Sources 124
3.5.2 High Coherence Sources 125
References 130
Chapter 4: Theory of Fiber Bragg Gratings 138
4.1. Wave Propagation 139
4.1.1 Waveguides 141
4.2. Coupled-Mode Theory 143
4.2.1 Spatially Periodic Refractive Index Modulation 145
4.2.2 Phase Matching 148
4.2.3 Mode Symmetry and the Overlap Integral 149
4.2.4 Spatially Periodic Nonsinusoidal Refractive Index Modulation 151
4.2.5 Types of Mode Coupling 151
4.3. Coupling of Counterpropagating Guided Modes 158
4.4. Codirectional Coupling 161
4.5. Polarization Couplers: Rocking Filters 164
4.6. Properties of Uniform Bragg Gratings 167
4.6.1 Phase and Group Delay of Uniform Period Gratings 170
4.7. Radiation Mode Couplers 171
4.7.1 Counterpropagating Radiation Mode Coupler: The Side-Tap Grating 171
4.7.2 Copropagating Radiation Mode Coupling: Long-Period Gratings 184
4.8. Grating Simulation 190
4.8.1 Methods for Simulating Gratings 190
4.8.2 Transfer Matrix Method 191
4.9. Multilayer Analysis 196
4.9.1 Rouard’s Method 196
4.9.2 The Multiple Thin-Film Stack 197
4.10. Grating Design 199
4.10.1 Phase-Only Sampling of Gratings 200
4.10.2 Simulation of Gratings 201
References 203
Chapter 5: Apodization of Fiber Gratings 208
5.1. Apodization Shading Functions 209
5.2. Basic Principles and Methodology 212
5.2.1 Self-Apodization 212
5.2.2 The Amplitude Mask 215
5.2.3 The Variable Diffraction Efficiency Phase Mask 217
5.2.4 Multiple Printing of In-Fiber Gratings Applied to Apodization 218
5.2.5 Position-Weighted Fabrication of Top-Hat Reflection Gratings 220
5.2.6 The Moving Fiber/Phase-Mask Technique 222
5.2.7 The Symmetric Stretch Apodization Method 227
5.3. Fabrication Requirements for Apodization and Chirp 231
References 232
Chapter 6: Fiber Grating Band-Pass Filters 236
6.1. Distributed Feedback, Fabry-Perot, Superstructure, and Moiré Gratings 237
6.1.1 The Distributed Feedback Grating 238
6.1.2 Superstructure Band-Pass Filter 246
6.2. The Fabry-Perot and Moiré Band-Pass Filters 248
6.3. The Michelson Interferometer Band-Pass Filter 252
6.3.1 The Asymmetric Michelson Multiple-Band-Pass Filter 259
6.4. The Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Band-Pass Filter 264
6.4.1 Optical Add–Drop Multiplexers Based on the GMZI-BPF 267
6.5. The Optical Circulator-Based OADM 269
6.5.1 Reconfigurable OADM 273
6.6. The Polarizing Beam Splitter Band-Pass Filter 274
6.7. In-Coupler Bragg Grating Filters 278
6.7.1 Bragg Reflecting Coupler OADM 279
6.7.2 Grating-Frustrated Coupler 285
6.8. Side-Tap and Long-Period Grating Band-Pass Filters 289
6.9. Polarization Rocking Band-Pass Filter 293
6.10. Mode Converters 297
6.10.1 Guided-Mode Intermodal Couplers 297
6.11. Sagnac Loop Interferometer 299
6.12. Gires-Tournois Filters 301
6.13. Tunable Band-Pass Filters 304
6.14. LPG Filters 306
References 312
Chapter 7: Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings 320
7.1. General Characteristics of Chirped Gratings 320
7.2. Chirped and Step-Chirped Gratings 325
7.2.1 Effect of Apodization 331
7.2.2 Effect of Nonuniform Refractive Index Modulation on Grating Period 336
7.3. Super-Step-Chirped Gratings 338
7.4. Polarization Mode Dispersion in Chirped Gratings 341
7.5. Systems Measurements with DCGs 344
7.5.1 Systems Simulations and Chirped Grating Performance 346
7.6. Other Applications of Chirped Gratings 349
7.6.1 Pulse Shaping with Uniform Gratings 350
7.6.2 Optical Delay Lines 353
7.6.3 Pulse Shaping with Chirped Gratings 355
7.6.4 Pulse Multiplication 355
7.6.5 Beam Forming 356
References 358
Chapter 8: Fiber Grating Lasers and Amplifiers 366
8.1. Fiber Grating Semiconductor Lasers: The FGSL 366
8.2. Static and Dynamic Properties of FGLs 372
8.2.1 Modeling of External Cavity Lasers 376
8.2.2 General Comments on FGLs 378
8.3. The Fiber Bragg Grating Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Laser 379
8.4. Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers 381
8.4.1 Single-Frequency Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers 382
8.5. The Distributed Feedback Fiber Laser 385
8.5.1 Multifrequency Sources 387
8.5.2 Tunable Single-Frequency Sources 388
8.6. Bragg Grating-Based Pulsed Sources 388
8.7. Fiber Grating Resonant Raman Amplifiers 390
8.8. Gain-Flattening and Clamping in Fiber Amplifiers 392
8.8.1 Amplifier Gain Equalization with Fiber Gratings 393
8.8.2 Optical Gain Control by Gain Clamping 397
8.8.3 Analysis of Gain-Controlled Amplifiers 401
8.8.4 Cavity Stability 402
8.8.5 Noise Figure 402
8.9. High-Powered Lasers and Amplifiers 403
8.9.1 Coupling of Laser Diodes to Optical Fiber with FBGs 404
8.9.2 Hybrid Lasers: Dynamic Gratings 405
8.9.3 Fiber Lasers with Saturable Absorbers in the Cavity 407
8.10. Toward Higher-Power Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers 408
8.10.1 Fiber Raman Lasers 411
8.11. Ultrahigh-Power Lasers and Amplifiers 413
References 414
Chapter 9: Measurement and Characterization of Gratings 424
9.1. Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Spectra of Bragg Gratings 425
9.2. Perfect Bragg Gratings 431
9.3. Phase and Temporal Response of Bragg Gratings 432
9.3.1 Measurement of the Grating Profile 439
9.3.2 Measurement of Internal Stress 448
9.4. Strength, Annealing, and Lifetime of Gratings 450
9.4.1 Mechanical Strength 450
9.4.2 Bragg Grating Lifetime and Thermal Annealing 451
9.4.3 Accelerated Aging of Gratings 454
References 455
Chapter 10: Principles of Optical Fiber Grating Sensors 460
10.1. Sensing with Fiber Bragg Gratings 462
10.1.1 Principles of Sensing 462
10.1.2 Fiber Designs for Sensing 464
10.1.3 Point Temperature Sensing with Fiber Bragg Gratings 469
10.1.4 Distributed Sensing with Fiber Bragg Gratings 471
10.1.5 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors 472
10.1.6 Fiber Bragg Grating Fiber Laser Sensors 475
10.1.7 Measurement of Temperature with Fiber Bragg Gratings 478
10.1.8 Strain Measurements with Fiber Bragg Gratings 480
10.1.9 Fiber Bragg Grating Wavelength Temperature Compensation Techniques 481
10.1.10 Pressure and Loading 486
10.1.11 Chirped Grating Sensors 490
10.1.12 Acceleration 492
10.1.13 Vibration and Acoustic Sensing 494
10.1.14 Magnetic Field Sensing with Fiber Bragg Gratings 495
10.2. Evanescent-Field Refractive Index Sensors 496
10.2.1 Fiber Bragg Grating–Based Refractive Index Sensors 496
10.2.2 Long-Period Gratings–Based Refractive Index Sensors 497
10.2.3 Surface Plasmon-Polariton Sensors 498
10.2.4 Guided Wave Surface Plasmon-Polariton Sensors 499
10.2.5 Theory of the Surface Plasmon-Polariton 500
10.2.6 Optimization of Surface Plasmon-Polariton Sensors 502
10.3. Long-Period Grating (LPG) Sensors 508
10.4. Applications of FBG Sensors 512
10.4.1 Biomedical Sensing: Hydrostatic Pressure Sensing in Medicine 512
10.4.2 Respiration Monitoring 513
10.4.3 Oil, Gas, and Mining 513
10.4.4 Structural Health Monitoring 514
10.4.5 Tilt Sensors 514
10.5. Conclusions and Future Prospects 515
References 516
Chapter 11: Femtosecond-Induced Refractive Index Changes in Glass 522
11.1. Light Propagation in Glass 522
11.1.1 Theoretical Background 524
11.1.2 Point-by-Point Writing of Fiber Bragg Gratings with Femtosecond Lasers 531
11.1.3 Femtosecond Laser Writing with a Phase Mask 532
11.1.4 Infrared Femtosecond Laser Inscription of Fiber Bragg Gratings 536
11.1.5 Strength of Grating 540
11.2. Conclusion 541
References 543
Chapter 12: Poling of Glasses and Optical Fibers 546
12.1. Optical Poling 546
12.1.1 A Grating for Quasi-Phase Matching 548
12.1.2 Recording a Grating for SHG 549
12.2. UV Poling 550
12.3. Thermal Poling of Glass 551
12.3.1 Glass Electrets 551
12.3.2 Creating a Second-Order Nonlinearity 553
12.3.3 Other Poling Techniques 554
12.4. Characterization Techniques 555
12.4.1 Measurement of the Nonlinear Optical Coefficient 555
12.4.2 Etching 559
12.4.3 Elemental Analysis of the Surface and Other Techniques 561
12.5. Fundamental and Practical Issues 563
12.5.1 Cation Mobility 563
12.5.2 Defects and Water 565
12.5.3 Charge Movement 566
12.5.4 Electrodes 568
12.5.5 Spatial Resolution 569
12.6. The Poling Process in Detail 569
12.6.1 Poling for Short Time Intervals 570
12.6.2 Poling for Long Time Intervals 572
12.6.3 Models 574
12.6.4 Erasure and Stability 576
12.7. Routes for Increasing the Second-Order Optical Nonlinearity 579
12.7.1 Poling Methods (Optimization and Novel Techniques) 580
12.7.2 Increasing E-Field Breakdown 580
12.7.3 Increase x(3) through Poling 580
12.7.4 Increasing x(3) through Resonance and Doping 581
12.7.5 Glasses Other Than Silica 581
12.8. Poled Films and Waveguides 587
12.8.1 Materials and Systems 587
12.8.2 Physics and Characterization 587
12.8.3 Quasi-Phase Matching 588
12.8.4 Bleaching 588
12.9. Poled Fibers 589
12.9.1 Physics and Characterization 590
12.9.2 Quasi-Phase Matching 591
12.9.3 Applications of Electro-Optic Fibers 592
12.10. Conclusions 600
References 600
Appendix I 616
A.1. Calculating Grating Parameters 616
A.1.1 FBGs 616
A.1.2 LPGs 617
A.2. Material Properties-Based Parameters 617
A.3. Useful Physical Constants 618
References 618
Index 620

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 23.10.2009
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Optik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Nachrichtentechnik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-091991-X / 008091991X
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-091991-1 / 9780080919911