Inhaled Particles (eBook)

Chiu-sen Wang (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2005 | 1. Auflage
214 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-045501-3 (ISBN)

Infos

Inhaled Particles integrates all that is known about inhaled particles in a unified treatment. It aims to provide a scientific framework essential to a reasonable understanding of inhaled particles. The emphasis is placed on demonstrating the key roles of lung morphology on airflow and particle transport as well as identifying physical and biological factors that influence deposition. Special attention is paid to maintaining consistency of treatment and a balance between theoretical modeling and experimental measurements.
The book covers all important aspects of inhaled particles including inhalability, aerosol dispersion, particle deposition, and clearance. It reviews concisely the basic background of lung morphology, respiratory physiology, aerodynamics, and aerosol science pertinent to the subject. Essential aspects of health effects and applications are also included.

* An easy-to-read, self contained introduction to the field
* An excellent source of updated research information
* Useful for students and professionals in aerosol science, environmental health science, occupational hygiene, health physics and biomedical engineering

Inhalt

Cover 1
Contents 7
Preface 13
Glossary 15
Acronyms 19
List of Principal Symbols 21
Introduction 27
Problems 31
References 31
Morphometry of the Human Respiratory System 33
The Head Airways Region 34
The Tracheobronchial Region 37
Anatomical Models of Lungs 41
Anatomical Models of Airway Bifurcations 50
The Alveolar Region 51
Variations in Airway Dimensions 52
Changes in Airway Dimensions during Respiration 53
Problems 54
References 54
Airflow in the Respiratory System 57
Breathing Dynamics and Respiratory Volumes 57
Respiratory Physiology 59
Macroscopic Aspects of Airflow in Lung Airways 60
Local Aerodynamic Characteristics 62
General Concepts in Fluid Mechanics 62
Overview of Flow Patterns in Respiratory Airways 65
Flow in Head Airways 67
Flow in Tracheobronchial Airways 68
Effects of Successive Bifurcations 70
Effects of the Shape of Transition Zone 71
Effects of the Shape of Carinal Ridge 72
Effects of Surface Structure 72
Effects of Oscillatory Flow 73
Flow in the Alveolar Region 74
Summary of Flow Patterns in Airways 76
Problems 77
References 78
Behavior of Aerosol Particles 81
Drag Force 83
Gravitational Settling 84
Interception 87
Inertial Impaction 87
Brownian Motion and Diffusion 92
Convective Brownian Diffusion 94
Deposition from Turbulent Flow 96
Electrostatic Forces 97
Growth of Hygroscopic Particles 99
Simultaneous Deposition by Several Mechanisms 101
Problems 102
References 103
Dispersion of Inhaled Aerosol 105
General Concepts in Aerosol Dispersion 105
Aerosol Dispersion in Lung Airways 108
Gas Mixing in Lung Airways 110
Problems 111
References 111
Inhalability of Ambient Particles 113
Mouth Inhalability 114
Nose Inhalability 117
Problems 117
References 117
Deposition of Particles in the Respiratory System 119
General Concepts in Respiratory Deposition 119
Total and Regional Deposition 120
Relative Contributions of Various Mechanisms 121
Alveolar Deposition during Breath-Holding 123
Local Deposition 125
Deposition in Single Bifurcations 125
Effects of Successive Bifurcations 129
Deposition from Cyclic Flow 130
Deposition of Fibers in Single Bifurcations 130
Problems 131
References 132
Experimental Studies on Total and Regional Deposition 134
Experimental Methods 134
Experimental Methods for Extrathoracic Deposition 135
Experimental Methods for Thoracic Deposition 136
Experimental Methods for Total Deposition 138
Deposition in Head Airways 138
Data from Human Subjects 138
Data from Casts 139
Deposition in the Tracheobronchial Region 141
Deposition in the Alveolar Region 144
Summary of Regional Deposition 145
Total Deposition 146
Deposition of Nonhygroscopic Particles 146
Deposition of Hygroscopic Particles 148
Deposition of Highly Charged Particles 148
Problems 149
References 150
Deposition Models 153
Continuous Models 153
Comparments-in-series Models 156
Typical Path Deposition Models 159
Single Path with Statistically Distributed Airway Dimensions 159
Tubes-and-Bifurcations-in-Series 160
The ICRP Deposition Model 161
Respiratory Tract Morphometry 161
Inhalability 162
Deposition in Extrathoracic Regions 162
Deposition in Thoracic Regions 163
Deposition of Hygroscopic Particles 165
Empirical Equations for Regional Deposition 165
The NCRP Deposition Model 166
Deposition in the Extrathoracic Region 167
Deposition in Thoracic Regions 168
Comparison of the ICRP and NCRP Models 170
Concluding Remarks 171
Problems 171
References 172
Fate of Deposited Particles 175
Mechanisms of Particle Clearnce 175
Mucociliary Transport 175
Phagocytosis 176
Entry into Lymphatic System 176
Absorption into Blood Circulation 176
Particle Clearance in Various Airway Regions 177
Extrathoracic Regions 178
Tracheobronchial Region 178
Alveolar Region 180
Particle Accumulation in Respiratory Airways 182
Problems 183
References 183
Health Effects 185
Adverse Health Effects 185
Chemical Toxicants 185
Ambient Particles 187
Bacteria and Viruses 189
Radioactive Particles 190
Therapeutic Agents 191
Problems 191
References 192
Applications 193
Health Risk Assessment 193
Aerosol Diagnosis 194
Aerosol Bolus Dispersion Test 195
Aerosol-derived Airway Morphometry 196
Aerosol Therapy 197
Drug Formulations 198
Delivery Devices 198
Breathing Maneuvers for Targeting 199
Problems 201
References 202
Appendices 204
Index 207

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 20.1.2005
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft
• ISBN-10: 0-08-045501-8 / 0080455018
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-045501-3 / 9780080455013