Sex and Punishment (eBook)

Four Thousand Years of Judging Desire

Eric Berkowitz (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2013 | 1. Auflage
368 Seiten
Saqi (Verlag)
978-1-908906-01-4 (ISBN)

Infos

Sex and Punishment tells the story of the struggle throughout millennia to regulate the most powerful engine of human behaviour: sex. From the savage impalement of an Ancient Mesopotamian adulteress to the imprisonment of Oscar Wilde for 'gross indecency' in 1895, Eric Berkowitz evokes the entire sweep of Western sex law. The cast of Sex and Punishment is as varied as the forms taken by human desire itself: royal mistresses, gay charioteers, medieval transvestites, lonely goat-lovers, prostitutes of all stripes and London rent boys. Each of them had forbidden sex, and each was judged - and justice, as Berkowitz shows - rarely had anything to do with it.

Eric Berkowitz is a writer, lawyer and journalist. Before devoting his practice to public interest and asylum law, he practiced intellectual property and civil litigation in Los Angeles for more than twenty years. Berkowitz has published widely throughout his career, including investigative pieces in the New York Times and Los Angeles Times, and articles in the Washington Post and The Economist, among others. He lives in San Francisco, California.

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Introduction

In 1956, in a village in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), a desperate woman sought help from a local tribunal made up of tribal elders in putting her marriage back on track. The relationship was in tatters. In recent months, both she and her husband had been diagnosed with a venereal disease. The husband insisted that it was she who had infected him, but she denied any infidelity and claimed he was at fault. He had threatened to stab her on one occasion and, worse, to use witchcraft against her. Yet none of that would have brought the couple to the tribunal had something more outrageous not happened, something so intolerable that the wife ran to court that very day: At dawn, she had awoken to find her husband with her breast in his mouth. She remembered his threat of witchcraft, and became terrified.

At the hearing, one of the elders demanded of the husband: “[W]hat were you thinking of when you were sucking your wife’s breast? Are you a small child, like that one [pointing to a baby in the room]? . . . Why did you do it?”

The husband’s reply only made his situation worse: “It was love,” he said.

The elder was incredulous. “Love! You must be a strange person, practicing your love in that way while your wife was asleep.” The elder and the husband went back and forth like this for a while, the husband protesting that he had merely been expressing tender affection for his wife while the elder became increasingly suspicious that the man was practicing sorcery. Finally, the elder said, “No, no . . . I am afraid that if you went with your wife, you might try to kill her.” The woman was placed in the protective custody of the police for the night, with more court proceedings to follow.

It was not the only time in mid-twentieth-century Northern Rhodesia that such disputes required court intervention. Another man had been accused of causing his wife to become infertile by sucking her breasts, and wives often ran to the courts to stop their husbands from performing cunnilingus on them or having intercourse with them while they slept. On other occasions, wives accused their husbands of stealing their menstrual cloths and using them as charms to bring success in gambling. The tribal judges took these accusations seriously. To them, taking a sleeping woman sexually was like making love to a corpse, while sucking a woman’s breasts at any time of day blurred the roles of adult and child. Cloths soaked with a woman’s menstrual blood were, in that society, not simple rags; they contained the awesome power of reproduction, which could be used for good or ill. To use such cloths for luck in gambling dens was to waste the procreative powers of the cosmos. In this context, the tribunal’s decision to post a guard to keep a breast-sucking husband away from his wife was a sensible response to an explosive situation.

The British colonial officials who reviewed the tribal decisions, however, shared none of these beliefs. They usually threw such cases out, reasoning that marital sex was the concern only of the husband and wife, for which court intervention was inappropriate. A man who enjoyed his wife’s body while she slept was simply taking the erotic pleasure that was his due, and unless he used violent force the law had no role to play. All that talk about power and witchcraft and luck was quaint, but irrelevant. Local courts in the territory complained that the Europeans should be taking these cases seriously, but their protests went unheeded.1

These incidents exist at the flashpoint between conflicting views on how the law should deal with sexual issues. To the inhabitants of Northern Rhodesia, it was not a question of prudishness, liberation, or even morality as such. Rather, sex was one of the underlying forces moving heaven and earth. Improperly conducted sex summoned danger and caused everyone harm. By barring such sex, they were protecting the entire society from catastrophe.

Lest anyone snicker at the hapless couple, we should recognize that the differences between “modern” and “primitive” views on sex and the law are not so clear—not clear enough, at any rate, to merit smugness. Sex and lawsuits have gone hand in hand everywhere, in every era, and few sexual transgressions have ever been too small to merit the meddling of one tribunal or another.

The wife in the Northern Rhodesia incident fell through a late-colonial justice gap. Her case did not fit the 1956 Western model of what a sex claim should look like. Yet had she and her husband lived in Europe a few centuries earlier, when courts regularly involved themselves in bedroom behavior, she would have found a more sympathetic hearing: European records are full of cases in which married couples were accused—and accused each other—of sexual sorcery. The judges who punished such transgressors often justified their decisions as necessary to save society from God’s wrath. Indeed, dozens of sex acts in Renaissance Europe, both within and outside marriage, were believed to provoke divine vengeance. Sexual behavior was everyone’s business because one person’s sexual missteps, if bad enough, could cause war, famine, and hails of fire and brimstone.

Moreover, had the aforementioned African couple been students, married or not, at any number of present-day U.S. colleges, the wife’s claim might well have been enthusiastically received. Many postsecondary institutions have adopted elaborate rules governing their students’ sexual conduct, which they enforce with the zeal of the most devoted officers of the Inquisition. Gettysburg College’s 2006 student handbook requires that all sex be “consensual,” which it defines as “willingly and verbally agreeing (for example, by stating ‘yes’) to engage in specific sexual conduct.” The handbook also prohibits the erotic touching of people’s bodies while they slumber. Thus, a man wishing to “initiate sexual contact” with a sleeping woman would need to wake her up, make sure her judgment is clear, and then ask (for example), “May I suck your breast now?” If he does not do so, he stands to be expelled from school and reported to the police.2

The Antioch College Sexual Offense Prevention Policy of 2006 follows a similar line, although it is more detailed. “Grinding on the dance floor is not consent for further sexual activity,” warns the policy; neither are body movements or “non-verbal responses such as moans.” Sex is forbidden with any person who is asleep, intoxicated, or suffers from “mental health conditions.”3

American university sex codes have been ridiculed as overly prudish, and college disciplinary boards mocked as kangaroo courts, but they are not going away. In fact, they recently became more accommodating forums for sexual misbehavior claims. In 2011, the U.S. government informed publicly funded universities that accusers in sex cases must win if it can be shown by a “preponderance of the evidence”—that is, a mere 51 percent likelihood—that misconduct took place, despite the fact that the question of sexual wrongdoing often turns on the murky task of defining the power relationships between the people involved. (In U.S. criminal courts, the standard of proof is “beyond a reasonable doubt.”) Duke University’s rules add to the ambiguity by stating that sexual misconduct may exist where there are “real or perceived power differentials between individuals” that “may create an unintentional atmosphere of coercion.” How anything resembling justice can be dispensed under these standards is difficult to imagine.

Regardless of the setting, no one questions the law’s primary role in resolving sexual conflicts. A person violating the shifting rules of sexual conduct in modern Western societies will not be accused of witchcraft, but that is often just a matter of terminology. Anyone, no matter how highly placed, who engages in sexual contact that is out of sync with prevailing attitudes risks being demonized and steamrolled in public by the legal system. Consider the boorish men of influence who are caught taking what they see as the perquisites of their positions. The prominent French economist and politician Dominique Strauss-Kahn’s allegedly violent sexual encounter with an African immigrant maid in a New York hotel suite in 2011 quickly became an international incident in which the limits of class privilege were much discussed, especially in France. President Bill Clinton’s dalliances with a White House intern, revealed in an unrelated sexual harassment case against him, resulted in his impeachment in 1998 by the U.S. House of Representatives (though he was acquitted by the Senate). Polish-French film director Roman Polanski, on the run since his well-publicized 1978 California conviction for having sex with a thirteen-year-old girl, again became a universal symbol of criminal sexual excess when he was arrested in 2009 by the Swiss authorities at the request of the U.S. authorities. (He was later released.) Even powerful corporations get tagged for inadvertent transgressions. The fleeting exposure of singer Janet Jackson’s breast during the 2004 Super Bowl telecast resulted in more than $500,000 in government fines against the network that aired the game, CBS, and years of wrenching litigation over sexual “decency” on the American airwaves.

With sex law, context is everything and consistency should not be expected. Under slightly different circumstances, none of these events would have sparked a controversy. Many people still cannot accept that Strauss-Kahn was chased down and jailed for allegedly forcing sex on a maid; one of his defenders dismissed the entire affair as a mere troussage de domestique (roughly, “lifting a...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 3.4.2013
• Verlagsort: London
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geschichte ► Teilgebiete der Geschichte ► Kulturgeschichte
• Themenwelt: Geschichte ► Teilgebiete der Geschichte ► Militärgeschichte
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften ► Psychologie ► Sexualität / Partnerschaft
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► EU / Internationales Recht
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► Rechtsgeschichte
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► Strafrecht ► Besonderes Strafrecht
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften ► Soziologie
• Schlagworte: adultery • castration • Christianity • Eric Berkowitz • Homosexuality • Islam • Judaism • Law • Marquis de Sade • Masturbation • oral sex • Pornography • Prostitution • punishment • Rape • roman republic • Sex • Sexuality • Sexuality Punishment Law History Desire Morality Judgment Religion Taboo Crime Social Norms Cultural History Gender Power Consent Prohibition Legal Systems Ancient Civilizations Ethics Society • sexual practice • sodomy • virginity
• ISBN-10: 1-908906-01-4 / 1908906014
• ISBN-13: 978-1-908906-01-4 / 9781908906014