Chemistry for a Clean and Healthy Planet (eBook)

Ponnadurai Ramasami, Minu Gupta Bhowon, Sabina Jhaumeer Laulloo, Henri Li Kam Wah (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2019 | 1st ed. 2019
X, 565 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-030-20283-5 (ISBN)

Infos

These proceedings gather carefully selected, peer-reviewed contributions from the International Conference on Pure and Applied Chemistry (ICPAC 2018). The event, the latest installment in a biennial conference series, was held in July 2018 in Mauritius.

The respective chapters in this unique collection reflect a wide range of fundamental and applied research in the chemical sciences and various interdisciplinary subjects. In addition to reviews, they highlight cutting-edge advances. 

Prof Ponnadurai Ramasami leads the computational chemistry group at the University of Mauritius. The group is involved in using state-of-the-art computational methods to solve chemistry and interdisciplinary problems. 

Prof. Minu Gupta Bhowon is currently a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Mauritius. Her areas of research and interest include coordination, natural product chemistry, catalysis and chemical biology. 

Dr. Sabina Jhaumeer Laulloo  is currently Associate Professor of Chemistry at the University of Mauritius. Her areas of research and interest include organic, bio-organic, natural product, co-ordination chemistry and forensic science. 

Dr Henri Li Kam Wah is currently Associate Professor of Chemistry at the University of Mauritius. From 2002 to 2006, he was the Director of Quality Assurance at the University of Mauritius before assuming the post of Dean of the Faculty of Science from 2006 to 2009. His areas of research and interest include coordination, environmental and natural product chemistry, forensic science, quality assurance and audit in tertiary institutions test.

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contents 6
1 Controlled Microstructure of Ag/AgBr-AC Synergistic Enhancement on Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline: A Synthesis Approach Comparison 10
1.1 Introduction 11
1.2 Experimental Section 12
1.2.1 Materials 12
1.2.2 Activated Carbon Synthesis 12
1.2.3 Preparation of Ag/AgBr-AC Through Thermal Polyol Route 12
1.2.4 Preparation of Ag/AgBr-AC Through Template Assisted Route 13
1.2.5 Characterization of the Synthesized Materials 13
1.2.6 Photocatalytic Activity Evaluation 14
1.3 Characterization 14
1.3.1 Morphology, Size and Composition Analysis 14
1.3.2 Crystal Phase and Structures by X-Ray Diffraction 16
1.3.3 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis 17
1.3.4 Optical Properties of Ag/AgBr-AC 18
1.3.5 Electrochemical Properties 18
1.3.6 Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline 19
1.3.7 Photocatalytic Mechanism 21
1.4 Conclusion 24
References 24
2 Emerging Phytochemicals and Bioactive Compounds from a Desert Plant Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce and Future Prospects 27
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Methods 29
2.3 Species 29
2.4 Taxonomical Classification 29
2.5 Distribution 30
2.6 Bioactivity of Extracts and Metabolites 30
2.6.1 Studies on Extracts of P. cineraria 30
2.6.2 Studies on Metabolites of P. cineraria 36
2.7 Nutrients 36
2.8 Discussion 38
2.9 Conclusions 54
2.10 Future Prospects 54
References 55
3 Conductimetric Analysis and Preliminary Evaluation of Phytochemical Constituents of Sporobolus spicatus (Vahl) Kunth [Family: Poaceae] by FTIR and UV–Vis Spectroscopic Techniques 60
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Materials and Methods 62
3.2.1 Plant Material 62
3.2.2 Plant Sample Preparation and Extraction 63
3.3 Phytochemical Screening 63
3.3.1 Determination of Flavonoids 63
3.3.2 Determination of Phenolic Compounds 64
3.3.3 Determination of Saponins 64
3.4 Spectroscopic Analysis, pH and Conductivity 64
3.5 Results and Discussion 64
3.5.1 Infrared Spectral Studies of the Dry and Aq. Ethanolic Extracts of Sporobolus Spicatus 64
3.5.2 UV–Vis Absorption and Reflectance Spectra Studies 68
3.5.3 pH and Conductimetric Analysis Determination 70
3.6 Conclusion 75
References 76
4 The Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Multi-domain Outer Membrane Protein A (OmpA) from Shigella flexneri in POPE Lipid Bilayer 78
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Methods 79
4.2.1 Preparation of the System 79
4.2.2 Simulation Protocol 80
4.3 Results 80
4.4 Discussion 83
4.5 Conclusions 86
References 87
5 In Vitro Comparative Quality Attributes of Selected Brands of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride Tablets Marketed in UAE and India 91
5.1 Introduction 92
5.2 Materials and Methods 93
5.3 Physical Testing 93
5.3.1 Uniformity of Weight 93
5.3.2 Thickness 94
5.3.3 Disintegration 94
5.3.4 Friability 94
5.3.5 Dissolution 94
5.4 Chemical Testing 95
5.4.1 FTIR Spectroscopy 95
5.4.2 UV–Vis Spectrophotometric Assay 95
5.5 Results and Discussion 96
5.5.1 Weight Uniformity Test 96
5.5.2 Thickness Test 96
5.5.3 Disintegration Test 97
5.5.4 Friability Test 97
5.5.5 Dissolution Test 98
5.5.6 FTIR Test 99
5.5.7 Assay of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride 100
5.6 Conclusion 101
References 102
6 The Cytotoxicity of Mimusops Caffra-Derived Ursolic Acid and Its Three Triterpenoid Semi-synthesized Derivatives on HEK293 and HepG2 Cells 103
6.1 Introduction 104
6.2 Experimental 105
6.2.1 Preparation and Extraction of Plant Material 105
6.2.2 Purification and Separation of Ursolic Acid (1) and Oleanolic Acid (2) from Crude Extract 105
6.2.3 Derivatization of 1 105
6.2.4 Cytotoxic Bioassay—The MTT Assay 108
6.3 Results and Discussion 109
6.3.1 Ursolic Acid (1) 109
6.3.2 3-Acetyl-UA (3) 110
6.3.3 3-Acetyl-UA-28-Methylate (5) 111
6.3.4 3-Acetyl-UA-28-Benzylate (6) 112
6.3.5 3-Acetyl-UA-28-Cinnamate (7) 112
6.3.6 Cytotoxicity Activity 112
6.4 Conclusion 113
References 115
7 Chemical Composition of Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A. Mey from Eastern Cape, South Africa
7.1 Introduction 118
7.2 Materials and Methods 120
7.2.1 Plant Material 120
7.2.2 Extraction of Essential Oils 120
7.2.3 Analysis of Essential Oils 120
7.2.4 Identification of Essential Oils 121
7.3 Results 121
7.3.1 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils 121
7.4 Discussion 123
7.4.1 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils 123
7.5 Conclusion 125
References 126
8 Photodegradation of Phenol by Silver Doped TiO2 A Comparative Study of the Efficiency of HPLC and UV-Vis Analyses
8.1 Introduction 129
8.2 Methodology 130
8.2.1 Materials, Equipment and Chemicals 130
8.2.2 Catalyst Synthesis 130
8.2.3 Catalyst Characterization 131
8.2.4 Photodegradation Experiments and Chemical Analysis 131
8.3 Results and Discussion 132
8.3.1 Catalyst Characterization 132
8.3.2 Photodegradation Studies 135
8.3.3 Comparison Between UV-Vis and HPLC Analysis 139
8.4 Conclusion 141
References 141
9 A Chemotaxonomic Study of 11 Species of the Genus Psiadia Endemic to La Reunion by 1H NMR and GC-MS Based Metabolomic Approach 144
9.1 Introduction 145
9.2 Materials and Methods 146
9.2.1 Plant Material 146
9.2.2 GC Analysis 146
9.2.3 NMR Analysis 146
9.2.4 Multivariate Data Analysis 150
9.3 Results and Discussion 150
9.3.1 The Volatile Compounds Analysis 150
9.3.2 The Non-volatile Compounds Analysis 152
9.4 Conclusion 156
References 156
10 Trace Metals Charaterisation of Soils in the Vicinity of a Major Active Dumpsite in Lagos: An Integrative Multivariate Indices Approach 158
10.1 Introduction 159
10.2 Materials and Methods 159
10.2.1 Olusosun Refuse Dumpsite 159
10.2.2 Soil Samples Collection 161
10.2.3 Chemical Analyses 161
10.2.4 Data Analysis 163
10.3 Results and Discussion 165
10.4 Conclusions 170
References 171
11 Parasitic Plants of Namibia 173
11.1 Introduction 174
11.2 Methods 175
11.3 Results and Discussion 175
11.4 Conclusions 177
References 187
12 An Insight into the Adsorption Mechanism of Hexavalent Chromium onto Magnetic Pine Cone Powder 188
12.1 Introduction 188
12.2 Experimental 189
12.2.1 Materials 189
12.2.2 Methods 190
12.3 Results and Discussion 190
12.3.1 Change in H+ Concentration 191
12.3.2 Cr(III) Concentration After Adsorption 192
12.3.3 Change in Redox Potential 193
12.3.4 XPS Analysis 193
12.3.5 Desorption and Adsorbent Regeneration 196
12.4 Conclusion 197
References 197
13 Review on Tuberculosis: Trends in the Discovery of New and Efficient Chemotherapeutic Agents 199
13.1 Introduction 200
13.2 Materials and Methods 201
13.3 Results and Discussion 201
13.3.1 First-Line TB Drugs 201
13.3.2 Mode of Action of First-Line Anti-TB Drugs 202
13.3.3 Second-Line TB Drugs 212
13.3.4 Challenges of Developing New Anti-TB Drugs 213
13.3.5 Insufficient Profit Opportunity 215
13.3.6 Difficulty to Identify New Compounds with Activity Against M.tb. 215
13.3.7 Evaluation of New Compounds 215
13.3.8 Scarcity of Trial Sites 215
13.3.9 Quest for New Drug Candidates for TB Treatment 216
13.3.10 Medicinal Plants 219
13.4 Conclusion 223
References 224
14 Multivariate Analysis of Airborne Metallic Species in Sebele, Botswana 230
14.1 Introduction 231
14.2 Materials and Methods 232
14.2.1 Site Description 232
14.2.2 Sampling Protocol 233
14.2.3 Chemical Processing and Analysis 233
14.2.4 Analytical Quality Control 233
14.3 Results and Discussion 234
14.3.1 Metal Concentrations 234
14.3.2 Source Apportionment of Metallic Species 235
14.4 Conclusion 244
Appendix 245
References 246
15 Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metals Accumulation in the Plant, Soil and Water from Municipal Landfill in Alice, South Africa 248
15.1 Introduction 249
15.2 Materials and Methods 250
15.2.1 Study Area and Site Description 250
15.2.2 Plant, Soil and Water Sample Collections 250
15.2.3 Determination of the Physicochemical Properties of Soil 252
15.2.4 Determination of the Physicochemical Properties of Water 253
15.2.5 Determination of Heavy Metals in the Plant, Soil and Water Samples 254
15.3 Results and Discussion 255
15.3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Soil Samples 255
15.3.2 Physicochemical Properties of Water Samples 258
15.3.3 Concentration of Heavy Metals in Plant, Soil and Water Samples 260
15.4 Conclusions 264
References 265
16 Chromate Ion Adsorption onto Nanostructured Mn–Fe Oxide: Kinetics and Equilibrium Study 269
16.1 Introduction 269
16.2 Experimental 270
16.2.1 Chemical Reagents 270
16.2.2 Preparation of Nanostructured Mn–Fe Oxide Adsorbent 270
16.2.3 Characterization of Mn–Fe Binary Oxide 271
16.2.4 Analytical Technique 271
16.2.5 Adsorption Dynamics 271
16.3 Results and Discussion 272
16.3.1 Adsorbent Characterization 272
16.3.2 Effect of pH on Adsorption 273
16.3.3 Kinetics of Chromate Adsorption 275
16.3.4 Isotherm Studies 276
16.3.5 Adsorption Thermodynamics 278
16.4 Conclusion 279
References 280
17 Spectroscopic, XRD, In Vitro Anti-oxidant, Antifungal and Antibacterial Studies of Heterocyclic Schiff Base Nickel(II) Complexes Bearing Anions 283
17.1 Introduction 284
17.2 Experimental 285
17.2.1 Materials and Methods 285
17.2.2 Physical Measurements 285
17.2.3 Synthesis of the Schiff Base Ligand: 4-[(1E)-N-{2-[(Z)-Benzylideneamino]Ethyl} Ethanimidoyl]Benzene-1,3-Diol (HL) 286
17.2.4 General Procedure for the Synthesis of Nickel(II) Complexes 286
17.2.5 Biological Evaluations 288
17.3 Results and Discussion 291
17.3.1 Synthesis and Characterization of the Compounds 291
17.3.2 Infrared Absorption Spectra 292
17.3.3 1H-NMR Spectral Studies 293
17.3.4 Molar Conductivity Measurements 294
17.3.5 Electronic Absorption Spectra 294
17.3.6 Powder X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy 294
17.3.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of the Complexes 295
17.3.8 Antioxidant Assays 297
17.3.9 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity 300
17.4 Conclusion 304
References 304
18 Synthesis of Heterocycle-Appended 4-Aminoquinazolines with Antiproliferative Properties and Potential to Inhibit Tyrosine Kinases 306
18.1 Introduction 306
18.2 Methods for Preparation of Indole-Quinazoline Hybrids 309
18.3 Preparation of Indole-Appended Aminoquinazoline Hybrids 312
18.4 Preparation of Benzofuran-Appended Aminoquinazoline Hybrids 312
18.5 Conclusions and Perspective 314
References 314
19 Chemical Refinement of Chromium Metaphosphate Product Isolated from Geological Mineral Ore Samples 316
19.1 Introduction 316
19.2 Experimental 318
19.2.1 Chemicals, Instrumentation and Experimental Procedures 318
19.2.2 Experimental Procedures 319
19.3 Results and Discussion 321
19.3.1 IR Spectroscopy 321
19.3.2 Raman Analysis 325
19.3.3 SEM-EDX Determination of Impurities in the Chromium Metaphosphate Products 325
19.4 Conclusion 328
References 329
20 Preparation and Characterization of Ag–TiO2 Modified Polyethersulfone (PES) Membranes for Potential Applications in Water Treatment 330
20.1 Introduction 331
20.2 Experimental 332
20.2.1 Materials and Equipment 332
20.2.2 Synthesis of Silver–Titanium Oxide (Ag–TiO2) NCs 332
20.2.3 Antimicrobial Activity 333
20.2.4 Fabrication of PA-TFC Membranes 333
20.2.5 Characterization 333
20.2.6 Hydrophilicity 334
20.2.7 Membrane Performance 334
20.2.8 Antifouling Properties 335
20.3 Results and Discussion 336
20.3.1 FT-IR 336
20.3.2 UV-Vis 337
20.3.3 XRD 338
20.3.4 SEM and EDX Analysis 339
20.3.5 Antimicrobial Properties 339
20.3.6 Membrane Characterization 339
20.3.7 Water Flux and Permeation 344
20.3.8 Rejection of 2,4-DCP 344
20.3.9 Evaluation of Antifouling Properties 345
20.4 Conclusion 346
References 346
21 Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Raw 264.7 Cell Line Proliferative Effect of 5-[(4-Nitro-Benzylidene)-Amino]-2H-Pyrazol-3-ol 349
21.1 Introduction 350
21.2 Experimental Details 351
21.2.1 Chemicals 351
21.2.2 Instrumentation 351
21.2.3 Synthesis of HL1 351
21.2.4 Electronic Absorption Study 352
21.2.5 XRD Study 352
21.2.6 Antioxidant Assays 352
21.2.7 DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity 353
21.2.8 ABTS Radical Cation Decolourisation Assay 353
21.2.9 H2O2—Scavenging Activity 353
21.2.10 Ferric Reducing Power 354
21.2.11 Cell Culture 354
21.2.12 Cell Proliferation Assay 354
21.2.13 Antibacterial Property 355
21.2.14 Statistical Analysis 356
21.3 Results 356
21.3.1 Synthesis and Characterization of HL1 356
21.3.2 Thermal Profile of HL1 356
21.3.3 X-Ray Diffractogram of HL1 356
21.3.4 Antioxidant Activity of HL1 357
21.3.5 Effect of HL1 on Cell Viability 360
21.3.6 Antibacterial Activity 361
21.4 Discussion 361
21.5 Conclusion 364
References 365
22 Thermal Modelling of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Silicon Nitride Ceramics 367
22.1 Introduction 368
22.2 Methodology 370
22.2.1 Sample Preparation and Laser Ablation 370
22.2.2 Thermal Stress Modelling 371
22.3 Results and Discussion 374
22.3.1 Thermal Stress Modelling 374
22.3.2 Surface Chemistry and Topography 376
22.4 Conclusions 377
References 378
23 Comparative HPLC Study of Isomers of N,N?-2,3-Butylenebis(Trifluoroacetylacetoniminato) Copper(II) and Palladium(II) Chelates Using Silica-Based and Zirconia-Based Stationary Phase 380
23.1 Introduction 381
23.2 Experimental 382
23.2.1 Instrumentation 382
23.2.2 Chemicals 382
23.3 Results and Discussion 383
23.3.1 Optimization of Working Conditions 383
23.3.2 Effect of Changing pH of the Phosphate Buffer Solution 385
23.3.3 Effect of Temperature on the DiamondBond C-18 Column 391
23.3.4 Effect of Temperature on Retention of the Isomers and on Efficiency of DiamondBond Column 393
23.4 Conclusion 394
References 395
24 Copper-Based Nanoparticles, Their Chemistry and Antibacterial Properties: A Review 397
24.1 Introduction 397
24.2 Methods of Synthesis 399
24.3 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action 399
24.4 Cu and Cu Salts Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agent 400
24.4.1 Cu Nanoparticles 400
24.4.2 CuO Nanoparticles 402
24.4.3 Halide and Sulfide Salts of Copper Nanoparticles 408
24.4.4 Cu-Based Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Activity 409
24.5 Conclusion 418
References 419
25 Modification of QuEChERS Method for Acidic Pesticide (Imidacloprid) in Citrus Fruit and Some Processed Citrus Juices Using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with a Triple Quad Detector (UPLC-TQD) 425
25.1 Introduction 426
25.2 Experimental 428
25.2.1 Materials and Equipment 428
25.2.2 Sample Collection 429
25.2.3 Optimization of Imidacloprid Insecticide 429
25.2.4 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 430
25.2.5 Recovery Studies and Quality Control 430
25.3 Method Validation 431
25.3.1 Linearity 431
25.3.2 Accuracy 432
25.3.3 Precision 432
25.3.4 Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification 432
25.4 Results 432
25.5 Discussion 438
25.6 Conclusion 440
References 441
26 Rheological Characterization, In Vitro and Ex Vivo Drug Release, Therapeutic Effectiveness and Safety Studies of Diclofenac Sodium, Loaded with Micronized Fumed Silicon Dioxide Gel 443
26.1 Introduction 444
26.2 Materials and Methods 445
26.2.1 Preparation of Buffer 445
26.2.2 Preparation of Gel 445
26.2.3 Characterization of Formulations 445
26.2.4 Drug Content 445
26.2.5 Measurement of pH 446
26.2.6 Spreadability 446
26.2.7 Homogeneity 446
26.2.8 Grittiness 447
26.2.9 Extrudability 447
26.2.10 Viscosity Measurement 447
26.2.11 Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Study 447
26.2.12 Preparation of Skin for Ex Vivo Drug Permeation Studies 448
26.2.13 In Vitro and Ex Vivo Skin Permeation Studies 448
26.2.14 Drug Release Kinetic Studies 448
26.2.15 In Vivo Analgesic Activity 449
26.2.16 Skin Irritation Test 449
26.3 Data Analysis and Statistics 450
26.4 Results and Discussion 451
26.4.1 Appearance/Clarity, Homogeneity and Grittiness 451
26.4.2 pH 451
26.4.3 Drug Content 452
26.4.4 Spreadability 452
26.4.5 Extrudability 452
26.4.6 Viscosity Measurement 453
26.4.7 FT-IR Study 453
26.4.8 Transdermal Drug Delivery System Using Franz Diffusion Cell 455
26.4.9 Drug Release Kinetics 458
26.4.10 Analgesic Activity 459
26.4.11 Skin Irritation Test 459
26.5 Conclusion 462
References 462
27 Kinetics and Mechanism of Cr(VI) Adsorption onto NaOH Treated Pine and Magnetite-Pine Composite 465
27.1 Introduction 466
27.2 Materials and Methods 467
27.2.1 Materials 467
27.2.2 Methods 467
27.3 Results and Discussion 468
27.3.1 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Surface Area Analysis 468
27.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 469
27.3.3 FTIR Analysis 469
27.3.4 Effect of pH on the Adsorption of Cr(VI) from Solution 470
27.3.5 FTIR Evidence for the Adsorption of Cr(III) 472
27.3.6 Adsorption Kinetics 473
27.3.7 Diffusion Modelling 477
27.4 Conclusion 482
References 482
28 Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Using C/TiO2 Composites Synthesized via Different Hydrothermal Methods 485
28.1 Introduction 485
28.2 Experimental 486
28.2.1 Preparation of Carbon from Pine Cone 486
28.2.2 Synthesis of C-TiO2 Composite by Different Methods 487
28.2.3 Characterisations 487
28.2.4 Photocatalytic Tests 487
28.3 Results and Discussion 488
28.4 Conclusion 494
References 494
29 Antiulcer and Cluster of Differentiation-31 Properties of Cucumis melo L. on Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulceration in Male Wistar Rats 497
29.1 Introduction 498
29.2 Materials and Methods 499
29.2.1 Chemicals and Reagents 499
29.2.2 Preparation of C. melo Aqueous Extract 499
29.2.3 Indomethacin-Induced Ulcer 500
29.2.4 Experimental Animals and Design 500
29.2.5 Acute Toxicity Test 500
29.2.6 Relative Organ Weight 501
29.2.7 Estimation of Total Acidity 501
29.2.8 Estimation of the Gastric Ulcer Scoring, Ulcer Index, and Percentage Inhibition 502
29.2.9 Histological Assay 502
29.2.10 Immunohistochemistry 502
29.2.11 Evaluation of Immunohistochemistry Results 503
29.2.12 Statistical Analysis 503
29.3 Results and Discussion 503
29.3.1 Effect of Aqueous Extract of C. melo on Relative Organ Weight 503
29.3.2 Acute Toxicity Studies 504
29.3.3 Effect of C. melo Aqueous Extract on Total Gastric Acidity 504
29.3.4 Effect of the C. melo Aqueous Extract on the Ulcer Score, Index and Percentage Inhibition 505
29.3.5 Histological Studies 506
29.3.6 Immunohistochemical Localisation of CD31 Nuclei 507
29.4 Conclusion 510
References 510
30 Presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Water and Sediment from Owo River and Ologe Lagoon: A Focus on Distribution, Source Apportionment, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 513
30.1 Introduction 514
30.2 Materials and Methods 515
30.2.1 Materials and Chemicals 515
30.2.2 Sampling Area, Sampling and Sample Preparation 515
30.2.3 Extraction and Analysis of PAHs 516
30.2.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) 517
30.2.5 Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) 517
30.2.6 Statistical Analysis and Risk Assessment 522
30.3 Results and Discussion 522
30.3.1 Concentrations and Distribution of PAHs 522
30.3.2 Identification of PAH Sources 526
30.3.3 Human Health Risk Assessment 527
30.3.4 Ecological Risk Assessment 530
30.4 Conclusions 530
References 531
31 Leaching of Cobalt from Gypsum Using Nickel Eluate 535
31.1 Introduction 536
31.2 Leaching and Extraction 537
31.2.1 Leaching Agents 537
31.2.2 Thermodynamics of Leaching 539
31.2.3 Leaching Kinetics 540
31.2.4 Classification of Leaching Techniques 542
31.2.5 Design of Leaching Experiments 542
31.2.6 Extractive Metallurgy of Cobalt 543
31.2.7 Source of Gypsum for This Study 544
31.3 Study Objectives and Hypotheses 544
31.4 Materials and Methods 545
31.4.1 Materials 546
31.4.2 Methods 546
31.5 Results and Analysis 548
31.5.1 Nickel Eluate Leach Tests 548
31.5.2 Sulphuric Acid Leach Tests 553
31.5.3 Comparison of Metal Concentrations at Optimum pH and Solids Concentration 555
31.5.4 One-Factor ANOVA Results 557
31.6 Conclusions 559
References 559

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 3.9.2019
• Zusatzinfo: X, 565 p. 194 illus., 97 illus. in color.
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Schlagworte: Green and Sustainable Chemistry • ICPAC 2018 • International Conference on Pure and Applied Chemistry • Materials Chemistry • Nanotechnology and chemistry
• ISBN-10: 3-030-20283-6 / 3030202836
• ISBN-13: 978-3-030-20283-5 / 9783030202835