Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics publishes reviews of recent developments in a field that is in a state of rapid growth, as new experimental and theoretical techniques are used on many old and new problems. Topics covered include related applied areas, such as atmospheric science, astrophysics, surface physics and laser physics. Articles are written by distinguished experts and contain relevant review material and detailed descriptions of important recent developments.
• International experts
• Comprehensive articles
• New developments
Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics publishes reviews of recent developments in a field that is in a state of rapid growth, as new experimental and theoretical techniques are used on many old and new problems. Topics covered include related applied areas, such as atmospheric science, astrophysics, surface physics and laser physics. Articles are written by distinguished experts and contain relevant review material and detailed descriptions of important recent developments. International experts Comprehensive articles New developments
Front Cover 1
Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Contributors 8
Preface 10
Chapter One: Detection of Metastable Atoms and Molecules using Rare Gas Matrices 13
1. Introduction 14
2. Basic Concepts 15
2.1 Relevant Background 15
2.2 Principle of Operation of the Detector 18
3. Experimental Details 20
3.1 TOF Spectroscopy 20
3.2 Apparatus Details 21
3.3 Apparatus Performance 24
3.3.1 Spectral Output 24
3.3.2 Temperature Variation 25
3.3.3 Excimer Lifetimes 27
4. Calibrations 29
4.1 Calibration of O(1S) Production 29
4.2 Calibration of O(1D) Production 31
4.2 Calibration of the Electron Energy Scale 32
5. O(1S) Measurements 33
5.1 O2 33
5.2 N2O 41
5.3 CO2 42
5.4 CO 42
5.5 NO
42
5.6 H2O, D2O 43
5.7 SO2 44
6. O(1D) Measurements 44
7. Sulfur Measurements 46
8. CO Measurements 51
9. Future Possibilities 53
References 54
Chapter Two: Interactions in Ultracold Rydberg Gases 59
1. Introduction 60
2. Pair Interactions 61
2.1 Rydberg Pair Interaction and Important Issues 63
2.2 Calculation of Rydberg Pair Interactions 68
2.3 Angular Dependence 72
2.4 Experiments 75
3. Rydberg Atom Molecules 77
3.1 Trilobite Molecules 80
3.1.1 The Fermi Pseudo-Potential Picture of Trilobite Molecules 82
3.1.2 The Multichannel Quantum Defect Approach to Trilobite Molecules 88
3.1.3 External Fields 90
3.1.4 Features of the Trilobite Interaction Potentials 90
3.1.5 Molecular Frame Permanent Dipole Moments 95
3.1.6 Experimental Measurement of Trilobite Molecules 98
3.2 Macrodimers 105
3.2.1 Theory of Macrodimers 108
3.2.2 Experimental Detection of Macrodimers 114
4. Many-Body and Multiparticle Effects 119
4.1 Förster Resonance 123
4.2 Dipole Blockade 131
5. Conclusion and Perspectives 134
Chapter Three: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics in the Early Universe: From Recombination to Reionization 147
1. Introduction 148
1.1 The Expanding Universe 149
1.2 The Thermal History of the Universe 151
1.3 The Need for Dark Matter 153
1.4 The Role of AMO Physics 154
1.5 Distance Measurements 154
1.6 Acronyms and Variables 155
2. Cosmological Recombination 155
2.1 What Is Cosmological Recombination All About? 156
2.1.1 Initial Conditions and Main Aspect of the Recombination Problem 156
2.1.2 The Three Stages of Recombination 157
2.1.3 What Is So Special About Cosmological Recombination? 159
2.2 Why Should We Bother? 160
2.2.1 Importance of Recombination for the CMB Anisotropies 160
2.2.2 Spectral Distortions from the Recombination Era 163
2.3 Why Do We Need Advanced Atomic Physics? 167
2.4 Simple Model for Hydrogen Recombination 169
2.5 Multilevel Recombination Model and Recfast 171
2.6 Detailed Recombination Physics During Hi Recombination 174
2.6.1 Two-Photon Transitions from Higher Levels 174
2.6.2 The Effect of Raman Scattering 177
2.6.3 Additional Small Corrections and Collision 177
2.7 Detailed Recombination Physics During Hei Recombination 178
2.8 HyRec and CosmoRec 179
3. Pregalactic Gas Chemistry 180
3.1 Fundamentals 180
3.2 Key Reactions 183
3.2.1 Molecular Hydrogen (H2) 183
3.2.2 Deuterated Molecular Hydrogen (HD) 186
3.2.3 Lithium Hydride 188
3.3 Complications 189
3.3.1 Spectral Distortion of the CMB 189
3.3.2 Stimulated Radiative Association 190
3.3.3 Influence of Rotational and Vibrational Excitation 191
4. Population III Star Formation 192
4.1 The Assembly of the First Protogalaxies 192
4.2 Gravitational Collapse and Star Formation 198
4.2.1 The Initial Collapse Phase 198
4.2.2 Three-Body H2 Formation 199
4.2.3 Transition to the Optically Thick Regime 201
4.2.4 Cooling at Very High Densities 202
4.2.5 Influence of Other Coolants 203
4.3 Evolution After the Formation of the First Protostar 205
5. The 21-cm Line of Atomic Hydrogen 209
5.1 Physics of the 21-cm Line 209
5.1.1 Basic 21-cm Physics 209
5.1.2 Collisional Coupling 213
5.1.3 Wouthuysen–Field Effect (Photon Coupling) 214
5.2 Global 21-cm Signature 217
5.2.1 Cosmic Dark Ages and Exotic Heating (zbold0mu mumu dotted40) 219
5.2.2 Lyman-a Coupling (za zz) 219
5.2.3 Gas Heating (zh zza) 220
5.2.4 Growth of H II Regions (zr z zh) 222
5.2.5 Astrophysical Sources and Histories 223
5.3 21-cm Tomography 225
5.3.1 Fluctuations in the Spin Temperature 225
5.3.2 Gas Temperature 227
5.3.3 Ionization Fluctuations 228
5.3.4 Density and Minihalos 228
5.3.5 Redshift Space Distortions 229
6. The Reionization of Intergalactic Hydrogen 229
6.1 Sources of Reionization: Stars 231
6.2 Sources of Reionization: Quasars 235
6.2.1 Secondary Ionizations 237
6.3 The Growth of Ionized Bubbles 239
6.3.1 Photoionization Rates and Recombinations 245
6.3.2 Line Cooling 248
6.4 Reionization as a Global Process 249
7. Summary 252
Appendix A. Acronyms 254
Appendix B. Symbols 255
Chapter Four: Atomic Data Needs for Understanding X-ray Astrophysical Plasmas 283
1. Introduction 285
2. Charge State Distribution 286
2.1 Ionization Processes 287
2.1.1 Collisional Ionization 287
2.1.2 Photoionization 289
2.1.3 Auger Ionization 290
2.2 Recombination 292
2.2.1 Dielectronic Recombination 293
2.2.2 Radiative Recombination 294
2.3 Charge Exchange 295
2.4 Future Needs 296
3. Spectral Features 297
3.1 Energy Levels and Wavelengths 299
3.2 Collisional Excitation Rates 302
3.2.1 H-Like Ions 304
3.2.2 He-Like Ions 304
3.2.3 Neon-Like Ions 306
3.2.4 Other Ions 307
3.3 Radiative Transition Rates (Bound–Bound) 307
3.4 Photoionization/Absorption (Bound-Free) Rates 309
3.5 Fluorescent Innershell Transitions 310
3.6 Charge Exchange Rates 311
3.6.1 Atoms and Ions 314
3.6.2 Molecules and Grains 316
4. Conclusions 318
Chapter Five: Energy Levels of Light Atoms in Strong Magnetic Fields 335
1. Introduction 335
2. Historical Background 337
3. The Lightest ``Light'' Atom—Hydrogen 339
4. Light Atoms: Two and Few-Electron Systems 351
5. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 365
Chapter Six: Quantum Electrodynamics of Two-Level Atoms in 1D Configurations 371
1. Introduction 372
2. The 1D Kernel and Its Spectral Decomposition 376
2.1 Form of the Lienard-Wiechert Kernel in 1D (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008c) 377
2. 2 Initial Time CDR and CLS of a Slab (Friedberg et al., 1973) 379
2.3 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues of a Slab (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008c,d,e) 381
2.3.1 Functional Form of the Eigenfunctions 381
2.3.2 Pseudo-Orthogonality Relations 385
2.3.2.1 Odd Eigenfunctions 385
2.3.2.1 Even Eigenfunctions 386
2.3.3 Parseval´s Identity 386
2.4 Differential Form of the Field Equation (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008c) 389
2.5 Inverted System in the Superradiant Linear Regime (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008e) 390
2.6 Comments on the Numerical Results of Superradiance from a Slab 392
3. Propagation of an Ultrashort Pulse in a Slab and the Ensuing Emitted Radiation Spectrum 393
3.1 Time Development and Spectrum of the Radiation Emitted 393
3.1.1 Spectral Analysis (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008d, 2009b) 393
3.1.2 Computation of the Electric Field at the End Planes 394
3.2 The SVEA Closed-Form Expressions (Manassah, 2012a) 398
3.3 The Modified SVEA Closed-Form Expressions (Manassah, 2012b) 400
3.4 Self-Energy of an Initially Detuned Phased State (Friedberg and Manassah, 2010a) 402
3.5 Spectral Distribution of an Initially Detuned Spatial Distribution 403
4. Near-Threshold Behavior for the Pumped Stationary State 407
4.1 Coupled Maxwell-Bloch Equations 408
4.2 Single-Frequency Lasing 408
4.2.1 Single-Frequency Bare Mode
410
4.2.2 Single-Frequency Dressed Mode 411
4.3 Two-Frequency Bare Modes
414
4.4 General Comments 421
5. Polariton-Plasmon Coupling, Transmission Peaks, and Purcell-Dicke Ultraradiance 421
5.1 The Total Transfer Matrix 422
5.2 The Mittag-Leffler Expansion 425
5.3 Interacting Polariton-Plasmon Modes 426
6. Periodic Structures 431
6.1 Density-Modulated Slab (Manassah, 2012e) 431
6.1.1 The Self-Energy at Initial Time 431
6.1.2 Simple Mathematical Analysis for the Giant Shifts 435
6.2 Periodic Multislabs Eigenvalues (Friedberg and Manassah, 2008f) 436
6.2.1 Eigenvalue Condition 437
6.2.2 Precocious Superradiance
438
6.2.3 Eigenvalues at the Bragg Condition as a Function of the Number of Cells 439
7. Conclusion 442
Acknowledgments 443
Appendix. Transfer Matrix Formalism 443
Some Useful Relations of the Pauli Matrices 447
Example of an Application of Above Formalism 447
References 448
Index 451
Contents of volumes in this serial 457
Interactions in Ultracold Rydberg Gases
Luis G. Marcassa*; James P. Shaffer† * Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
† Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, USA
Abstract
In this chapter, we present a review of Rydberg atom interactions. The review focusses on the importance of these interactions in ultracold Rydberg atom physics. We address how these interactions are calculated and how measurements are carried out to probe them. We also describe the different types of exotic molecules that can be formed in ultracold Rydberg gases as a result of interactions between Rydberg atoms and ground state atoms. We connect the studies of ultracold Rydberg molecules to prior work done on photoassociation of atoms in ultracold gases. After discussing pair interactions between Rydberg atoms, we describe work done on multiparticle and many-body interactions and its connection to pair interactions. Finally, we present our perspective on future directions.
1 Introduction
The foundations of Rydberg atom physics, as we know them today, were empirically laid down by J. R. Rydberg in 1890. In his work, he attempted to organize and understand a vast collection of atomic spectra which had been generated during the development of optical spectroscopy in the nineteenth century. The Rydberg formula that he discovered allowed him to organize atomic spectra in an unprecedented way and notice some important relationships. For example, the existence of a universal constant, now known as Rydberg’s constant, was revealed. Although the success of his formula in describing atomic spectra clearly relates atomic structure to the observed spectra, he was never able to make the leap required to physically understand and explain the connection. Nevertheless, he did provide a solid basis for later developments. A clear interpretation of his work came only with the advent of Bohr’s model and the understanding provided by quantum theory.
Rydberg atom physics has been a central area of research since the time of Rydberg. In a first phase, spanning the early half of the twentieth century, Rydberg atoms were intensely investigated by conventional spectroscopy. Such experiments were of key importance for establishing the validity of quantum mechanics by testing its ability to explain the structure of matter. However, the use of thermal atomic samples and low-resolution spectroscopic techniques limited the maximum principal quantum number that could be studied. A renaissance took place in this field during the second half of the twentieth century, thanks to the development of high-power tunable narrow-bandwidth lasers. Nevertheless, by the late 1980s, Rydberg atom experiments were once again limited in many cases by the thermal nature of the atomic sample. Just at the turn of the millennium, the revolution in laser cooling and trapping leading to the generation of ultracold atomic samples marked a revival of this field. For the last 15 years, we have been witnessing amazing surprises based on the long-range nature of Rydberg atom interactions and the exaggerated properties of highly excited Rydberg atoms. Given the latest developments in the rapidly progressing field of ultracold Rydberg atom physics, we believe that the study of Rydberg atoms, dating back to the nineteenth century, will reveal many more exciting insights in the twenty-first century.
In this review, we describe work on interactions between Rydberg atoms and on novel types of molecules that can be investigated in ultracold Rydberg gases. We address how interactions between Rydberg atoms are calculated and how ultra-long-range Rydberg molecules are formed. We describe the bonding mechanisms for both trilobite and trilobite-like molecules and macrodimers. We connect the experiments in this area to prior work done on photoassociation in ultracold gases. Our review is focussed on pair interactions because this has received the most attention so far, although we do briefly describe current work on many-body interactions, mostly in regard to the relationship to Rydberg atom pair interactions. Throughout the paper, we have attempted to give the reader physical insight into how Rydberg atoms interact. This necessarily limits the amount of detail that can be presented. The interested reader is referred to the many references cited throughout the paper for specifics.
We do not stray too far afield from Rydberg atom interactions as there are several recent reviews that focus on other aspects of ultracold Rydberg atom physics. These reviews address quantum information with Rydberg atoms (Saffman et al., 2010), strongly interacting Rydberg gases (Löw et al., 2012), Rydberg atom dipole blockade (Comparat and Pillet, 2010), dipole interactions between Rydberg atoms (Gallagher and Pillet, 2008), how trilobite and trilobite-like molecules acquire molecular frame dipole moments (Sadeghpour and Rittenhouse, 2013), and some aspects of multipolar interactions between Rydberg atoms (Cabral et al., 2011). We have made a concerted effort to cite all the most recent articles in ultracold Rydberg atom physics that address Rydberg atom interactions, but we apologize to the authors of those papers we have inevitably missed. We have also aimed to present the relevant work in some context in this chapter to help guide the reader. The context that we have used to frame the work is admittedly determined by our background, particularly our prior experience in photoassociative spectroscopy.
2 Pair Interactions
The investigation of ultracold collisions in trapped atomic gases started in the early 1990s. At that time, atomic trap losses due to long-range states attached to the lower-lying S + P dissociation threshold channels were observed and studied. For over a decade, a large effort was dedicated to the investigation of collisional processes and molecule formation involving low-lying mainly valence states in ultracold samples (Weiner et al., 1999). Only at the end of the 1990s, ultracold Rydberg collisions were observed (Anderson et al., 1998; Mourachko et al., 1998). The explanation of the data obtained in these experiments was based on very simplified dipole-dipole interaction potential curves. Greene et al. (2000) calculated, for the first time, the interaction potential between a ground state atom and a Rydberg atom, showing that a new type of chemical bond can form between a Rydberg atom and a ground state atom, generating further interest in ultracold Rydberg atoms. A few years later, Boisseau et al. (2002) used perturbation theory to calculate the dispersion coefficients C5, C6, and C8 for six pairs of degenerate homonuclear diatomic molecular states correlated with the nP + nP asymptotes of Rb as a function of principal quantum number, n. de Oliveira et al. (2003) used these calculations to explain their observations of energy transfer collisions in a sample held in a Rb magneto-optical trap. In this work, they pointed out that a two-body multilevel model may be necessary to explain the experimental data. It was clear that detailed calculations of Rydberg atom interactions were required to quantitatively explain experiments. Later, Flannery et al. (2005) used an analytical calculation to investigate interatomic potential energy curves between two H Rydberg atoms in different angular momentum states and Walker and Saffman (2005) discussed interatomic Rydberg potentials in the context of Forster resonance. Singer et al. (2005b) extended the perturbation theory calculations done in Boisseau et al. (2002) to molecular states correlating to nS + nS and nD + nD asymptotes for all alkali homonuclear pairs. The first work to go beyond perturbation theory to calculate Rydberg atom pair interactions was done by Schwettmann et al. (2006). In this paper, the authors diagonalized the Rydberg atom interaction Hamiltonian in a truncated basis set, which directly accounted for off-resonant, near-resonant, and resonant interactions. The method also has the advantage of taking into account a static electric field and the atomic fine structure, which were considered for the first time. Several other theoretical treatments of Rydberg atom interactions have subsequently appeared (Reinhard et al., 2007; Vaillant et al., 2012; Walker and Saffman, 2008). Most of these works are based on perturbation theory.
In this section, we address the theory of Rydberg atom pair interactions. First, we discuss Rydberg atom pair interactions qualitatively including the challenges and limitations associated with their calculation and then explain the calculation of Rydberg atom pair interactions. During this discussion, the effect of a constant or slowly varying background electric field is described (Cabral et al., 2011). We also present theoretical predictions of the angular dependence of Rydberg atom pair interactions. Finally, some recent experimental works that test Rydberg atom pair interactions are briefly described and classified. Our goal is to present this subject as a tutorial.
2.1 Rydberg Pair Interaction and Important Issues
Cold Rydberg atom pair interactions can, for the most part, be described...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 21.8.2014 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Atom- / Kern- / Molekularphysik |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Optik | |
| Technik | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-800301-4 / 0128003014 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-800301-5 / 9780128003015 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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