Toxic Plants of North America (eBook)

George E. Burrows, Ronald J. Tyrl (Autoren)

eBook Download: EPUB

2012 | 2. Auflage
1392 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-1-118-41338-8 (ISBN)

Infos

Toxic Plants of North America, Second Edition is an up-to-date, comprehensive reference for both wild and cultivated toxic plants on the North American continent. In addition to compiling and presenting information about the toxicology and classification of these plants published in the years since the appearance of the first edition, this edition significantly expands coverage of human and wildlife-both free-roaming and captive-intoxications and the roles of secondary compounds and fungal endophytes in plant intoxications.

More than 2,700 new literature citations document identification of previously unknown toxicants, mechanisms of intoxication, additional reports of intoxication problems, and significant changes in the classification of plant families and genera and associated changes in plant nomenclature. Toxic Plants of North America, Second Edition is a comprehensive, essential resource for veterinarians, toxicologists, agricultural extension agents, animal scientists, and poison control professionals.

George E. Burrows, DVM, PhD, is emeritus professor of toxicology and former adjunct toxicologist in the Animal Diagnostic Laboratory of the Oklahoma State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater. The author of numerous journal articles on the identification of plant toxicants and their mechanisms of action, he has also served as an associate editor for Veterinary & Human Toxicology, coordinating a feature page, 'Poisonous Plant Cases.'

Ronald J. Tyrl, PhD, is emeritus professor of botany and former curator of the herbarium at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. He is the coordinating editor of the Flora of Oklahoma Project and has authored numerous technical articles and books on the identification and classification of flowering plants.

Inhalt

1 Introduction 3

2 Adoxaceae 11

3 Agavaceae 15

4 Aloaceae 24

5 Amaranthaceae 28

6 Anacardiaceae 35

7 Annonaceae 50

8 Apiaceae 53

9 Apocynaceae 81

10 Aquifoliaceae 127

11 Araceae 131

12 Araliaceae 145

13 Asteraceae 150

14 Berberidaceae 257

15 Boraginaceae 266

16 Brassicaceae 282

17 Calycanthaceae 308

18 Campanulaceae 311

19 Cannabaceae 315

20 Caprifoliaceae 319

21 Caryophyllaceae 323

22 Celastraceae 333

23 Chenopodiaceae 338

24 Convolvulaceae 365

25 Coriariaceae 376

26 Crassulaceae 380

27 Cucurbitaceae 387

28 Cupressaceae 395

29 Cycadaceae 402

30 Dennstaedtiaceae 410

31 Ebenaceae 423

32 Equisetaceae 430

33 Ericaceae 434

34 Euphorbiaceae 450

35 Fabaceae 491

36 Fagaceae 675

37 Fumariaceae 690

38 Gelsemiaceae 700

39 Ginkgoaceae 705

40 Hypericaceae 710

41 Iridaceae 717

42 Juglandaceae 722

43 Juncaginaceae 727

44 Lamiaceae 731

45 Lauraceae 743

46 Liliaceae 751

47 Linaceae 808

48 Malvaceae 812

49 Meliaceae 825

50 Nitrariaceae 830

51 Oleaceae 836

52 Oxalidaceae 840

53 Papaveraceae 844

54 Phyllanthaceae 860

55 Phytolaccaceae 864

56 Pinaceae 870

57 Plantaginaceae 878

58 Poaceae 888

59 Polygonaceae 998

60 Primulaceae 1010

61 Pteridaceae 1017

62 Ranunculaceae 1022

63 Rhamnaceae 1055

64 Rosaceae 1064

65 Rubiaceae 1095

66 Rutaceae 1100

67 Sapindaceae 1110

68 Scrophulariaceae 1125

69 Solanaceae 1130

70 Taxaceae 1177

71 Thymelaeaceae 1186

72 Urticaceae 1192

73 Verbenaceae 1198

74 Viscaceae 1209

75 Zamiaceae 1215

76 Zygophyllaceae 1221

77 Families with Species of Questionable Toxicity or Significance 1234

78 Identification of Toxic Plants 1280

Appendix A. Plant Taxa Listed by Their Principal Adverse Effects and Main Organs Affected 1285

Appendix B. Plants of Concern for Dogs, Cats, and Other Pets 1288

Glossary 1289

Index 1308

Rezensionen

"This book is reasonably priced and available in hard copy
or electronic versions, and as such, I predict it will be a highly
used and valued reference by many practitioners, researchers,
information specialists, and students." (Journal of
the American Veterinary Medical Association, 15 March 2014)

"Summing Up: Recommended. Toxicology and botany
collections, graduate students and above."
(Choice, 1 August 2013)

"This is simply an outstanding reference: there's nothing
as well-detailed or in-depth on the market, making it a unique and
powerful pick for any reference collection interested in toxic
plants." (Midwest Book Reviews, 1 May 2013)

"Enhanced for ease of use with a comprehensive index,
"Toxic Plants Of North America" is a crucially essential addition
to professional, governmental, and academic library reference
collections." (Midwest Book Review, 1 March
2013)

Textauszug

Chapter One

Introduction

We humans have an intimate relationship with the plants that surround us. We take them for granted as we use them for food, clothes, and shelter. We use them medicinally; indeed, more than one-third of our modern pharmacopoeia has its origins in plant products. We please our senses, decorate our living spaces, and express our feelings for one another with them. Plants are an essential part of many of our religious and social rites. Paradoxically, some of the plants we prize for these varied uses may also pose a threat to us or to our domesticated animals. Toxic plants are very much a part of our environment. Until their effects, ranging from mild irritation or discomfort to rapid death, become apparent, they are often ignored or simply overlooked. Because of their ubiquity, there is a need for a comprehensive treatment of toxic plants likely to be encountered in North America, north of the Tropic of Cancer, growing wild or cultivated. The first edition of this book was written in response to that need.

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE FIRST EDITION

The objective of this undertaking was to write a comprehensive treatment of toxic plants that brought together the currently available information on (1) their morphology and distribution, (2) the disease problem or problems associated with them, (3) their toxicants and mechanisms of action, (4) the clinical signs and pathologic changes associated with their toxicity, and (5) the principal aspects of treatment. The perspective of the first edition was primarily veterinary science.

Compilation of the information presented in the first edition began in the 1980s as a series of articles for the Oklahoma Veterinarian and an agricultural extension publication, Poisonous Plants of Oklahoma and the Southern Plains. Well received, these publications dealt primarily with native plants and their toxicity for livestock. Initially, the present book was anticipated to do the same for the United States. Gradually, however, its scope and depth of coverage evolved—larger area, more plant families, and greater detail than first envisioned. These changes came about in part because of the increasing popularity of ornamental plants for both house and garden. There has been a corresponding increase in awareness of toxicity problems associated with some of them.

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE SECOND EDITION

In the 11 years since publication of the first edition, a wealth of toxicologic information has been compiled—unknown toxicants identified, mechanisms of intoxication elucidated, and additional reports of problems published. In addition, there has been a corresponding increase in taxonomic knowledge with significant changes in the classification of plant families and genera and associated changes in nomenclature. Because of this almost exponential increase in our knowledge of toxic plants, work on a second edition was initiated in 2009.

In addition to compiling and presenting the literature of the last decade, we have also slightly altered the perspective of this edition. We have included information about four additional aspects of plant toxicology; they are summarized in the following subsections.

Intoxications in Humans

The first edition focused primarily on veterinary science because of our professional backgrounds and the need for such a book in the discipline. In this second edition we have attempted to place increased emphasis on human intoxications because the information acquired about both humans and other animals is often interrelated and supportive. For the most part, plant intoxications in humans, while not uncommon, do not pose the lethal risk (with the exception of Datura and Cicuta) seen with livestock and other animals, but they nevertheless may be numerous and sometimes serious as revealed in annual reports from Poison Control Centers (Litovitz et al. 2001; Bronstein et al. 2007). It may be expected that in most instances similar disease problems will occur in both humans and animals with a few exceptions.

For some taxa, we have included information about problems associated with herbal products as examples of their intoxication potential but a comprehensive discussion of adverse reactions to these products is beyond the scope of this book. In addition we have included some information about potential bioterrorism threats because of the serious problem presented by the extreme toxicity of some plants such as those possessing type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins—most notably Ricinus communis and species of Adenia (Pelosi et al. 2005; Stirpe and Battelli 2006; Monti et al. 2007; Stirpe et al. 2007; Ng et al. 2010). Considerable information on the mechanisms of intoxication is emerging because of the interest in effects of plant toxicants as models for various human disease problems such as Huntington’s disease, ALS, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease (Tukov et al. 2004; Bradley and Nash 2009; Cox 2009; Pablo et al. 2009; Tunez et al. 2010).

Treatments for humans are given in very general terms because physicians and medical institutions may have different treatment protocols. General references for specific procedures include Greene and coworkers (2008) and Lee (2008) for gastrointestinal decontamination and use of ipecac, and Froberg and coworkers (2007) for plant poisonings specifically in humans.

Intoxications in Wildlife and Captive Animals

In this edition, a special effort has also been made to document the effects of poisonous plants on wildlife, both free roaming and captive. References for specific information about particular genera and species are included throughout the book. General references to be consulted include Fowler (1981, 1999) and Van Saun (2006).

The reader should keep in mind that in general most wild herbivores respond similarly to plant toxicants as do our domesticated animals, with a few exceptions such as those compounds produced by Quercus (oak), Centaurea (star thistle), Acroptilon (knapweed), and Pinus (pine). Some plants are invariably toxic to most wild animal species, for example, cardiotoxic and cyanogenic plants as well as species of Lantana (lantana) and Nicotiana (tobacco) (Basson 1987). Other plants, however, may affect wild animal species quite differently as illustrated by responses to tannins, especially those produced by species of Quercus (the oaks).

With respect to toxic plants, species of wildlife are not necessarily immune to their effects, but avoid problems associated with their toxic secondary compounds by ignoring some plants, eating only small amounts, and/or exhibiting natural gastrointestinal/hepatic degradation/detoxication of these noxious compounds (Fowler 1981; Laycock 1978). Unfortunately, captive or domesticated wild species may have access to toxic plants with which they have not coevolved or which they have not encountered previously. In some instances, boredom of captive animals may lead to ingestion of toxic plants in their enclosures. Such problems have been reported in a variety of herbivores ranging from elephants to tortoises.

There are also other reasons for ingestion of toxic plants by wild animal species, including poorly nourished, hungry animals which may be nonselective in their eating habits or to seasonal variations in palatability or acceptability of otherwise noxious plants in their environment. Thus management plays a vital role in animal intoxications (Pfister et al. 2002). Additional reviews regarding the role of secondary plant compounds on nutritional toxicology of birds and herbivores are available (Cipollini and Levey 1997; Dearing et al. 2005; Torregrossa and Dearing 2009).

Role of Plant Secondary Compounds in Plant Intoxications

An additional problem given increased attention in this second edition is the role of secondary plant compounds as toxicants in honey and or their affect on bees. A number of general reviews on these subjects are available: Patwardhan and White (1973), White (1981), Detzel and Wink (1993), Faliu (1994), Adler (2000), and Kempf and coworkers (2010). Some attention has been given to the problem of milk and meat tainting but without exhaustive discussion. Reviews are available but this is a subject not given great coverage with respect to noxious noncultivated plant species (Richter 1964; Armitt 1968a,b). Methyl sulfide is clearly a factor in tainting and probably many plants that have sulfur-containing constituents are likely culprits (Patton et al. 1956; Gordon and Morgan 1972).

Role of Fungal Endophytes in Plant Intoxications

Great interest is now directed toward the role of fungal infections of plants as contributors to the synthesis of toxicants in host plants. The fungi involved in these infections may be endophytes or epiphytes. In some instances the toxins may be produced exclusively by the fungus, whereas in others the toxicants may be produced by both the plant and the fungus (Wink 2008). Examples of these situations are the presence of an endophytic fungus in Hypericum perforatum, which produces hypericin similar to the host plant, and an endophyte in Podophyllum peltatum, which produces podophyllotoxin again similar to the host plant. In contrast, an endophytic strain of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum also produces podophyllotoxin but in Juniperus recurva, a totally unrelated species (Eyberger et al. 2006; Kour et al. 2008; Kusari et al. 2008).

Because these fungi, especially the endophytes, are in many instances clearly beneficial to the host plant, there is good reason to expect...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 15.10.2012
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Themenwelt: Veterinärmedizin
• Schlagworte: Agriculture • Gartenbau • Giftpflanzen • horticulture • Landwirtschaft • Nordamerika /Biologie • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin / Pharmakologie, Toxikologie, Therapeutik • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin / Pharmakologie, Toxikologie, Therapeutik • Veterinary Medicine • Veterinary Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics
• ISBN-10: 1-118-41338-5 / 1118413385
• ISBN-13: 978-1-118-41338-8 / 9781118413388