History of CERN, III (eBook)

J. Krige (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

1996 | 1. Auflage
664 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-053403-9 (ISBN)

Infos

The present volume covers the story of the history of CERN from the mid 1960s to the late 1970s.

The book is organized in three main parts. The first, containing contributions by historians of science, perceives the laboratory as being at the node of a complex of interconnected relationships between scientists and science managers on the staff, the users in the member states, and the governments which were called upon to finance the organization. Parts II and III include chapters by practising scientists. The former surveys the theoretical and experimental physics results obtained at CERN in this period, while the latter describes the development of the laboratory's accelerator complex and Charpak detection techniques.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
History of Cern 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 14
Preface 6
List of supporting institutions 10
Notes on Contributors 11
PART I: INTERACTIONS 18
Chapter 1. CERN from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s 20
1.1 Some preliminaries 24
1.2 The growth in the user population 30
1.3 Machines and beams 35
1.4 Detectors 43
1.5 The member states 46
Notes 52
Chapter 2. Gargamelle and BEBC. How Europe's last two giant bubble chambers were chosen 56
2.1 Towards a first choice for a heavy Uquid chamber, Gargamelle 57
2.2 The emergence of hydrogen bubble chamber projects and Gregory's proposal for a tripartite solution, September 1964 - May 1965 60
2.3 The decision and construction of Gargamelle 66
2.4 The decision to construct BEBC and the CERN-Franco-German convention. Summer 1965 - July 1967 69
2.5 Some remarks about the construction of BEBC, 1967 - 1972 75
2.6 Some words by way of conclusion 77
Notes 78
Chapter 3. The difficult decision, taken in the 1960s, to construct a 3-400 GeV proton synchrotron in Europe 82
3.1 The situation in 1965, when the decision on the ISR was taken 84
3.2 Revival of the project, slippages caused by the American decision, and sudden halt, 1966 - 1967 87
3.3 1968, the year of paradoxes 93
3.4 Adams' first attempt to revive the project and the setback in January 1970 99
3.5 Adams' second scheme for reviving the project: towards a Genevan solution 104
3.6 Conclusions 109
Notes 110
Chapter 4. The Intersecting Storage Rings. The construction and operation of CERN's second large machine and a survey of its experimental programme 114
4.1 A few technical essentials about the ISR 117
4.2 Getting started 124
4.3 Building the machine 129
4.4 Setting up the physics programme 144
4.5 Keyhole physics 151
4.6 Particle physics in the 1970s 154
4.7 ISR physics 162
4.8 Epilogue 171
Notes 173
References 181
Chapter 5. The relationship between CERN and its visitors' in the 1970s 188
5.1 The underlying causes of outside users' discontent in the early 1970s 190
5.2 The setting up of ECFA Working Group 3. A brief chronology 193
5.3 First point of friction: the construction of big equipment 195
5.4 Second point of friction: CERN's indefinite contract policy 199
5.5 Third point of friction: visitors' participation in decision-making 202
5.6 Fourth point of friction: the working conditions of visitors at CERN 207
5.7 Fifth point of friction: salary differentials between CERN staff and outside users 210
5.8 The visitors question: a quick survey of later developments 213
5.9 Concluding remarks 216
Notes 217
Chapter 6. The ppbar project. I. The collider 224
6.1 Introduction 225
6.2 The first steps towards defining CERN's next big machine in the mid-1970s and the management's need for an intermediate' project 226
6.3 Proposals for the quick discovery of the W and the Z - at CERN and at Fermilab 230
6.4 1977: ICE cools its first beams and the competition hots up 241
6.5 CERN launches a ppbar collider at the SPS - and Fermilab drops definitively out of the race to search for the W 249
Notes 260
Chapter 7. The ppbar project. II. The organization of experimental work 268
7.1 Introduction 269
7.2 How are collaborations formed and how international are they? 272
7.3 How are collaborations organized internally? 277
7.4 How is credit allocated in large teams? 282
7.5 Is teamwork antithetical to individual autonomy and creativity? 284
Notes 289
PART II: PHYSICS RESULTS 292
Chapter 8. Physics in the CERN Theory division 294
8.1 Introduction 295
8.2 Birth of the group 296
8.3 The Copenhagen years 296
8.4 Moving to Geneva 306
8.5 CERN, the Center of Europe 312
8.6 The rise of the Standard Model 324
8.7 Beyond the Standard Model 329
8.8 Conclusions 340
References 341
Chapter 9. The SC: Isolde and Nuclear Structure 344
9.1 Introduction 346
9.2 The early interest in nuclear physics at CERN 347
9.3 Experiments with muons and pions 357
9.4 The early ISOLDE 368
9.5 The SC improvement programme (SCIP) 387
9.6 The evolution of the scientific programme at ISOLDE 397
9.7 Another discussion about the future of the SC: 1979 - 1981 410
9.8 Concluding remarks 418
Notes 420
References 422
Chapter 10. Experimental studies of weak interactions 432
10.1 Introduction 433
10.2 Neutrino physics 437
10.3 Discovery of the bosons of the weak interactions W and Z 462
10.4 CP violation 467
10.5 The weak hadronic current 476
References 486
PART III: TECHNOLOGIES 492
Chapter 11. The development of accelerator art and expertise at CERN: 1960-1980. Twenty fruitful years 494
11.1 Introduction 496
11.2 Accelerator designs and major improvements 498
11.3 The proton-antiproton collider (p-pbar) 516
11.4 Beam instrimientation and its use 529
11.5 Accelerator components 538
11.6 Relations with industry 564
11.7 Concluding remark 569
Notes 569
References 570
Chapter 12. The development of electronic position detectors at CERN (1964 - late 1970s) 576
12.1 Introduction 578
12.2 Early spark chambers 580
12.3 Film-less spark chamber techniques 583
12.4 The multiwire proportional chamber 586
12.5 The multiwire drift chamber or drift chamber 606
12.6 The multistep avalanche chamber (MSC) 617
12.7 Concluding remark 621
Notes 623
References 630
Name index 640
Thematic Subject Index 661

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 18.12.1996
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Atom- / Kern- / Molekularphysik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Quantenphysik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-053403-1 / 0080534031
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-053403-9 / 9780080534039