Sociology, Organic Farming, Climate Change and Soil Science (eBook)

Eric Lichtfouse (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 2010
VI, 478 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-90-481-3333-8 (ISBN)

Infos

Sustainable agriculture is a rapidly growing field aiming at producing food and energy in a sustainable way for humans and their children. Sustainable agriculture is a discipline that addresses current issues such as climate change, increasing food and fuel prices, poor-nation starvation, rich-nation obesity, water pollution, soil erosion, fertility loss, pest control, and biodiversity depletion. Novel, environmentally-friendly solutions are proposed based on integrated knowledge from sciences as diverse as agronomy, soil science, molecular biology, chemistry, toxicology, ecology, economy, and social sciences. Indeed, sustainable agriculture decipher mechanisms of processes that occur from the molecular level to the farming system to the global level at time scales ranging from seconds to centuries. For that, scientists use the system approach that involves studying components and interactions of a whole system to address scientific, economic and social issues. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical, narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. Because most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world. This book series gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations.

Dr. ERIC LICHTFOUSE, born April 2, 1960, completed his Ph.D. in organic geochemistry in 1989 at Strasbourg University. After post-doctoral fellowships at Indiana University, USA and the KFA research center in Jülich, Germany, he became engaged as a soil scientist at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) in 1992. His study on soil organic matter and pollutants led in particular to the first determination of the dynamics of soil organic molecules in long-term maize field experiments using ¹³C labeling at natural abundance. In 2000 he founded the European Association of Environmental Chemistry (ACE) and in 2003 the Journal Environmental Chemistry Letters. He has co-edited the book Environmental Chemistry (Springer, 2005). He is currently working in Dijon for the INRA Department of Environment and Agronomy as Editor-in-Chief of the journal Agronomy for Sustainable Development. He is growing fruit trees and vegetables in his home backyard and travelling from home to work by bicycle. Eric Lichtfouse is also finisher of 10 ironman competitions, including the World Ironman Championships in Hawaii in 2006.

Inhalt

Lichtfouse_Frontmatter.pdf 1
Lichtfouse_Ch01.pdf 6
Chapter 1 6
Society Issues, Painkiller Solutions, Dependence and Sustainable Agriculture 6
1.1 Financial Crisis, Climate Change and the Painkiller Solution 7
1.2 Enhancing Politician and Scientist Collaboration 7
1.3 Rethinking Society Dependence 8
References 16
Lichtfouse_Ch02.pdf 23
Chapter 2 23
Sociology of Sustainable Agriculture 23
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Definition of Agriculture 25
2.3 The Human Dimension of Agricultural Sustainability 26
2.4 Achieving Sustainable Agriculture: Role of Sociology 27
2.4.1 Sustainable Agricultural Paradigms 28
2.4.2 Attitudes, Behaviors, and Sustainable Agriculture 30
2.4.3 Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices 33
2.4.4 Gender and Sustainable Agriculture 36
2.4.5 Social Impact Assessment and Sustainable Agriculture 38
2.5 Conclusion 40
References 41
Lichtfouse_Ch03.pdf 45
Chapter 3 45
Sustainable Versus Organic Agriculture 45
3.1 Introduction 46
3.1.1 The Problem 46
3.1.2 The Required System Approach 48
3.1.3 The Need for Indicators 49
3.1.4 Indicators for Energy Balance 50
3.2 Striving for a Sustainable Agriculture 51
3.2.1 Cultivation 53
3.2.2 Fertilization 57
3.2.2.1 Nitrogen 58
Impacts 59
3.2.2.2 Phosphorus 60
Impacts 61
3.2.3 Irrigation 62
3.2.3.1 Impacts 64
3.2.4 Pest Control 65
3.2.4.1 Impacts 68
3.3 Discussion and Conclusions 70
References 74
Lichtfouse_Ch04.pdf 81
Chapter 4 81
Organic Agriculture and Food Production: Ecological, Environmental, Food Safety and Nutritional Quality Issues 81
4.1 Introduction 82
4.2 Definition and Global Situation of ‘Organic Agriculture’ 83
4.3 Ecological and Environmental Issues 85
4.3.1 Self-regulating Ability and System Stability 86
4.3.2 Biodiversity 86
4.3.3 Global Warming and Climate Changes 88
4.3.3.1 Carbon Dioxide 90
4.3.3.2 Nitrous Oxide 91
4.3.3.3 Methane 92
4.3.4 Soil Nutrient Balance 93
4.3.5 Soil Microbial Biomass 94
4.3.6 Soil Structure, Compaction and Erosion 94
4.3.7 Crop Protection 95
4.4 Food Quality, Safety and Environmental Impacts 99
4.4.1 Food and Agrochemicals 100
4.4.2 Nutritional Quality 100
4.5 Conclusion 102
References 103
Lichtfouse_Ch05.pdf 112
Chapter 5 112
Sustainability of Energy Crop Cultivation in Central Europe 112
5.1 Introduction 114
5.2 Energy Crops 115
5.3 Sustainability 117
5.4 Biomass Yield 119
5.5 Need for Savings in Environmentally Relevant Resources 121
5.5.1 Fertilisers 121
5.5.2 Pesticides 124
5.5.3 Water 126
5.5.4 Fossil Energy Sources 127
5.5.5 Soil Carbon 128
5.6 Content and Transfer of Environmentally Relevant Substances 129
5.6.1 Nutrients 129
5.6.2 Heavy Metals 133
5.7 Emission of Nitrous Oxide 135
5.8 Energy Yield 137
5.9 Greenhouse Gas Balance 139
5.10 Conclusion 140
References 141
Lichtfouse_Ch06.pdf 149
Chapter 6 149
Phosphorus, Plant Biodiversity and Climate Change 149
6.1 Introduction 150
6.2 Interactions of P Concentrations and Plants 151
6.2.1 Influence of Soil P Concentration on Plants 151
6.2.2 Influence of Plants on Soil P Concentration 155
6.3 P and Phytodiversity 157
6.4 Implications of Climate Change for Future Developments of Phytodiversity 162
6.5 Conclusion 164
References 165
Lichtfouse_Ch07.pdf 172
Chapter 7 172
Co-evolution and Migration of Bean and Rhizobia in Europe 172
7.1 Introduction 173
7.2 Migration of Common Bean and Their Rhizobia Strains 175
7.2.1 Origin, Domestication and Dispersal Routes of Common Bean 175
7.2.2 Phaseolin, a Major Evolutionary Marker 179
7.2.3 Diversity of Rhizobia 181
7.3 Major Advances 183
7.4 Conclusion 184
References 184
Lichtfouse_Ch08.pdf 190
Chapter 8 190
Non-isotopic and 13C Isotopic Approaches to Calculate Soil Organic Carbon Maintenance Requirement 190
8.1 Soil Organic Carbon Maintenance 191
8.2 Carbon Budget 192
8.2.1 Maintenance Requirements from Incomplete Budgets 192
8.2.2 Mineralization Kinetics 194
8.2.3 Non-isotope Approaches for Measuring SOC Maintenance 195
8.2.4 Sensitivity Analysis of the Non-isotopic Approach, Root to Shoot Ratio 198
8.2.5 Impact of Initial SOC 200
8.2.6 Tracer Experimental Approaches 203
8.2.6.1 Root and Soil Respiration 204
8.2.7 13C Isotopic Natural Abundance Techniques, Plant Carbon in Soil 205
8.2.8 Combining Traditional and Isotopic Measure to Develop C Budgets 210
8.3 Summary 211
8.3.1 Recommendations for Estimating Soil Organic Matter Turnover 211
References 212
Lichtfouse_Ch09.pdf 217
Chapter 9 217
Soil Solarization and Sustainable Agriculture 217
9.1 Introduction 218
9.2 Mechanisms of Solarization 220
9.2.1 Thermal Mechanism 220
9.2.2 Chemical Mechanism 223
9.2.3 Biological Mechanism 223
9.3 Factors Affecting Solarization 224
9.3.1 Soil Temperature 224
9.3.2 Soil Moisture 225
9.3.3 Climate and Weather 225
9.3.4 Plastic Film 225
9.4 The Effects of Soil Solarization 229
9.4.1 Effects on Soil Chemical and Physical Properties 229
9.4.2 Effects on Nonpathogenic Soil Microflora 230
9.4.3 Effect on Fungal Pathogens 232
9.4.4 Effect on Bacteria and Viruses 236
9.4.5 Effect on Phytoparasitic Nematodes 237
9.4.6 Effects on Weeds 240
9.4.7 Effect on Plant Growth and Crop Yield 245
9.5 Soil Solarization and Integrated Pest Management 246
9.6 Conclusion 251
References 252
Lichtfouse_Ch10.pdf 275
Chapter 10 275
Soil Functions and Diversity in Organic and Conventional Farming 275
10.1 Introduction 276
10.2 Ecosystem Functions and Soil 277
10.3 Diversity of Microbes 279
10.4 Soil Functions 282
10.5 Measurement of Microbial Diversity 289
10.6 Changes During Conversion 292
10.7 Conclusion 293
References 294
Lichtfouse_Ch11.pdf 302
Chapter 11 302
Indigenous Soil Knowledge for Sustainable Agriculture 302
11.1 Introduction 303
11.2 Indigenous Soil Knowledge and Sustainable Agriculture 305
11.2.1 What Is Indigenous Soil Knowledge? 305
11.2.2 Importance of Indigenous Soil Knowledge in Developing Sustainable Agriculture 307
11.3 Discussion 313
11.4 Conclusion 314
References 314
Lichtfouse_Ch12.pdf 317
Chapter 12 317
Composting to Recycle Biowaste 317
12.1 Introduction 318
12.2 Composting Materials 320
12.3 Composting Process 322
12.3.1 Generalized Composting Process 322
12.3.2 Composting Methods 324
12.3.3 Biochemical Aspects of Composting 326
12.3.4 Microbiological Aspects of Composting 326
12.4 Composting Products and Maturity 328
12.4.1 Agronomic Value of Composting Products 328
12.4.2 Maturity of Composting Products 330
12.5 Quality Control 333
12.6 Biowaste in the European Union 336
12.7 Anaerobic Digestion, as an Alternative Way of Recycling Biowaste 337
12.8 Conclusion 339
References 340
Lichtfouse_Ch13.pdf 345
Chapter 13 345
Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents 345
13.1 Introduction 345
13.2 Historical Background 346
13.3 Steinernematids and Heterorhabditids 347
13.3.1 Ecology and Distribution 347
13.3.2 Life Cycle 349
13.3.3 Nematode–Bacteria Symbiosis 350
13.3.4 Host Range and Effects 351
13.3.5 Mass Production 354
13.3.5.1 In Vivo Production 354
13.3.5.2 In Vitro Production 355
Preparation of Rearing Flasks/Bags 356
Inoculation with Bacteria 356
Inoculation with Nematodes 356
Harvesting 356
13.3.6 Formulation, Storage and Quality 358
13.3.7 Application Technology 360
13.3.8 Compatibility with Pesticides 362
13.4 Phasmarhabditis Hermaphrodita 363
13.4.1 Life Cycle 363
13.4.2 Nematode–Bacteria Association 364
13.4.3 Host Range and Effects 365
13.4.4 Production and Formulation 365
13.4.5 Application Technology 366
13.4.6 Effects on Other Organisms 366
13.5 Constraints 367
13.6 Conclusions 367
References 368
Lichtfouse_Ch14.pdf 377
Chapter 14 377
Allelopathy and Organic Farming 377
14.1 Introduction 378
14.2 Allelopathy 379
14.3 Crop Rotation with Allelopathic Crops to Control Weeds 382
14.4 Cover Crops with Allelopathic Potential 385
14.5 Mulching 390
14.6 Green Manure 391
14.7 Intercropping 392
14.8 Allelopathy in Parasite Weed Management 396
14.9 Varieties with Strong Allelopathic Potential 398
14.10 Other Possible Application of Allelopathy in Weed Management 401
14.11 Pollen Allelopathy 403
14.12 Use of Allelopathic Crops in Biological Control 404
14.13 Conclusion 405
References 406
Lichtfouse_Ch15.pdf 417
Chapter 15 417
Occurrence and Physiology of Zearalenone as a New Plant Hormone 417
15.1 Introduction 418
15.2 Chemical Structure of Zearalenone 418
15.3 Chemical and Physical Properties 419
15.4 Analytical Methods 421
15.5 Occurrence of Zearalenone in Plants 421
15.6 Influence of Exogenous Zearalenone on Plant Generative Development 422
15.7 The Effect of Zearalenone in Culture In Vitro 426
15.8 Modifying Plant Growth and Yield Using Zearalenone 427
15.9 Conclusion 429
References 430
Lichtfouse_Ch16.pdf 434
Chapter 16 434
Homestead Agroforestry: a Potential Resource in Bangladesh 434
16.1 Introduction 435
16.2 Homestead in Bangladesh 436
16.2.1 Homestead Configuration and Utilization 438
16.2.1.1 Approach Road 438
16.2.1.2 Front Yard 438
16.2.1.3 Home Yard 440
16.2.1.4 Backyard 440
16.2.1.5 Boundary 440
16.2.2 Spatial Arrangement of Vegetation 441
16.2.3 Species Diversity/Richness 443
16.2.4 Change of Tree Plantation Pattern over Time 444
16.2.5 Mode of Plantation 445
16.3 Functions of the Homestead Agroforestry 445
16.3.1 Homestead Agroforestry – A System for Multiple Products 445
16.3.1.1 Fruit 446
16.3.1.2 Vegetable 446
16.3.1.3 Spices 449
16.3.1.4 Fuel Wood and Timber 449
16.4 Homstead Agroforestry– A Source for Nutrition, Employment, and Biodiversity Conservation 451
16.4.1 Homestead Agroforestry – An Excellent Source of Nutrition 451
16.4.2 Homestead Agroforestry – A Platform for Employment and Economic Security 453
16.4.3 Homestead Agroforestry and Management – A Key Employment Opportunity for the Women 454
16.4.4 Homestead Agroforestry – A Pathway for Plant Biodiversity Conservation 455
16.5 Major Issues for Sustainable Production System 456
16.6 Conclusion 456
References 457
Lichtfouse_Backmatter.pdf 461

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.12.2009
• Reihe/Serie: Sustainable Agriculture Reviews
• Reihe/Serie: Sustainable Agriculture Reviews
• Zusatzinfo: VI, 478 p.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• Schlagworte: Agroecology • biodiversity • climate change • Environment • Erosion • Phosphor • Soil • soil science • sustainability • sustainable agriculture
• ISBN-10: 90-481-3333-5 / 9048133335
• ISBN-13: 978-90-481-3333-8 / 9789048133338