Plant Nutrition of Greenhouse Crops (eBook)

Cees Sonneveld, Wim Voogt (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 2009
XV, 431 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-90-481-2532-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Greenhouse cultivation is noted for its high uptake of minerals, consistent climatic conditions, exclusion of natural precipitation and control of salt accumulation. Acknowledging that plant nutrition in greenhouse cultivation differs in many essentials from field production, this volume details specific information about testing methods for soils and substrates in a greenhouse environment. It does so while offering a universally applicable analysis. This is based on the composition of the soil and substrate solutions, methods for the interpretation of tissue tests, and crop responses on salinity and water supply in relation to fertilizer application. Fertilizer additions, related to analytical data of soil and substrate samples, are presented for a wide range of vegetable and ornamental crops. The subject is especially apt now as substrate growing offers excellent possibilities for the optimal use of water and nutrients, as well as the potential for sustainable production methods for greenhouse crops.

Inhalt

Contents 4
Definitions 9
List of Permissions 11
1 Greenhouse Horticulture 14
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 Fertilization in Greenhouse Industry 16
1.3 Nutrient Uptake 17
1.4 Fertilization Programmes 19
1.5 Development of Greenhouse Horticulture 21
References 24
2 Fertilizers and Soil Improvers 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Fertilizers 26
2.2.1 N fertilizers 27
2.2.2 P fertilizers 28
2.2.3 K fertilizers 29
2.2.4 Mg fertilizers 29
2.2.5 Ca fertilizers 30
2.2.6 Micro Nutrients 31
2.2.7 Si fertilizers 31
2.2.8 Other Elements 32
2.2.9 Compound Fertilizers 32
2.2.10 Slow Release Fertilizers 33
2.2.11 Organic Fertilizers 34
2.3 Soil Improvers 35
2.3.1 Organic Matter and Physical Characteristics of Greenhouse Soils 36
2.3.2 Soil Improvers 38
2.3.3 Contamination 41
References 43
3 Soil Solution 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Osmotic Potentials of Soil Solutions 46
3.3 Moisture Contents 49
3.3.1 Greenhouse Soils In Situ 50
3.3.2 Substrates 51
3.4 Changes in the Chemical Composition 54
3.5 Soil Solution and Uptake of Major Nutrients 56
3.6 Soil Solution and Uptake of Micro Nutrients 60
References 62
4 Soil and Substrate Testing to Estimate Nutrient Availability and Salinity Status 65
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Specific 1:2 by Volume Water Extract 67
4.3 Saturation Extract 70
4.4 Water Extracts Based on Weight Ratios 71
4.5 1:1 Volume Water Extract 72
4.6 1:5 Volume Water Extract 74
4.7 Extraction of Pre-shaped Substrate by Water 75
4.8 Soil and Substrate Solution 75
4.9 Saturated Gypsum Solutions 77
4.10 CAT Extraction 78
4.11 Exchangeable Cations 79
4.12 Phosphorus 80
4.13 pH 81
4.14 Sampling 82
4.15 Accuracy of Soil Testing 86
4.16 Applications 90
References 91
5 Tissue Tests 94
5.1 Introduction 94
5.2 Distribution of Minerals Within Plants 96
5.3 Sampling 98
5.4 Pre-treatment and Extraction 102
5.5 Interpretation 103
5.6 Symptoms of Nutrient Disorders 107
References 109
6 Water Uptake and Water Supply 113
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 Water Uptake by Plants 113
6.3 Variations of Uptake and Supply 118
6.4 Water Quality 123
6.5 Water Supply 130
References 133
7 Salinity and Water Quality 136
7.1 Introduction 136
7.2 Salinity Models 138
7.3 Osmotic Effects 141
7.4 Specific Salinity Effects 144
7.5 Mineral Absorption 148
7.6 Interpretation 150
7.7 Fertilization and Salinity 152
7.8 Water Quality 153
7.9 Dealing with Salinity 158
References 161
8 Crop Response to an Unequal Distribution of Ions in Space and Time 167
8.1 Introduction 167
8.2 Salinity Stress Response on Spatial Variations 168
8.3 Stress Response to Variation of Salinity in Time 172
8.4 Nutrient Uptake and Spatial Variations 175
8.5 Problems and Possibilities 177
References 179
9 Calcium Nutrition and Climatic Conditions 181
9.1 Introduction 181
9.2 Ca Disorders in Greenhouse Crops 182
9.3 Required Ca Concentrations in Plant Tissues 189
9.4 Effects of Climate 194
9.5 Effects of Cultivars 199
9.6 Ca Sprays 200
9.7 Reasons of Ca Deficiency 202
9.8 Choose Between Two Evils 203
References 206
10 Chemical Effects of Disinfestation 210
10.1 Introduction 210
10.2 General Effects of Steam Sterilisation 210
10.3 Steam Sterilisation and Mn Availability 211
10.4 Mn Uptake and Steam Sterilisation 216
10.4.1 Soil Testing Methods 219
10.5 Steam Sterilisation and N Status 220
10.6 Effects of N Form on Crop Development 223
10.7 Release of Br 225
10.8 Organic Matter 226
10.9 Pasteurization 227
10.10 Substrate Growing 228
References 230
11 Substrates: Chemical Characteristics and Preparation 233
11.1 Introduction 233
11.2 Physical Conditions 233
11.3 Chemical Conditions 235
11.4 Preparation of Substrates 240
11.4.1 pH Adjustment 242
11.4.2 Macro Elements 246
11.4.3 Micro Nutrients 251
11.5 Safety 256
References 258
12 Nutrient Solutions for Soilless Cultures 263
12.1 Introduction 263
12.2 Characteristics of Nutrient Solutions 264
12.3 Nutrient Solutions for Different Crops and Development Stage 267
12.4 Water Quality 269
12.5 Adjustments 271
12.6 Fertilizers 272
12.7 Algorithm 275
References 280
13 Nutrient Management in Substrate Systems 282
13.1 Introduction 282
13.2 Technical Equipment of the Growing Systems 283
13.3 Fertilization at Start 290
13.4 Nutrient Management During Crop Growth 292
13.4.1 pH Control 292
13.4.2 Control of the EC 298
13.4.3 Mutual Ratios of Major Elements 300
13.4.4 Micro Nutrient Concentrations 304
13.5 Interpretation of Analytical Data 309
References 314
14 Fertigation Management of Potted Plants 318
14.1 Introduction 318
14.2 Classification 319
14.3 Potting Media 321
14.4 EC Control 322
14.4.1 EC Base Dressing 323
14.4.2 EC Top Dressing 323
14.5 pH Management 328
14.6 Nutrients 330
14.7 Nutrient Management 334
14.8 Environmental Aspects 340
14.9 Special Aspects 342
14.10 Plant Propagation 343
References 346
15 Fertigation in Soil Grown Crops 350
15.1 Introduction 350
15.2 Technical Equipment 350
15.3 Fertilizers and Addition 352
15.4 Leaf Damage 355
15.5 Irrigation Systems 355
15.6 Nutrient Distribution and Irrigation Systems 357
15.7 The Use of NH 4 and NH 2 Fertilizers 358
15.8 Concentrations 361
15.9 Use of Tissue Tests 364
References 365
16 Nutrient Management of Soil Grown Crops 367
16.1 Introduction 367
16.2 pH 368
16.3 Flooding 370
16.4 Base Dressings with Nutrients 372
16.4.1 Nitrogen 372
16.4.2 Phosphorus 373
16.4.3 Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium 378
16.4.4 Addition of the Base Dressing 380
16.5 Top Dressings 382
16.6 Environmental Control 385
16.6.1 Heavy Metals 391
References 392
17 Plant Nutrition in Future Greenhouse Production 396
17.1 Introduction 396
17.2 Water Requirements 397
17.3 Requirements of Minerals 399
17.3.1 Mineral Requirements of Crops 399
17.3.2 Availability of Minerals 400
17.3.3 Developments 401
17.4 Future Plant Nutrition Research 403
References 405
Appendix A Rounded Atomic Weights 407
Appendix BGuide Values for Tissue Analysis of Vegetables and Flower Crops 408
Appendix CNutrient Solutions for Different Vegetable and Cut Flower Crops 412
Appendix DNutrient Solutions and Guide Values for the 1:1 Extract Recommended for Potted Plants 416
Appendix EGuide Values for Soil Grown Crops 421
Index 423

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 18.9.2009
• Zusatzinfo: XV, 431 p.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• Schlagworte: AgroMicro • crops • greenhouse • Plant nutrition • quality • Regulation • Soil • water uptake
• ISBN-10: 90-481-2532-4 / 9048125324
• ISBN-13: 978-90-481-2532-6 / 9789048125326