Neritic Carbonate Sediments in a Temperate Realm (eBook)

Southern Australia

Noel P. James, Yvonne Bone (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2011
XIV, 254 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-90-481-9289-2 (ISBN)

Infos

This book is the first comprehensive documentation and interpretation of modern neritic carbonate sediments on the southern Australian continental margin, the largest cool-water carbonate depositional system on the globe. The approach is classical but the information is new.  A brief chapter of introduction is followed by a section that describes the setting of the continental margin in terms of the regional geology, its evolution through time, the climate, and the complex oceanography. The setting is further explored in chapter 3 that outlines the Pleistocene history of sedimentation in this region. This is particularly important since many of the surficial sediments have a partial older history. The following section on the carbonate factory describes in detail the nature of the animals and plants that determine the nature of the sediments and the environmental conditions that control their distribution. The shelf itself cannot be discussed in isolation and thus a short chapter on the marginal marine environment is presented. The core of the book comprises two chapters that document the suite of depositional facies and their composition and then the suite of depositional environments where these sediments are found. The variety of deposits in this vast area is such that three chapters are devoted to the character of the materials on the southwestern shelf the south Australian sea and the southeastern shelf. The diagenesis that affects these sediments is tackled in a chapter after all the attributes are documented because they are intimately linked to different controls. The book finishes with a summary chapter that also addresses the various controls on sedimentation and models the effects to be expected when these are changed outside those present in the current realm. 

Audience: The book is an invaluable source of information about this vast region and will be a critical reference for researchers, graduate students, and professionals engaged in marine and environmental research. It will be of particular importance for geologists interpreting the ancient rock record.

Inhalt

Contents 8
Introduction 14
1.1 Scientific Approach 14
1.2 Scope 14
1.3 Data Base 17
1.4 Data Acquisition and Methodology 17
Setting 20
2.1 Geology & Tectonics
2.1.1 Introduction 20
2.1.2 Pre-Mesozoic Craton 20
2.1.3 Australian Southern Rift System 20
2.1.4 Cenozoic Continental Margin Wedge 22
2.1.5 Tectonic Inversion 23
2.2 Meteorology & Climate
2.2.1 Introduction 24
2.2.2 Anticyclonic Highs 26
2.2.3 Mid-Latitude Depressions 27
2.2.4 Tropical Cyclones (Hurricanes) 27
2.2.5 Temperature, Precipitation and Evapotranspiration 27
2.3 Oceanography 28
2.3.1 Introduction 28
2.3.2 Sea State 28
2.3.3 Oceanographic Zones 29
2.3.3.1 Antarctic Region or Zone 29
2.3.3.2 Subantarctic Region or Zone 29
2.3.3.3 Subtropical Convergence Zone 29
2.3.4 Water Masses 31
2.3.4.1 Antarctic Bottom Water 31
2.3.4.2 Circumpolar Deep Water 32
2.3.4.3 Antarctic Intermediate Water 32
2.3.4.4 Subantarctic Mode Water 32
2.3.4.5 Surface Waters 32
2.3.5 Current Systems 33
2.3.5.1 General Aspects 33
2.3.5.2 Open Ocean 33
2.3.5.3 Continental Margin 33
2.3.5.4 Flinders Current System 33
2.3.5.5 Leeuwin Current System 34
2.3.6 Tidal Currents and Internal Waves 35
2.3.7 Seasonal Variability and Trophic Resources 35
2.4 Synopsis 36
The Pleistocene Record 38
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 The Continental Slope Record 39
3.2.1 Slope Sedimentation 39
3.2.2 Biogenic Mounds 41
3.3 The Highstand Aeolianite Record 45
3.4 The Spencer Gulf and Gulf St. Vincent Record 46
3.5 The Continental Shelf Record 47
3.5.1 Overview 47
3.5.2 Relict Particles 50
3.5.3 Stranded Particles 51
3.5.4 Late Pleistocene Shelf Paleoenvironments 52
3.6 Synopsis 54
The Neritic Carbonate Factory 58
4.1 Introduction 58
4.2 Biogenic Sediment Production 58
4.2.1 Seagrass and Macroalgae 59
4.2.1.1 Seagrasses 60
4.2.1.2 Macroalgae 61
4.2.2 Calcareous Algae 64
4.2.2.1 Red Calcareous Algae 64
4.2.2.2 Calcareous Green Algae 67
4.2.2.3 Sedimentology 67
4.2.3 Bryozoans 67
4.2.3.1 Introduction 67
4.2.3.2 Classification 68
4.2.3.3 Encrusting Colonies 69
4.2.3.4 Robust Rigid Colonies 71
4.2.3.5 Delicate Rigid Colonies 72
4.2.3.6 Delicate Flexible Colonies 72
4.2.3.7 Disc—Shaped Colonies 74
4.2.3.8 Importance of Substrate 74
4.2.3.9 Depth Limits of Living Bryozoans 75
4.2.3.10 Sedimentology 75
4.2.3.11 Mineralogy 75
4.2.4 Molluscs 75
4.2.4.1 Gastropods 75
4.2.4.2 Bivalves 77
4.2.4.3 Contribution to Sediment 77
4.2.5 Foraminifers 79
4.2.5.1 Planktonic Foraminifers 79
4.2.5.2 Benthic Foraminifers 79
4.2.5.3 General Distribution 79
4.2.6 Echinoderms 81
4.2.7 Barnacles 81
4.2.8 Calcareous Worms 81
4.2.9 Ostracods 81
4.2.10 Coccoliths 81
4.2.11 Sponges 81
4.2.12 Ascidians 82
4.3 Other Components 82
4.3.1 Corals 82
4.3.2 Brachiopods 83
4.4 Authigenic Mineral Particles 83
4.4.1 Glauconite 83
4.5 Detrital Grains 83
4.5.1 Siliciclastic Particles 83
4.5.2 Dolomite 84
4.5.3 Older Cenozoic Carbonates 84
4.6 Synopsis 84
Marginal Marine Deposystems 86
5.1 Introduction 86
5.2 Setting 86
5.3 Rocky Peritidal 86
5.4 Barrier Island—Aeolianite—Lagoon—Saline Lake Complexes 88
5.4.1 Beaches 88
5.4.2 Aeolianite Dunes 91
5.4.3 Lagoons 92
5.4.4 Lakes 93
5.5 Muddy Tidal Flats 94
5.6 Synopsis 96
Neritic Sedimentary Facies 97
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Megafacies C—Recent Carbonate 97
6.2.1 Grainy Carbonate Facies 97
6.2.1.1 Facies C1—Bryozoan Sand and Gravel 97
6.2.1.2 Facies C2—Skeletal Sand and Gravel 108
6.2.1.3 Facies C3—Coralline Gravel 109
6.2.1.4 Facies C4—Encrusted Rocky Substrate 109
6.2.1.5 Facies C5—Articulated Coralline and Intraclast Sand 110
6.2.1.6 Facies C6—Fine Skeletal Sand 110
6.2.1.7 Facies C7—Delicate Branching Bryozoan Muddy Sand 111
6.2.1.8 Facies C8—Scaphopod, Pteropod Sand and Mud 111
6.2.1.9 Facies C9—Mollusc, Coralline, Benthic Foraminifer Gravel, Sand and Mud 111
6.2.2 Muddy Carbonate Facies 112
6.2.2.1 Facies C10—Bivalve Muds 112
6.2.2.2 Facies C11—Spiculitic Skeletal Sandy Mud 112
6.2.2.3 Facies C12—Coral–Arborescent Bryozoan Gravel and Mud 113
6.3 Megafacies M—Relict-Rich Carbonate 113
6.3.1 Facies M1—Relict-Rich Skeletal Sand and Gravel. 113
6.3.2 Facies M2—Relict-Rich Quartzose Skeletal Sand and Gravel 114
6.3.3 Facies M3—Relict-Rich Molluscan sand 114
6.3.4 Facies M4—Relict-Rich Bryozoan Sand 115
6.3.5 Facies M5—Relict-Rich Fine Skeletal Sand 115
6.4 Megafacies R—Relict Carbonate 116
6.4.1 Facies R1—Relict Sand 116
6.4.2 Facies R2—Mollusc-Rich Relict Sand 117
6.4.3 Facies R3—Bryozoan-Rich Relict Sand 117
6.4.4 Facies R4—Limestone Gravel 118
6.5 Megafacies Q—Quartz Sand 118
6.5.1 Facies Q1—Calcareous Quartz Sand 118
6.6 Megafacies B—Biosiliceous Mud 119
6.6.1 Facies B1—Spiculitic Peloidal Siliciclastic Mud 119
6.7 Synopsis 119
Neritic Depositional Environments 121
7.1 Introduction 121
7.2 Shallow Neritic Environments 123
7.2.1 Setting 123
7.3 Middle Neritic Environments 131
7.3.1 Setting 131
7.4 Deep Neritic Environments and Facies 135
7.4.1 Setting 135
7.4.2 Epibenthic Scrub 135
7.5 Upper Slope Environments and Facies 137
7.5.1 Setting 137
7.5.2 Epibenthic Turf 137
7.5.3 Burrowed Mud Barren 137
7.6 Synopsis 137
The Southwestern Shelf 140
8.1 Introduction 140
8.2 The Albany Shelf 140
8.2.1 General Attributes 140
8.2.2 Oceanography 140
8.2.3 Marginal Marine 141
8.2.4 Shelf Sediments 143
8.3 The Great Australian Bight 145
8.3.1 General Attributes 145
8.3.2 Oceanography 145
8.3.3 Neritic Sediments 149
8.4 Baxter Sector (Western Great Australian Bight) 151
8.4.1 General Attributes 151
8.4.2 Local Oceanography 151
8.4.3 Marginal Marine 151
8.4.4 Neritic Sediments 151
8.5 Eyre Sector (Central Great Australian Bight) 154
8.5.1 General Attributes 154
8.5.2 Oceanography 154
8.5.3 Marginal Marine 154
8.5.4 Shelf Sediments 154
8.6 Ceduna Sector (Eastern Great Australian Bight) 155
8.6.1 General Attributes 155
8.6.2 Oceanography 155
8.6.3 Marginal Marine 156
8.6.4 Shelf Sediments 156
8.7 Synopsis 158
The South Australian Sea 160
9.1 Introduction 160
9.2 Spencer Gulf 160
9.2.1 General Attributes 160
9.2.2 Local Oceanography 165
9.2.3 Shallow Neritic Facies 165
9.3 Gulf St. Vincent 167
9.3.1 General Attributes 167
9.3.2 Local Oceanography 167
9.3.3 Shallow Neritic Sedimentary Facies 167
9.4 Investigator Strait and Backstairs Passage 170
9.4.1 General Attributes 170
9.4.2 Local Oceanography 170
9.4.3 Shallow Neritic Sedimentary Facies 170
9.5 Lincoln Shelf 171
9.5.1 General Attributes 171
9.5.2 Oceanography 171
9.5.3 Marginal Marine 173
9.5.4 Neritic Sediments 173
9.6 The Lacepede Shelf 173
9.6.1 General Attributes 173
9.6.2 Local Oceanography 175
9.6.3 Marginal Marine 177
9.6.4 Shelf Sediments 177
9.7 Synopsis 180
The Southeastern Continental Margin 182
10.1 Introduction 182
10.2 Otway Shelf 183
10.2.1 General Attributes 183
10.2.2 Local Oceanography 183
10.2.3 Marginal Marine 184
10.2.4 Shelf Sediments 185
10.2.5 Zone of Mixed Facies 190
10.3 Tasmania 190
10.3.1 Introduction 190
10.4 The Bass Basin 191
10.4.1 General Attributes 191
10.4.2 Local Oceanography 191
10.4.3 Neritic Sediments 191
10.5 West Tasmania Shelf 192
10.5.1 General Attributes 192
10.5.2 Local Oceanography 192
10.5.3 Marginal Marine 194
10.5.4 Marine Depositional Systems 194
10.6 Eastern Tasmania 196
10.6.1 Oceanography 196
10.6.2 Sedimentology 196
10.7 Synopsis 196
Diagenesis 198
11.1 Introduction 198
11.2 Marginal Marine Environments 198
11.3 Neritic Environments 198
11.3.1 Biological Alteration 198
11.3.2 Chemical Diagenesis 199
11.3.3 Synsedimentary Cementation 200
11.3.3.1 Grain Aggregates 200
11.3.3.2 Relict Particles 200
11.3.3.3 Hardgrounds 200
11.3.3.4 Micrite Envelopes 200
11.3.4 Fe-oxide Coating and Impregnation 201
11.3.5 Synsedimentary Dissolution 202
11.4 Synopsis 204
Summary & Synthesis
12.1 Introduction 206
12.2 Environmental Controls 206
12.2.1 Geography 206
12.2.2 Sea Level History 206
12.2.3 Geology and Tectonic History 207
12.2.4 Climate 207
12.2.5 Oceanography 209
12.2.6 Trophic Resources 210
12.3 Zones 212
12.4 Sedimentology 212
12.4.1 Epibenthic Sediment Production 212
12.4.1.1 Bryozoans 212
12.4.1.2 Marine Plants 213
12.4.1.3 Substrate 213
12.4.2 Physical Disturbance 214
12.4.3 Authigenesis and Diagenesis 214
12.4.3.1 Authigenesis 214
12.4.3.2 Diagenesis 214
12.4.4 Sedimentary Facies 215
12.4.4.1 Shallow Neritic Facies 215
12.4.4.2 Peritidal Facies 217
12.4.4.3 Middle Neritic Facies 218
12.4.4.4 Deep Neritic and Upper Slope Facies 218
12.5 Accumulation Dynamics 221
12.5.1 Tectonics and Accommodation 221
12.5.2 Holocene Stratigraphy 221
12.5.2.1 Shallow Neritic 221
12.5.2.2 Middle Neritic 223
12.5.2.3 Deep Neritic 223
12.5.2.4 Summary 223
12.6 Forward Modelling 223
12.6.1 Hydrodynamic Energy 224
12.6.2 Trophic Resources 224
12.6.3 Accommodation 225
12.7 Global Comparison 225
12.7.1 Southern Hemisphere 226
12.7.1.1 Australia 226
12.7.1.2 New Zealand 226
12.7.1.3 South America 226
12.7.2 Northern Hemisphere 226
12.7.2.1 North Atlantic & North Pacific
12.7.2.2 Mediterranean 227
12.7.2.3 Gulf of California 227
12.8 Conclusion 227
Appendices 230
Appendix A Seafloor Sample Sites–Albany Sector 230
Appendix B Seafloor Sample Sites- Great Australian Bight Sector 231
Appendix C Seafloor Sediment Sample Sites–South Australian Sea Sector 235
References 246
Index 257

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 5.10.2010
• Zusatzinfo: XIV, 254 p. 100 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Hydrologie / Ozeanografie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Carbonate sediments • Cool-water • marine and freshwater sciences • Marine Geology • Sedimentology • Southern Australia
• ISBN-10: 90-481-9289-7 / 9048192897
• ISBN-13: 978-90-481-9289-2 / 9789048192892