Galaxies and their Masks (eBook)

A Conference in Honour of K.C. Freeman, FRS

David L. Block, Kenneth C. Freeman, Ivanio Puerari (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2010
XXXIV, 479 Seiten
Springer New York (Verlag)
978-1-4419-7317-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Various kinds of masks obscure our view of our galaxy, the Milky Way, as well as of other galaxies. Masks of interstellar dust affect our measurements within galaxies, on scales ranging from individual supernovae to the galaxies themselves. The ,mass mask (our inability to image mass rather than light) gives astronomers a very incomplete picture of the size and structure of galaxies themselves, because we cannot image the dark matter which provides most of the galactic mass. Another mass is the dynamical mask: as galaxies form, much dynamical information is lost in the birthing process. A new thrust in research is to retrieve such information by means of chemical tagging. About 50 astronomers flew into Namibia in April 2010, to celebrate the 70th birthday of Professor K.C. Freeman, Fellow of the Royal Society. At age 70, Freeman, a father of dark matter in galaxies, continues to be one of planet's most highly cited astronomers. The current volume affords readers a unique perspective on galaxies by probing the thoughts of some of the greatest astronomers of our age. Contributions focus on galaxies from within our Local Group to those in our high redshift Universe. Approximately 40 in-depth review and contributed papers are contained in the volume, each written by an expert in the field. Two unusual features of the current volume include the Star Country of the San people of southern Africa as well as the introduction into astronomy of The Treachery of Images by the Belgian surrealist artist René Magritte. Everything we see hides another thing, we always want to see what is hidden by what we see, said Magritte. These words resonate the theme of the current volume Galaxies and their Masks, which is written at a level to be appreciated by both specialist and doctoral student alike.

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contents 15
A Tribute to Ken Freeman 19
Stars are Small Dark-Coloured ThingsThat Live in Holes in the Ground 35
1 Introduction 35
2 !nanni, Tamme and George Stow 36
3 Concluding Thoughts 53
References 55
Shrouds of the Night -- Galaxies and René Magritte 57
1 Galaxies and René Magritte 57
2 The Treachery of Conventional Images of Galaxies 59
3 The Duality of Spiral Structure 60
4 The Building of Galactic Disks: Active Evolutionin the Triangulum Spiral M33 68
4.1 Farewell to Monolithic Collapse of M33 70
5 Lessons from the Andromeda Spiral 71
6 Conclusion -- ``La condition humaine'' 71
References 74
Twin Masks of Spiral Structure? A Local Perspective 79
1 Introduction 79
2 Approaches to Modeling 80
3 Model Statistics and the Two-Arm / Four-Arm Dichotomy 82
4 Central Bar 90
References 90
The Mask of Complexity in Disk Galaxies 93
1 Introduction 93
2 Build-Up of Complication 94
3 Modeling 97
4 Toward Simplified Models of Disk Galaxies 98
5 Conclusions 99
References 100
Cosmic Magnetic Fields -- An Overview 101
1 Introduction 102
2 Observational Methods 103
3 Magnetic Fields in the Milky Way 105
4 Magnetic Fields in Galaxies 110
5 More Distant Magnetic Fields 115
6 Field Origin and Amplification 115
References 118
The Gaseous Halo Mask 121
1 Introduction 121
2 Gas Stripping from Dwarf Galaxies 122
3 Tracking the Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies in Cosmological Simulations 124
4 What happens to the Stripped Gas? 127
5 Summary 129
References 129
Molecular Gas Properties of Galaxies: The SMA CO(2-1) B0DEGA Legacy Project 131
1 Introduction 131
2 The B0DEGA Sample 132
3 Preliminary Results: CO(2--1) Morphologies and Concentration 133
4 Discussion 135
References 137
The DiVA's Mask: Iconifying Galaxies and Revealing HI Anomalies 139
1 Introduction 139
2 Observations, Analysis, and Modelling 140
3 Preliminary Results 142
3.1 Iconifying Galaxies 142
3.2 Revealing HI Anomalies 142
4 Summary and Future Plans 145
References 145
Enigmatic Masks of Cosmic Dust: Lessons from Nearby Galaxies Through the Eyes of the Spitzer Space Telescope 147
1 Introduction 147
2 Two Form Families of Stellar-Barred Spirals at 8.0m 148
2.1 Type 1: Tightly Coupled Morphologies at 3.6 and 8.0m 149
2.2 Type 2: Straight and Curved Dust Lanes in Emission, Without Trace of a Bar 150
3 Conclusion 152
References 153
The Large Magellanic Cloud: A Power Spectral Analysis of Spitzer Images 155
1 Introduction 155
2 Data 156
3 Analysis 157
4 Results 157
5 Simulations 158
6 Conclusions 161
References 161
Light Cores Behind Dark Masks 163
1 Introduction 163
2 Observations of NGC5236 164
3 Modeling of NGC5236 Nucleus 167
4 Observations of NGC253 168
5 Concluding Remarks 170
References 170
Globalization, Open Access Publishing, and the Disappearance of Print: Threat or Opportunity? 173
1 Introduction 173
2 Globalization 174
3 Open Access Publishing 176
4 The Disappearance of Print 177
5 The Future 178
References 178
Super Star Clusters and Supernovae in Interacting LIRGs Unmasked by NIR Adaptive Optics 181
1 Introduction 181
2 Super Star Cluster Candidates 182
2.1 The SSC NIR Luminosity Function 182
3 Searching for Extincted Core-Collapse SNe 184
4 SF and Dynamics in Interacting Galaxies 185
5 Summary 186
References 186
Structure, Mass, and Stability of Galactic Disks 187
1 Stellar Disks 187
2 Stellar Kinematics 188
3 Mass-to-Light Ratios and ``Maximum Disk'' 191
4 Flaring of HI Layers and Disk Masses 193
5 Flatness and Truncations in Stellar Disks 196
References 200
What Can the Radial Surface Brightness Profiles of Galaxy Discs Tell Us About Their Evolution? 203
1 Profile Classification: A Brief Historical Summary 203
2 A Detailed Radial Profile Classification 205
3 Profiles of Unbarred Early-Type Galaxies and Statistics for a Representative Sample of Hubble Types 205
4 The Time Evolution of Disc Truncations 209
5 Theoretical Models and Scenarios for Outer Disc Profile Evolution 213
6 Conclusions 217
References 218
The Complex Interplay of Dust and Star Light in Spiral Galaxy Discs 221
1 Introduction 221
2 Dust Effects on Bulge and Disc Parameters 222
3 The Energy Balance in Spiral Galaxies 223
References 226
Galaxy Morphology Revealed By SDSS: Blue Elliptical Galaxies 229
1 Introduction 229
2 Morphology and Photometric Properties of SDSS Galaxies 230
3 Blue Elliptical Galaxies 231
3.1 Morphology 231
3.2 Spectral Properties 232
3.3 Fraction of Blue Elliptical Galaxies 233
4 Discussion and Conclusions 233
References 234
Rings and Bars: Unmasking Secular Evolution of Galaxies 235
1 Introduction 235
2 Bars 237
2.1 Basic Properties of Bars 238
2.2 Bar Dust Lanes 240
2.3 Bars and Spirals 241
2.4 Bars and Secular Evolution 242
3 Rings 244
4 Future Work: The S4G Survey 248
5 Conclusions 250
References 250
Bars and Bulges Through Masks of Time 255
1 Introduction 256
1.1 Exploring Masks of Time Older Than 1Gyr 256
1.2 Exploring Masks of Time Younger Than 1Gyr 257
2 Stellar Line-Strength Indices of Bars and Bulges 258
2.1 Metallicity Gradient Along the Bar 258
2.2 Mean Values and Metallicity Gradients in the Bulge Region 259
3 Stellar Content in the Disk Region of Barred Galaxies 260
4 Massive Recent and Current Star Formation in Barred Galaxies 260
4.1 NGC 1530 260
4.2 NGC 2903 262
References 264
Tidal Trails and Mass-Segregated Isothermal Clusters 267
1 Introduction 267
2 Analytic Approximation to Orbits 268
3 The Orbital Time to Reach a Given Point 270
4 Application to Tidal Trails 272
5 Mass Segregation and Cluster Evolution 274
6 Mass-Segregated Isothermal Clusters 275
7 Critical Radii for Gravothermal Instability 277
References 279
Stellar Debris Streams: New Probes of Galactic Structureand Formation 281
1 Introduction 281
2 Distant Halo Streams 283
2.1 The Sagittarius Stream 284
2.2 The Virgo Stellar Stream 285
2.3 The Palomar 5 Tidal Tails 285
2.4 The Monoceros Ring 286
2.5 The NGC 5466 Tidal Tails 286
2.6 The Orphan Stream 287
2.7 The GD-1 Stream 287
2.8 The Anticenter Stream 288
2.9 The EBS Stream 288
2.10 Acheron, Cocytos, and Lethe 288
2.11 Styx 289
2.12 The Cetus Polar Stream 289
3 The Next Steps 289
References 291
Chemical Enrichment in Galaxies: Constraints on Nucleogenesis and Galaxy Evolution 295
1 How to Model the Chemical Enrichment in Galaxies 295
2 The Chemical Evolution of Spirals: The Milky Way 298
2.1 The Time-Delay Model 299
3 Time-Delay Model and Star Formation Histories 300
4 Abundance Ratios in Dwarf Spheroidals 301
5 Elliptical Galaxies 302
6 Dwarf Irregulars 307
References 307
Chemodynamical Simulations of Galaxies 311
1 Introduction 311
2 Chemical Enrichment Sources 312
3 Chemodynamical Code 315
4 Cosmological Simulations 315
5 Elliptical Galaxies 318
6 The Milky Way Galaxy 319
6.1 Age--Metallicity Relations 321
6.2 [/Fe] - [Fe/H] Relations 322
6.3 [X/Fe]-[Fe/H] Diagrams 324
6.4 [/Fe]-[Mn/Fe] Diagram 325
References 326
Elemental Abundance Patterns of Disk Substructure 327
1 Introduction 327
1.1 Disk Substructure 328
2 Elemental Abundances 329
2.1 High-Resolution Spectroscopy 330
3 Open Clusters 331
4 Moving Groups and Superclusters 332
4.1 HR1614 Moving Group 332
4.2 Hyades Supercluster 333
4.3 The Argus Association 335
5 Conclusions 335
References 336
Searching for Structures and Streams in the Extended SolarNeighbourhood with RAVE 339
1 Introduction 339
2 Radial Velocities 340
3 The Red Clump 341
3.1 The Hercules Moving Group 342
3.2 Tilt of the Velocity Ellipsoid 344
4 Conclusion 345
References 346
On the Age--Metallicity--Velocity Relation in the NearbyDisk Using the RAVE Survey 347
1 The Age--Metallicity and Age--Velocity Relation in the Galactic disk 347
2 The Age--Metallicity--Velocity Relation Project 348
2.1 Sample Definition 348
2.2 Follow-Up Observations and Data Analysis 348
3 The Age of Stars 349
4 The Velocity--Metallicity Relation in the Solar Neighborhood 350
References 351
The HERMES Project: Reconstructing Galaxy Formation 353
1 Introduction 353
2 Galactic Archaeology 354
2.1 The Galactic Halo 354
2.2 The Galactic Disk 355
2.3 The Galactic Thick Disk 356
3 Chemical Tagging 356
4 Galactic Archaeology with HERMES 357
5 HERMES and Gaia 358
6 Other HERMES Science 359
References 359
Stellar Halos: Unmasking a Galaxy's History 361
1 Stellar Halos 361
2 Methods 362
3 Results I 363
3.1 Sky Distribution 363
3.2 Radial Velocities 364
4 Results II. Solar Neighborhood 365
4.1 Kinematics 365
5 How to Retrieve the History of the Stellar Halo 367
6 Conclusions 369
References 370
The Outer Halos of Elliptical Galaxies 373
1 Introduction 373
2 Density Distribution and Kinematics of Outer Halo Stars 374
3 Dark Matter and Dynamics 376
4 Stellar Population and Assembly History 377
References 378
Galaxies: Lighthouses in the Shoals of Dark Halos 381
1 Introduction 381
2 From Big to Small 384
3 Scaling Relations 387
4 The Radius of First Turnaround 391
5 Parent Halos and Their Children 392
6 Summary 393
References 394
Dark Haloes as Seen with Gravitational Lensing 395
1 Ken Freeman's Dark Side 395
2 Gravitational Lensing and Dark Matter 396
3 Microlensing 397
4 Strong Lensing 398
5 Weak Lensing 399
5.1 Future Directions 401
6 The KiDS project 402
7 Conclusions 405
References 405
Behind the Mask: Resolving the Core--Cusp Problem in Spiral Galaxies 407
1 The Core--Cusp Problem 407
2 NGC 6822 408
3 Dwarf Galaxy Models with Supernova Winds 409
References 412
A GALAXY BASELINE: Multiwavelength Study of a Sampleof the Most Isolated Galaxies in the Local Universe 413
1 Introduction 413
2 AMIGA Sample Description and Revisions 414
2.1 Isolation Revision 414
2.2 Morphology Refinement 414
3 Detailed Morphological Study of Selected Subsamples 415
4 FIR Emission, Radio Continuum Emission, and Nuclear Activity 415
5 Atomic Gas 416
6 Concluding Remarks 417
References 417
Diffuse Light and Galaxy Interactions in the Core of Nearby Clusters 419
1 Diffuse Light in Clusters 419
2 PNs as Kinematical Traces 420
3 The Virgo Cluster Core 420
3.1 PNs Line-of-Sight Velocity and Projected Phase-Space Distributions 421
3.2 Dynamical Status of the Virgo Cluster Core 423
3.3 ICL Large-Scale Distribution in the Virgo Cluster from PNs Narrowband Surveys 425
4 Observing Techniques for the Kinematics of Diffuse Light in Clusters 426
4.1 Counter Dispersed Slitless Imaging Technique 427
4.2 The Multi-slit Imaging Spectroscopy Technique 427
5 The Un-mixed Kinematics of the Intracluster Stars in the Fornax and Hydra Cluster Cores 427
6 The Ongoing Sub-cluster Merger in the Coma Cluster Core 429
7 Cosmological Simulations and ICL 430
8 Summary and Conclusions 430
References 431
Feedback in Star and Galaxy Formation 433
1 Introduction 433
2 In the Beginning… 433
3 Star Formation 434
3.1 Feedback: Interstellar Clouds 436
4 Feedback: Disk Galaxies 436
5 Luminosity Function of Galaxies 437
6 Feedback in Low-Mass Galaxies 438
7 Feedback in Massive Galaxies 438
7.1 The AGN--Star Formation Connection 439
7.2 Modes of Star Formation 440
8 Conclusions 441
References 442
When Bad Masks Turn Good 443
1 Bad Dust -- The Struggle of Extragalactic Adaptive Optics 443
2 Good Dust -- A Surprise at High Redshifts 450
References 456
Spitzer's View of Galaxies in the High-Redshift Universe 459
1 Introduction 459
2 The Spitzer Space Telescope 460
3 IRAC Observations of the Early Universe 461
4 Identifying High-Redshift Galaxies 462
5 IRAC Observations of Galaxies at z = 5 to 7 (1.2--0.78 Gyr after Big Bang) 463
6 Observations of Galaxies at z > 7 (<
7 The Search for Lensed Galaxies at z 7 466
8 A Search for the First Stars ( 200 Myr after the Big Bang) 466
9 Future Observations to Search for High-Redshift Galaxies 466
10 Summary 469
References 469
Bandshifting and Other Masks of the Clumpy Populationsin High-Redshift Galaxies 471
1 Introduction 471
2 Clumpy Galaxies 473
3 Local Analogs and Galaxy Interactions 477
4 Selection Effects for Clump Properties 478
5 Conclusions 481
References 482
Supernovae, Dust, and Cosmology 485
1 Introduction 485
2 Dust-Scattered Light from SN 487
2.1 The Cloud Model 487
2.2 The Dust Model 488
2.3 The Light Echo 488
3 Effect on the Distance Estimate 491
4 Probability Consideration 492
5 Conclusion 495
References 495
Endpiece - On Location in Dead Vlei 497
List of Participants 502
CODA 505

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 12.11.2010
• Zusatzinfo: XXXIV, 480 p. 238 illus., 163 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: New York
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Astronomie / Astrophysik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Luft- / Raumfahrttechnik
• Schlagworte: Bulge • difficulties in simulating disk galaxies • Galaxy • Ken Freeman birthday • masks of cosmic dust • masks of dark matter • Redshift • Spiral galaxy • Star • Stellar • very faint galactic exteriors
• ISBN-10: 1-4419-7317-6 / 1441973176
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4419-7317-7 / 9781441973177