Precision Crop Protection - the Challenge and Use of Heterogeneity (eBook)

Erich-Christian Oerke, Roland Gerhards, Gunter Menz, Richard A. Sikora (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2010
XXIV, 441 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-90-481-9277-9 (ISBN)

Infos

Precision farming is an agricultural management system using global navigation satellite systems, geographic information systems, remote sensing, and data management systems for optimizing the use of nutrients, water, seed, pesticides and energy in heterogeneous field situations. This book provides extensive information on the state-of-the-art of research on precision crop protection and recent developments in site-specific application technologies for the management of weeds, arthropod pests, pathogens and nematodes. It gives the reader an up-to-date and in-depth review of both basic and applied research developments. The chapters discuss I) biology and epidemiology of pests, II) new sensor technologies, III) applications of multi-scale sensor systems, IV) sensor detection of pests in growing crops, V) spatial and non-spatial data management, VI) impact of pest heterogeneity and VII) precise mechanical and chemical pest control.

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contents 9
Contributors 19
Part I Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of Crops, Pests, Diseases and Weeds Causes and Implications 25
1 Soil Heterogeneity and Crop Growth 26
1 Sources and Scales of Soil Heterogeneity 26
2 Methods of Assessment 31
3 Spatially Differentiated Crop Management 35
4 Summary 38
References 38
2 Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Weed Populations 40
1 Introduction 40
2 Weed Mapping 41
3 Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Weed Populations 42
4 Conclusions 47
References 47
3 Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Plant Pathogens 49
1 Introduction 49
2 Testing Conceptual Stimulus-Response Relationships Using GPS, GIS, and Remote Sensing 50
3 The Unique Spectral Signature Paradigm 54
4 Use of Satellite Imagery to Detect and Quantify Healthy Green Leaf Area Gradients (1-y) Versus Disease Gradients (y) 54
5 Pathogen-Specific Temporal and Spatial Signatures A New Paradigm 56
6 Detecting and Quantifying Healthy Green Leaf Area (1-y) Gradients 57
7 Lessons Learned from the Past: Quantifying Disease and HGLA Gradients 59
8 Quantifying Additional Temporal and Spatial Signatures for Asian Soybean Rust 61
9 Comparison of Pathogen-Specific Temporal and Spatial Signatures to Differentiate Two Fungal Pathogens of Soybean 63
10 Comparison of NDVI with the NIR Band to Quantify HGLA 64
11 Implications for Plant Pathogen Forensics 66
12 A New Paradigm for Crop Health Management 66
13 Conclusions 69
References 69
4 Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Arthropods in ArableFields 73
1 Introduction 73
2 Field, Field Borders and Core Area 74
3 Primary Colonization of the Field 76
3.1 Passive Migration 76
3.2 Active Migration 77
4 Dispersal of Immigrants Inside the Field 78
5 Population Build-Up and Dispersal Inside the Field 79
6 Border Effects on Dispersal and Emigration 80
7 Effects of the Plant Physiology 80
8 Effects of Natural Enemies 81
8.1 Immigration 81
8.2 Functional and Numerical Response 82
9 Overall Effects 82
10 Practical Implications for Precision Farming 82
References 83
Part II Sensing and Sensor Technologies in Crop Protection 87
5 The Use of Laboratory Spectroscopy and Optical Remote Sensing for Estimating Soil Properties 88
1 Introduction 88
2 Background 90
3 Retrieval Methods 92
3.1 Artificial Neural Networks 93
3.2 Partial Least Squares Modeling (PLSR, PLSR Combined with a Genetic Algorithm) 93
3.3 Support Vector Machine Regression 96
3.4 Penalized-Spline Signal Regression (PSR) 96
4 Applications 97
4.1 Scale Dependencies in the Assessment of Chemical Soil Constituents 97
4.2 Estimation of Optically Featureless Soil Components 101
5 Conclusions 102
References 104
6 Sensing of Photosynthetic Activity of Crops 107
1 Background on Optical Spectroscopy of Plant Canopies 107
2 Remote Sensing of Photosynthesis 109
2.1 Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) 109
2.2 Fluorescence 110
2.3 Retrieval of Remotely Measured Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence 111
3 Case Studies 113
3.1 CEFLES-2 Campaign 113
3.2 Characterization of Spatial and Species Dependent Variability of Photosynthesis Using Fluorescence Estimates 114
4 Conclusions 116
References 117
7 Remote Sensing for Precision Crop Protection -- A Matterof Scale 120
1 Introduction 120
2 The Spatial Dimension of Remote Sensing 121
3 The Temporal Dimension of Remote Sensing 126
3.1 The Temporal Scales of Crop Stress Phenomena 126
3.2 The Temporal Sensor Observation Scale 127
3.3 The Temporal Management Scale 129
4 The Spectral Dimension of Remote Sensing 130
4.1 Near-Range Spectroscopy for Crop Stress Detection 131
4.2 Airborne Hyperspectral Imaging for Crop Stress Detection 132
5 Conclusion 134
References 135
8 Detection and Identification of Weeds 138
1 Introduction 138
2 Properties to Distinguish Plant Species 139
2.1 Spectral Properties 139
2.1.1 Remote Sensing 142
2.1.2 Fluorescence 142
2.2 Location and Temporal Properties 143
2.2.1 Morphological Properties 143
2.2.2 Overlapping 144
2.2.3 Texture 144
3 Image Processing for Automatic Weed Species Identification 145
3.1 Segmentation 145
3.2 Shape-Based Weed Discrimination 147
3.3 Classification 148
4 Conclusions 150
References 151
9 Detection of Fungal Diseases Optically and Pathogen Inoculum by Air Sampling 154
1 Introduction 154
2 The Opportunity for Optical Detection of Disease 155
3 Effects of Diseases on Plants 155
4 Fusion of Optical Factors to Diagnose Diseases from Other Stresses 158
5 Measurement Techniques 160
5.1 Reflectance 160
5.2 Fluorescence 161
5.3 Thermal Radiation 161
6 Practical Considerations for Disease Mapping 161
7 Limitations to Precision Disease Control 163
8 Precision Pest Management by Air Sampling 164
9 Discussion 165
References 166
10 Remote Sensing for the Detection of Soil-Borne Plant Parasitic Nematodes and Fungal Pathogens 169
1 Introduction 169
2 Review of Research on Remote Sensing of Plant Parasitic Nematodes and Soil-Borne Pathogens 171
3 Remote Sensing of Nematodes and Fungal Root Rot in Sugar Beet 173
4 Outlook 179
References 180
11 Potential of Digital Thermography for Disease Control 184
1 Introduction 184
2 Temperature of Plants 185
3 Principles of Infrared Thermography and Instrumentation 186
4 Detection of Disease Symptoms 188
4.1 Use of Radiometers in the Field 188
4.2 Infrared Imaging 189
4.2.1 Leaf Level 189
4.2.2 Canopy Level 193
5 Canopy Temperature and Management Zones 195
6 Conclusions and Perspectives 196
References 197
12 Geographical Approaches for Integrated Pest Management of Arthropods in Forestry and Row Crops 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Forestry Applications 201
2.1 Remote Detection of Vegetation Vigor 202
2.2 Importance of Spatial Variation of Biophysical Variables in Integrated Forest Pest Management (IFPM) 203
2.3 Specific IFPM Examples: Red Oak Borer and Southern Pine Beetle 204
3 Row Crop Applications 205
3.1 Image Classification 206
3.2 A General Approach for Linking Remote Sensing Information and Insect Sampling in Row Crops 206
3.3 Application of Concepts in Cotton 211
4 Conclusion 216
References 217
Part III Modelling and Decision Support Systems 220
13 Spatial Data Handling and Management 221
1 Background 221
2 Software and Data Standards 223
3 Spatial Data and Data Services 226
4 Potential Concept of Spatial Data Management 229
5 Conclusions and Outlook 235
References 236
14 Decision Rules for Site-Specific Weed Management 239
1 Introduction 239
2 Decision Rules for Conventional Herbicide Application 240
3 Offline and Online Site-Specific Weed Management 240
4 Decision Support Systems 242
4.1 Crop Protection Online 243
4.2 WeedSOFT 243
4.3 HERB and HADSS 244
4.4 Weed Manager 245
5 Use of Site-Specific Weed Management as a Function of Weed Distribution and Application Techniques 245
6 Decision Support System for Patch Spraying 247
6.1 Decision Algorithm for Patch Spraying 248
6.2 HPS-ONLINE 249
6.2.1 Knowledge During Herbicide Application 250
6.2.2 Knowledge Before Herbicide Application 251
References 253
15 Modelling Plant Diseases for Decision Making in CropProtection 256
1 Introduction 256
2 Defining the Models Purpose 258
3 Conceptualizing the Model 259
3.1 Use of Systems Analysis in Model Conceptualization 259
3.2 Types of Conceptual Models 259
3.3 Complexity Versus Simplicity 262
4 Developing the Mathematical Model 263
4.1 Formulation of Conceptual Models 263
4.2 Formulation of Driving Models 264
4.3 Testing the Driving Models 265
4.4 Introducing Stochasticity 265
5 Evaluating the Model 266
5.1 Model Verification 266
5.2 Model Validation 266
5.3 Evaluation of Model Uncertainty 268
5.4 Evaluation of Model Sensitivity 268
6 From the Model to Practice 268
6.1 Developing a Computerised Version of the Model 269
6.2 Collecting Input Data 269
6.3 Designing a Strategy for Decision-Making Based on Model Output 269
6.4 Developing Tools for Supporting Decision-Making 269
6.5 Building User Confidence in the Model 270
7 Conclusion 270
References 271
16 Model Validation and Use of Geographic Information Systems in Crop Protection Warning Service 274
1 Validation of Forecasting Models in Crop Protection 274
1.1 Validation of Type 1 Models 275
1.2 Validation of Type 2 Models 277
1.3 Validation of Type 3 Models 279
1.4 Validation of Type 4 Models 281
2 Use of Geographic Information Systems in Crop Protection 282
2.1 Use of GIS to Prepare Model Input 283
2.1.1 Workflow 283
2.1.2 Data Base 284
2.1.3 Interpolation Methods 285
2.2 Validation of Spatial Input Parameter 285
2.2.1 Interpolation of Temperature and Relative Humidity 285
2.2.2 Results from Radar Data 286
2.3 Creating Risk Maps with Spatial Input 286
3 Conclusions 288
References 289
Part IV Application Technologies for Site-Specific Crop Protection 292
17 Mechanical Weed Control 293
1 Introduction 294
2 Implements for Mechanical Weed Control 295
2.1 Whole Crop Cultivation 296
2.1.1 Harrows and Rotary Hoes 296
2.2 Inter-Row Cultivation 300
2.3 Intra-Row Cultivation 301
3 Innovative Implements for In-Row Crops 302
4 Hand Weeding 304
5 Cutting and Mowing 305
6 Conclusion 305
References 306
18 Direct Injection Sprayer 309
1 Introduction Direct Injection Systems 309
1.1 Central Direct Injection System (CDIS) 310
1.2 Injection in the Sprayer Boom Sections (BDIS) 311
1.3 Direct Nozzle Injection System (NDIS) 312
2 Direct Nozzle Injection Process 313
2.1 Injection System -- Response Characteristic 314
2.2 DIS Response Time Analysis 314
2.2.1 Injection Time 315
2.2.2 Transport and Mixing Time 316
2.3 Control Process of the Injection System 316
2.4 Injection Device 318
2.5 Homogeneity and Mixing 319
3 Carrier Saving 320
4 DIS Rinsing 321
5 Environmental and Operator Protection 322
6 Conclusions 322
References 323
19 Delivery Optimization for Pesticides 325
1 Introduction 325
2 Improving the Efficacy of Foliar Sprays of Herbicides, Fungicides, and Insecticides 326
2.1 Optimizing Chemical and Physical Properties of Spray Formulations 327
2.2 Encapsulation and Controlled Release Technologies 328
2.3 Moving Closer to the Target: Plant Injections 329
2.4 Turning the Tables: Luring Targets Toward the Site of Application 332
3 Conclusions 334
References 334
20 Autonomous Systems for Plant Protection 336
1 Introduction 336
2 Scouting and Monitoring 337
2.1 Requirements and State-of-the-Art 337
2.2 The Scouting Robot 'BoniRob' 339
3 Application of Herbicides 340
3.1 Requirements and State-of-the-Art 340
3.2 The Plant Nursing Robot with Cell Sprayer (HortiBot) 341
4 Autonomous Mechanical Weeding 343
4.1 Requirements and State-of-the-Art 343
4.2 The Autonomous Mechanisation System (AMS) 343
5 Conclusions 345
References 345
21 Variable Rate Technology for Herbicide Application 348
1 Introduction 348
1.1 Seeding 348
1.2 Fertilizing 349
1.3 Irrigation 349
1.4 Plant Protection 349
2 Technical Solutions for the Control of Application Rate of Sprayers 350
2.1 Total Flow Control 351
2.2 Pulse Width Modulation Control 351
2.3 Twin Fluid Nozzles 351
2.4 Variable Orifice Nozzles 352
2.5 Multiple Nozzle Holders 352
2.6 Injection Metering Systems 352
3 Pre-emergence Herbicide Application 352
4 Post-emergence Herbicide Application 354
5 Variable Rate Technique or Variation of Active Ingredients? 355
References 358
22 Variable Rate Application of Fungicides 361
1 Introduction 361
2 Off-Line and On-Line Fungicide Application with Variable Rates 362
3 Leaf Area Index as a Parameter for Variable Rate Application 364
4 Sensor-Controlled Field Sprayer 365
5 Economic Benefits from Variable Rate Applications 367
6 Combining Decision Support Systems with Sensor-Controlled Variable-Rate Fungicide Application 369
7 Perspectives 372
References 374
Part V Current Use of Precision Crop Protection in Practice 376
23 Providing Precision Crop and Range Protection in the US Northern Great Plains 377
1 Introduction 377
2 ZoneMAP: Defining Heterogeneity in Crop and Range Lands 379
2.1 ZoneMAP's Classification System 380
2.2 Sample Map for Production Field 381
3 Mapping Evapotranspiration for Site-Specific Farm Management 382
4 Uses of Satellite Imagery in Range Protection 383
4.1 Soil Water Estimation 383
4.2 Rangeland Condition Evaluation 385
5 Digital Northern Great Plains: A Decision-Support System 386
6 Sensors Customized to Precision Agricultures Needs 387
6.1 Airborne Environmental Research Observational Camera (AEROCam) 388
6.2 International Space Station Agricultural Camera (ISSAC) 388
7 Precision Crop Protection: Its Promise Demonstrated 389
8 Lessons Learned 392
References 393
24 Site-Specific Detection and Management of Nematodes 395
1 Introduction to Cotton Nematology 395
1.1 Species Distribution and Yield Losses 395
1.2 Nematicide Usage 396
1.3 Spatial Distribution of Nematodes 396
1.4 Effects of Soil Texture on Nematode Population Density 397
1.5 Early Research on Site-Specific Nematicide Applications 397
2 Site-Specific Nematicide Application Systems 398
2.1 Soil Electrical Conductivity 398
2.2 Developing Prescription Maps 399
2.3 Site-Specific Nematicide Delivery System 399
3 Current Research 400
3.1 Research in South Carolina 400
3.1.1 Relationship of Soil ECa to Soil Texture and Nematode Distribution 400
3.1.2 Variable Rate Application Equipment 400
3.1.3 Field Tests for Application Uniformity 402
3.1.4 Efficacy of Variable Rate Applications in the Field 403
3.2 Research in Georgia 404
3.3 Research in Arkansas 407
3.3.1 On-Farm Experience in Arkansas 408
4 Discussion 409
4.1 Summary 409
4.2 The Future of Site-Specific Nematicide Applications 410
References 410
25 Precision Disease Control in Bed-Grown Crops 413
1 Introduction 413
2 Potential Use Reduction 415
3 Canopy Density Spraying in Practice 416
4 Plant-Specific Spraying Against Late Blight in Potatoes 417
5 Plant-Specific and Canopy Reflection Dependent Spraying Against Botrytis Blight in Flower Bulbs 420
6 Future Developments 422
7 From Prototype to Practice 423
References 425
26 Economic Evaluation of Precision Crop Protection Measures 426
1 Introduction 426
2 Subject of Investigation Description of Process Flows 427
3 Costs of Precision Crop Protection Technology 428
4 Output of Precision Weed Control Technologies 431
5 Economic Evaluation – Results 432
6 Critical Overview and Conclusions 433
References 435
Index 436

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 3.8.2010
• Zusatzinfo: XXIV, 441 p.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• Schlagworte: crops • Entomology • Fungi • geographic data • Geoinformationssysteme • GIS • Information Technology • Optical remote sensing • pathogen • Pesticides • Pesticide use reduction • Precision crop protection • Remote Sensing • Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry • Satellite • Site-specific Management
• ISBN-10: 90-481-9277-3 / 9048192773
• ISBN-13: 978-90-481-9277-9 / 9789048192779