Bioactive Compounds and Cancer (eBook)

John A. Milner, Donato F. Romagnolo (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2010
XXX, 829 Seiten
Humana Press (Verlag)
978-1-60761-627-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Because of the wealth of new information generated by the scientific community during the last decade on the role of nutrition on cancer risk, this book provides a forum for presentation and discussion of recent scientific data and highlights a set of dietary recommendations. Bioactive Compounds and Cancer presents chapters that highlight laboratory and clinical findings on how selected nutrients function as signaling molecules and, as such, influence cellular behavior and cancer predisposition. This important compendium focuses on understanding the role of nutrition in cancer biology, the molecular action of bioactive food components and xenobiotics on cancer risk, the role of dietary components in cancer prevention and/or treatment, and nutrition education with the most up to date dietary recommendations that may reduce cancer risk. This volume will be of interest to specialized health professionals, clinicians, nurses, basic and clinical researchers, graduate students, and health officials of public and private organizations.

Inhalt

Series Editor Introduction 6
Foreword by David S. Alberts, MD, and Maria Lluria-Prevatt, PhD 14
Foreword by Scott M. Lippman, MD 20
Preface 22
Acknowledgments 23
Memorial 23
Contents 24
Contributors 28
Part I Understanding the Role of Nutrition in Health 32
1 Monitoring the Burden of Cancer in the United States 33
1 Introduction 33
1.1 Collection of Cancer Data 34
1.2 Case Definition 34
1.3 Incidence and Death Rates 35
1.4 Delay Adjustment and Trend Analysis 35
1.5 Survival and Prevalence 35
1.6 All Malignant Cancers Combined 36
1.7 Top Three Cancer Sites for Men and Women 36
1.8 Tumor Histology: The Example of Esophageal Cancer 39
1.9 Incidence and Death Rates by Race and Ethnicity 41
1.10 Five-Year Relative Survival Rates by Stage Distribution 45
1.11 Prevalence of People Living in the US with a History of Invasive Cancer 45
1.12 Goal of Surveillance and Factors Influencing Major Cancer Trends 49
1.13 Impact of Race and Ethnicity 50
1.14 Prognosis 50
1.15 Conclusions and the Future of Cancer Surveillance 51
References 51
2 Cancer Biology and Nutrigenomics 54
1 Introduction 55
1.1 Multistage Carcinogenesis 55
1.2 Gene Diet Interactions 57
1.3 Nutrigenomics 57
2 Conclusions 65
References 67
3 Cellular Cancer Processes and Their Molecular TargetsINTbreak for Nutritional Preemption of Cancer
1 Introduction 73
2 Cell Proliferation 74
3 Apoptosis 78
4 Inflammation 83
5 Immunity 86
6 Angiogenesis 88
7 Conclusions 91
References 92
4 Nutrigenetics: The Relevance of Polymorphisms 99
1 Introduction 99
1.1 One Size Does Not Fit All 100
2 Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Cancer Risk 102
2.1 Cruciferous Vegetables, SNPs in Metabolic Enzymes, and Cancer Risk 102
2.2 Dietary Antioxidants, Genetics of Oxidative Stress, and DNA Repair 104
2.3 Folate and Folate Metabolism 106
3 Phytoestrogens and Hormone Metabolism Pathways 109
3.1 Genetic Variation in Hormone Metabolizing Genes and Response to Phytoestrogen Exposure 110
3.2 Genetic Variation, Phytoestrogen Exposure, and Disease Risk 112
4 Meat Consumption, Genetics, and Cancer Risk 113
4.1 Heterocyclic Amines, Genetics, and Cancer Risk 114
4.2 Nitrosamines and Colorectal Cancer 115
4.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Breast Cancer 115
5 Conclusions 116
References 117
5 Diet and Epigenetics 128
1 Introduction 128
2 Epigenetics and Cancer 130
3 Diet and DNA Methylation: Timing of Exposure 133
4 Histone Modification by Bioactive Food Components and Diet Composition 138
5 Dietary Modulation of Polycomb Repressive Complexes 142
6 Small, Noncoding RNA, Epigenetics, and Dietary Factors 143
7 Conclusions 144
References 145
6 Nutrient Signaling Protein Kinase to Transcriptional Activation 151
1 Introduction 151
2 Nutrients and AP-1 Activation 155
2.1 AP-1 Transcriptional Activation Is Suppressed by EGCG 156
2.2 Black Tea Theaflavins Inhibit AP-1 Transactivation 157
2.3 Xanthine 70, a Caffeine Analogue, but Not Caffeine, Inhibits AP-1 Activation 157
2.4 [6]-Gingerol Modulates AP-1 Activation 158
2.5 Resveratrol and AP-1 159
2.6 The Flavonol Compounds, Kaempferol, Quercetin, and Myricetin, Effectively Suppress AP-1 Activation 159
3 Conclusions 161
4 Acknowledgments 162
References 162
Part II Role of Dietary Bioactive Componentsin Cancer Preventionand/or Treatment: Macroconstituents 170
7 Dietary Energy Balance, Calorie Restriction, and Cancer Prevention 171
1 Introduction 171
2 Calorie Restriction and Cancer in Experimental Models 173
2.1 CR in Humans and Non-human Primates 174
2.2 Physical Activity and Cancer in Humans and Animals 175
3 Mechanistic Targets of Calorie Restriction 175
3.1 Energy Balance-Related Hormones and Growth Factors 175
3.2 The Role of Inflammation in the Link Between Energy Balance and Cancer 179
3.3 Sirtuins 180
4 Conclusions and Future Directions 181
References 182
8 Fiber and Microbially Generated Active Components 189
1 Introduction 189
1.1 What Is Fiber? 189
2 Cancer Background 192
3 Rationale Why Fiber and Its Fermentation Products Protect Against Cancer 193
4 Effect of Dietary Fiber on Stool Chemistry 195
5 Effect of Dietary Fiber on Methane and Sulfur Gases 196
6 Cancer 197
6.1 Large Bowel Cancer 197
6.2 Breast Cancer 198
6.3 Other Cancers 199
7 Other Components in Fiber-Containing Foods 200
8 Conclusions 201
References 201
9 Gut Microbiota, Probiotics, Prebiotics and Colorectal Cancer 205
1 Introduction 205
2 Rationale for an Involvement of the Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer 206
3 The Human Gut Microbiota 207
4 In Vitro, Animal and Human Studies: Prevention and Onset Aspects of the Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer 208
5 Intervention Studies: Probiotics and Prebiotics 209
6 Future Research Directions 211
6.1 Improved Microbiota Characterization 211
6.2 Prebiotics for Butyrate Production 213
6.3 Distally Targeted Effects 213
7 Conclusions and Dietary Recommendations 214
References 214
10 Meats, Protein and Cancer 218
1 Introduction 218
2 Heme 221
3 Endogenous Nitrosation 222
4 HCA and PAH 224
5 Totality of the Evidence 229
6 Future Research Directions 230
7 Conclusions and Recommendations for Intake/Dietary Changes 230
References 231
11 Saturated Fatty Acids and Cancer 236
1 Saturated Fatty Acids and Cancer 236
1.1 Sources of Dietary Saturated Fatty Acids 237
1.2 De Novo Synthesis of Saturated Fatty Acids 237
1.3 Rationale 238
2 Review of the Evidence 238
2.1 SFA in Tumors 238
2.2 Cell Culture Studies 238
3 Animal Studies 240
3.1 Inhibition of FAS 240
3.2 Dietary Butyrate 240
3.3 Dietary Myristic Acid 241
3.4 Coconut Fat 241
4 Epidemiologic Studies 241
4.1 Endometrial Cancer (EC) 242
4.2 Ovarian Cancer (OC) 242
4.3 Breast Cancer (BC) 242
4.4 Prostate Cancer 243
4.5 Pancreatic Cancer 243
4.6 Colorectal Cancers (CRC) 244
4.7 Gastric and Esophageal Cancers 245
4.8 Lung Cancer (LC) 245
4.9 Head and Neck Cancers 246
5 Summary of Evidence 246
6 Conclusions and Recommendations and Future Research Directions 247
References 247
12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Cancer 257
1 Introduction 257
2 In Vitro Studies 258
3 In Vivo Animal Experiments 260
4 Studies in Humans 264
5 Mechanisms Through Which CLA May Alter Breast Tumorigenesis 264
6 Alteration of Lipoxygenase Pathway 264
7 Effects of CLA on Extracellular Matrix 267
8 Effects of CLA on Breast Cancer Stem Cells (CSC) 268
9 CLA Specificity 270
10 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 271
References 271
13 Cancer and n-3PUFAs: The Translation Initiation Connection 274
1 Introduction 275
1.1 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 275
2 Metabolism of Essential Fatty Acids 275
3 Epidemiological, Prospective, and Experimental Studies 276
4 Proposed Mechanisms of Anti-cancer Activity of n 3 PUFAs 278
4.1 Effects on Membrane Structure and Function 278
4.2 Effects on Angiogenesis 278
4.3 Inhibition of Eicosanoid Production from Arachidonic Acid 279
4.4 Effect on Mevalonate Metabolism 279
4.5 Effect on Estrogen and Testosterone Metabolism 279
4.6 Effect of Lipid Peroxidation 280
4.7 The Translation Initiation Connection 280
5 Translation Initiation and Cancer 281
5.1 Inhibition of Translation Initiation Mediates the Anti-cancer Effect of EPA 282
5.2 EPA Depletes Intracellular Ca 2+ Stores 283
5.3 EPA-Mediated Phosphorylation of eIF2 Results in Inhibition of Translation Initiation 284
5.4 EPA Downregulates Expression of Oncogenic Proteins and Upregulates Expression of Pro-apoptotic and Tumor Suppressor Proteins 286
6 Conclusions 287
References 289
14 n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cancer 295
1 Introduction 295
2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 296
3 n -6 PUFA and Cancer 297
4 Dietary n -6 PUFA Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in Women 298
4.1 Premenopausal vs. Postmenopausal Fat Intake/Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk 305
4.2 PUFA and Breast Cancer Recurrence 305
5 Timing of Dietary PUFA Exposures and Breast Cancer Risk 306
5.1 In Utero Exposure 306
5.2 Prepubertal Dietary Fat Exposure 306
5.3 Pregnancy n -6 PUFA Exposures 306
6 Mechanisms Mediating the Effects of n -6 PUFAs on Cancer Risk 307
6.1 n -6 PUFA-Derived Eicosanoids 307
6.2 Cyclooxygenases (COXs) 309
6.3 Gene Expression 310
6.4 Estrogen Levels and PUFA 311
6.5 Fat Intake and Obesity 311
7 Mechanisms Mediating the Effects of Timing of Dietary PUFA Exposures on Breast Cancer Risk 312
7.1 In Utero Exposures 312
7.2 Prepubertal Dietary Fat Exposures 313
7.3 Pregnancy 313
8 Conclusions 315
References 316
Part III Role of Dietary Bioactive Componentsin Cancer Prevention and/orTreatment: Carotenoids,Vitamins and Minerals 328
15 Carotenoids 329
1 Introduction 329
1.1 Rationale for the Use of Carotenoids in Cancer Prevention and/or Treatment 329
2 In Vitro Studies and Animal Experiments 331
2.1 -Carotene 331
2.2 Lycopene/Tomato Extracts 331
3 Epidemiological Studies 335
3.1 -Carotene 335
3.2 Tomatoes/Lycopene 335
4 Intervention Studies 335
4.1 -Carotene 335
4.2 Tomatoes/Lycopene 341
5 Tissue Specificity and Totality of the Evidence 341
5.1 -Carotene 341
5.2 Lycopene/Tomatoes 344
6 Future Research Directions 344
7 Conclusions and Recommendations for Intake/Dietary Changes 345
References 345
16 Vitamin A 352
1 Introduction 352
2 Rationale for Why Vitamin A Can Affect Cancer Prevention and/or Treatment 353
3 In Vitro Studies in Cells and Animals Prevention and Treatment 361
4 Epidemiological and Interventional Studies 366
5 Future Research Directions 368
6 Conclusions and recommendations for Intake/Dietary Changes 368
7 Acknowledgments 370
References 370
17 Vitamin D and Cancer Chemoprevention 374
1 Introduction 374
2 Understanding Vitamin D and Cancer Requires an Overview of Vitamin D Biology 375
2.1 Vitamin D Metabolism 375
2.2 Regulation of Gene Expression Through the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) 377
2.3 VDR Gene Polymorphisms May Affect Vitamin D Action 378
2.4 1,25(OH) 2 D Rapidly Activates Signal Transduction Pathways Independent of Its Role in Transcription 379
3 Epidemiological Studies Examining the Relationship Between Vitamin D and Cancer 380
3.1 Prostate Cancer 381
3.2 Colon Cancer 381
3.3 Breast Cancer 382
3.4 Summary of Population-Based Studies 382
3.5 The Paradox of Protection from Cancer by Higher Vitamin D Status 383
4 Anti-cancer Actions of Vitamin D: Cell and Molecular Studies 383
4.1 Potential Gene Targets Mediating the Anti-cancer Effects of Vitamin D 384
4.2 1,25(OH) 2 D Action May Not Be Uniform Across All Stages of Cancer (from Normal Tissue to Metastatic Tumors) 385
5 Anti-cancer Effects of Vitamin D: Animal Studies 387
6 Human Intervention Studies 390
7 Totality of the Evidence 391
8 Future Research Directions 391
9 Conclusions and Recommendations for Intake/Dietary Changes 392
References 51
18 Folate 403
1 Introduction 404
1.1 What Is Folate? 404
2 Biologic Mechanisms Linking Folate to Cancer RISK 405
3 Folate Status and Cancer Risk: Epidemiologic Evidence 405
3.1 Studies of Dietary Intake and Folate Biomarkers 405
4 Evidence from Pooled or Meta-analyses 406
4.1 Colorectal Cancer 406
4.2 Breast Cancer 409
4.3 Other Cancers with Meta-analyses 410
5 Evidence for Cancers with Supporting Data from Prospective Studies 411
6 Additional Cancer Types, Largely with Evidence Based on CaseControl Studies 411
7 Studies of Genetic Polymorphisms in Folate-Mediated One-Carbon Metabolism and Cancer Risk 412
7.1 Polymorphisms in One-Carbon Metabolism and Their Functional Impact 413
8 Folate in Cancer Prevention 417
8.1 Evidence from Animal Models 417
8.2 Human Prevention Trials 417
9 Recommendations 418
References 419
19 Selenium 427
1 Introduction 428
2 Rationale for an Effect of Selenium on Cancer Prevention and Treatment 429
2.1 Modification of Critical Sulfhydryl Groups 429
2.2 Antioxidant Protection (Selenoenzymes/Selenoproteins) 431
2.3 Anti-inflammatory Effect (Partly via Selenoenzymes/Selenoproteins) 431
2.4 Enhancement of Cell-Mediated Immune Response 432
2.5 Maintenance of Genome Stability -- Prevention of DNA Damage/Induction of DNA Repair 433
2.6 Cell Cycle Arrest -- Decreases Cell Proliferation 434
2.7 Apoptosis (Necrosis) 434
2.8 Reduced Tumor Cell Migration and Invasion 434
2.9 Inhibition of Angiogenesis 435
2.10 Activation of p53 Tumor-Suppressive Activity 435
2.11 Upregulation of Phase II Carcinogen-Detoxifying Enzymes 436
2.12 Inactivation of PKC 436
2.13 Androgen Receptor Down-regulation (Relevant to Prostate Cancer) 436
2.14 Species of Se Responsible for Anti-cancer Effects 437
2.14.1 Polymorphisms in Selenoproteins/Selenoenzymes Show an Effect on Cancer Risk 437
2.14.2 Cytosolic Glutathione Peroxidase, GPx1 438
2.14.3 15 kDa Selenoprotein, Sep15 439
2.14.4 Selenoprotein P 440
2.14.5 Thioredoxin Reductase 1 440
2.14.6 Phospholipid Glutathione Peroxidase, GPx4 441
2.14.7 Summary of the Evidence on Selenoprotein Polymorphisms and Cancer Risk 441
2.14.8 Hypermethylation of Promotor Regions Silence Selenoprotein Genes and Increase Cancer Risk 444
3 In Vitro Studies and Animal Experiments 445
4 Epidemiological Studies 446
5 Intervention Studies 449
6 Intervention with Selenium in Cancer Patients 451
7 Tissue Specificity and Totality of the Evidence 452
8 Future Research Directions 453
9 Conclusions and Recommendations for Intake/Dietary Changes 454
References 455
20 Calcium and Cancer 465
1 Introduction 465
2 Epidemiological Studies 468
2.1 Colon Cancer 468
2.2 Breast Cancer 469
2.3 Prostate 470
3 Intervention Studies Individualized Prevention and/or Treatment? 471
4 Tissue Specificity and Totality of the Evidence 475
5 Future Research Directions 476
6 Conclusions and Recommendations for Intake/Dietary Changes 477
References 478
21 Iron and Cancer 485
1 Introduction 486
1.1 Iron Consumption 486
1.2 Dietary Iron Intake and Cancer 486
1.3 Measurement of Body Iron 488
1.4 Iron Metabolism and Regulation in Cancer Tissue 488
1.5 Expression of Iron Metabolism Genes and Proteins in Cancer 491
1.5.1 Ferritin 491
1.5.2 Transferrin Receptor 491
1.5.3 Other Iron Proteins 495
1.6 HFE and Cancer 495
1.7 Preclinical Studies 496
1.8 Epidemiological Studies 500
1.8.1 HFE Polymorphisms and Cancer 501
1.8.2 Transferrin Receptor Variants and Cancer 502
1.9 Clinical Studies 502
1.10 Cancers Associated with Iron Overload 503
2 Future Research Directions 504
3 Conclusions and Recommendations for Intake/Dietary Changes 504
References 504
22 Zinc in Cancer Development and Prevention 513
1 Introduction 514
2 Human Zinc Deficiency 514
3 Zinc Deficiency and UADT Cancer: Epidemiological Studies 515
4 Biological Roles of Zinc 516
4.1 Zinc Homeostasis 516
4.2 Zinc as an Antioxidant 517
4.3 Zinc and Immune Response 517
4.4 Zinc and Intracellular Signaling in Cancer 518
5 Zinc-Deficient Rodent Cancer Models 518
5.1 Initiation and Reversal of Protumorigenic Environment 519
5.2 Zinc Deficiency and Animal Tumorigenesis Studies 519
5.2.1 Esophageal Squamous Cell Tumors 519
5.2.2 Lingual Tumors 520
5.2.3 Esophageal Adenocarcinoma 521
5.2.4 Colon Tumors 521
5.3 Zinc Deficiency and Tumorigenesis Studies in Knockout/Transgenic Models 521
5.4 Prevention of Esophageal Carcinogenesis by Replenishing Zinc 523
5.5 Inefficacy of Molecular Targeting of COX-2 in Cancer Prevention in Zinc-Deficient Rodents 523
5.6 Modulation of Gene Expression 525
5.7 Modulation of MicroRNA Expression 534
6 Antitumor Effects in Other Tumor Cells 536
7 Human Intervention Studies 537
7.1 Esophageal Cancer 537
7.2 Prostate Cancer 538
7.3 Colon Cancer 538
8 Conclusions 538
References 539
Part IV Role of Dietary Bioactive Componentsin Cancer Preventionand/or Treatment: OtherBioactive Food Components 548
23 Cruciferous Vegetables, Isothiocyanates, Indoles, and CancerPrevention 549
1 Introduction 550
2 Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Prevention by Isothiocyanates and Indoles: Cell Culture Models 550
2.1 Cytoprotection via the Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway 550
2.2 Inhibition of AP-1 and NfB Transcription Factors 553
2.3 Inhibition of COX-2 and the Inflammatory Response 554
2.4 Regulation of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest 555
2.5 Additional Molecular Methods of Chemoprevention 556
2.6 Effects in Animal Models 556
3 Intake Estimates 557
3.1 Assessment of Intake and Exposure 559
4 Epidemiological Evidence for Cancer Preventive Role of Cruciferous Vegetables 561
5 Clinical Studies of Cruciferous Vegetables and Related BAFC 570
6 Conclusions 570
References 573
24 Garlic and Cancer Prevention 581
1 Introduction 581
2 Garlic A Complex Food 582
3 Garlic Exposures Range and Safety 583
4 Implications in Cancer Prevention 585
4.1 Antimicrobial Response 586
4.2 Multiple Cancer Risk Processes Are Influenced 587
4.3 Antitumorigenic Response to Garlic 591
5 Genetic and Epigenetic Events Influence Garlic Response 593
6 Dietary Modifiers 594
7 Conclusions 595
References 595
25 Mammary and Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention and Mechanisms of Action of Resveratrol and Genistein in Rodent Models 603
1 Introduction 604
2 Genistein 604
2.1 Genistein and Breast Cancer: In Vitro Results 605
2.2 Genistein and Breast Cancer: In Vivo Chemoprevention 605
2.3 Genistein and Breast Cancer: Mechanisms of Action 607
2.4 Genistein and Prostate Cancer: In Vitro Results 609
2.5 Genistein and Prostate Cancer: In Vivo Chemoprevention 609
2.6 Genistein and Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms of Action 610
2.7 Genistein: Breast and Prostate Cancer Epidemiology 610
3 Resveratrol 610
3.1 Resveratrol and Breast Cancer: In Vitro Results 611
3.2 Resveratrol and Breast Cancer: In Vivo Chemoprevention 612
3.3 Resveratrol and Breast Cancer: Mechanisms of Action 613
3.4 Resveratrol and Prostate Cancer: In Vitro results 615
3.5 Resveratrol and Prostate Cancer: In Vivo Chemoprevention 615
3.6 Resveratrol and Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms of Action 616
3.7 Resveratrol: Breast and Prostate Cancer Epidemiology 617
4 Combinational Chemoprevention 617
4.1 Combinational Breast Cancer Chemoprevention with Genistein and Resveratrol 618
4.2 Combinational Prevention of Prostate Cancer with Genistein and Resveratrol 619
5 Conclusions 620
References 621
26 Cancer Prevention by Catechins, Flavonols, and Procyanidins 626
1 Introduction 626
2 Animal and In Vitro Experiments 627
2.1 Studies in Animal Models of Carcinogenesis 627
2.2 In Vitro Studies 630
3 Epidemiological Studies 632
3.1 Tea Consumption and Cancer 632
3.2 Dietary Flavonols, PC, and Cancer 635
4 Intervention Studies in Humans 636
5 Tissue Specificity and Totality of Evidence 637
6 Future Research 638
7 Conclusions and Recommendations for Intake 638
8 Acknowledgments 639
References 640
27 Mechanisms of Action of Isoflavones in Cancer Prevention 645
1 Introduction 645
2 Origins 646
3 Isoflavone Intake 647
4 Isoflavone Metabolism 647
5 Mechanisms of Action of Isoflavones 648
6 Epidemiology of Soy and Cancer 649
7 Chemoprevention Models 650
8 Nude Mouse Models 650
9 Estrogen-Like Properties of Isoflavones 651
10 Aromatase 652
11 Androgen-Dependent Carcinogenesis 653
12 Protein Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition 653
13 Cell-Cycle Regulation 653
14 Signaling Pathways 654
15 Apoptosis 657
16 Metastasis 658
17 Epigenetic Phenomena 658
18 Tumor Suppressor Pathways 658
19 Exosome Signaling 659
20 Interactions with Other Phytochemicals 659
21 Omics and Mechanisms of Action 660
22 Proteomics 669
23 Conclusions 671
24 Acknowledgments 671
References 672
28 The Anticarcinogenic Properties of Culinary Herbs and Spices 683
1 Introduction 683
2 Therapeutic Properties of Herbs and Spices 685
2.1 Anti-inflammatory Properties 685
2.2 Antioxidant Properties 686
2.3 Effects on Tumor Cells in Culture 686
2.4 Effects on Cancer Initiation, Promotion, and Progression in Intact Animals 687
2.5 Effects on Specific Detoxifying Enzymes 687
2.6 Effects on Bacterial Infections 687
2.7 Human Observational and Population Studies 687
2.8 Human Intervention Studies with Cancer Patients or Healthy Subjects 688
3 Research on Selected Spices and Spice Extracts 688
3.1 Curcumin 689
3.1.1 Anti-inflammatory/Antioxidant Properties 689
3.1.2 Effects of Curcumin on Tumor Cells in Culture 690
3.1.3 Effects of Curcumin on Cancer Initiation, Promotion, or Progression in Intact Animals 691
3.1.4 Effects of Curcumin on Specific Detoxifying Enzymes 692
3.1.5 Effects of Curcumin on Bacterial Infections 693
3.1.6 Human Observational Studies on Curcumin 693
3.1.7 Human Intervention Studies with Curcumin on Cancer Patients or Healthy Subjects 693
3.2 Garlic 695
3.2.1 Limitations of Garlic Research 695
3.2.2 Anti-inflammatory/Antioxidant Properties of Garlic 697
3.2.3 Effects of Garlic on Tumor Cells in Culture 697
3.2.4 Effects of Garlic on Cancer Initiation, Promotion, and Progression in Intact Animals 698
3.2.5 Effects of Garlic on Specific Detoxifying Enzymes 699
3.2.6 Effects of Garlic on Bacterial Infections 700
3.2.7 Human Observational Studies on Garlic 701
3.2.8 Human Intervention Studies with Garlic on Cancer Patients or Healthy Subjects 702
3.3 Other Culinary Spices and Herbs 703
3.3.1 Saffron 703
3.3.2 Ginger 703
3.3.3 Capsaicin 704
4 Conclusions 705
References 706
29 Cancer Prevention with Berries: Role of Anthocyanins 714
1 Introduction 715
1.1 Rationale for the Use of Berries in Cancer Prevention 715
2 Prevention of Cancer in Animals with Berry Powders and Anthocyanins 717
2.1 Preparation of Freeze-Dried Berry Powders 717
2.2 Evaluation of Freeze-Dried BRB Powder for Cancer Prevention in Animals 717
2.3 Evaluation of Other Berry Types for Prevention of Cancer in Animals 722
2.4 Studies to Identify the Anthocyanins as Active Inhibitory Components in Berries 723
2.5 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms for the Chemopreventive Effects of BRB 725
3 Epidemiological Studies 727
4 Intervention Studies in Humans 728
4.1 Phase I Clinical Trial of BRB 728
4.2 Effects of BRB Powder on Biomarkers of Neoplastic Progression in Colon, Oral Cavity, and Esophagus 728
5 Tissue Specificity 731
6 Conclusions and Recommendations for Intake/Dietary Changes 731
References 732
30 Pomegranate 735
1 Introduction 735
2 Bioactivity of Pomegranate Polyphenols and Metabolites 736
3 Cancer Preventive Potential of Pomegranate Polyphenols 737
4 Mechanistic Insights from Cell Culture and Animal Studies 739
5 Evidence of Bioactivity from Human Clinical Studies 740
6 Detailed Studies of Bioavailability and Metabolism 740
7 Conclusions 741
References 742
31 Alcohol and Cancer: Biological Basis 745
1 Introduction 745
2 Ethanol Metabolism: Acetaldehyde and Oxidative Stress 747
3 Alcohol and Carcinogen Bioactivation 750
4 Alcohol and Gene Interactions 751
5 Alcohol, Hormones, and Growth Factors 754
6 Other Biological Actions/Interactions 758
7 Conclusions and Future Research Opportunities 759
References 759
32 Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Carcinogenesis and Modulation by Dietary Xenobiotic and Natural Ligands 771
1 Introduction 772
1.1 Activation of Phase I and II Enzymes by AhR 774
1.2 Endogenous Role for the AhR 775
1.3 Cross-Talk Between AhR- and ER-Regulated Pathways 776
1.4 AhR Cross-Talk with EGFR Pathways 776
1.5 AhR-Mediated Effects on Cell Cycle Checkpoints 777
2 AhR-Mediated Carcinogenesis 778
2.1 Animal Models 778
2.2 In Utero Exposure to AhR Ligands 778
2.3 Human Studies 779
3 Human Exposure to A h R Xenobiotics 779
3.1 PAH 779
3.2 Dioxins 780
3.3 PCB and Bisphenols 780
4 Synthetic Modulators of the AhR 781
4.1 0-Naphthoflavone and 3 0 -Methoxy-4 0 -Nitroflavone 781
5 Natural Ligands of the A h R 781
5.1 Resveratrol 781
5.2 Indoles 781
5.3 Flavonoids 783
5.4 Cathechins 784
6 Conclusions 784
7 Acknowledgments 785
References 785
33 Opportunities and Challenges for Communicating FoodINTbreak and Health Relationships to American Consumers
1 Introduction 793
2 Methodology 794
2.1 IFIC Functional Foods/Foods for Health Survey 794
2.2 IFIC Foundation Food & Health Survey
3 Research Findings 795
3.1 General Attitudes Toward Health 795
3.2 Awareness and Interest in Functional Foods/Foods for Health 797
3.3 Consumption Behaviors and Awareness of Food/Health Benefit Pairs 798
3.4 Communication and Sources of Information on Health and Nutrition 800
3.5 Nutrigenomics/''Personalized Nutrition'' 801
4 Conclusions 803
4.1 Guidelines for Communicating the Emerging Science of Dietary Components for Health 805
5 Additional Resources 806
References 806
Subject Index 807
About the Editors 835
About the Series Editor 839

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 25.6.2010
• Reihe/Serie: Nutrition and Health
• Reihe/Serie: Nutrition and Health
• Zusatzinfo: XIV, 882 p.
• Verlagsort: Totowa
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe ► Diätassistenz / Ernährungsberatung
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitswesen
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Allgemeinmedizin
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Onkologie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Bioactive food • Calcium • cancer prevention • carotenoids • epigenetics • Genetics • Metabolic disease • Nutrigenetics • Nutrigenomics • Nutrition • prebiotics • Probiotics • Transcriptomics • Vitamin A • Vitamin D
• ISBN-10: 1-60761-627-0 / 1607616270
• ISBN-13: 978-1-60761-627-6 / 9781607616276