Applied Agrometeorology (eBook)
XXXVIII, 1100 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-540-74698-0 (ISBN)
Farmers
Agricultural policymakers
Environmentalists
Kees Stigter is currently a visiting professor in Africa and Asia for Agromet Vision, The Netherlands. He was the leader of the CAgM Expert Team on writing the third edition of the WMO Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (GAMP).
Most of his active career, Dr. Stigter has been affiliated to Wageningen University. dr. Sigter has served as President and Vice President of the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology of the WMO.
Kees Stigter is currently a visiting professor in Africa and Asia for Agromet Vision, The Netherlands. He was the leader of the CAgM Expert Team on writing the third edition of the WMO Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (GAMP).Most of his active career, Dr. Stigter has been affiliated to Wageningen University. dr. Sigter has served as President and Vice President of the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology of the WMO.
Preface 6
Acknowledgments 9
Contents 11
Contributors 28
About the Editor 33
Part IIntroductory Part 35
I Introductory Part 36
I.1 Introduction to Part I 36
I.2 Agrometeorology, a Broad Definition (and OtherStarting Issues) 37
I.2.1 Components of the Definition 37
I.2.2 Water 38
I.2.3 Heat 38
I.2.4 Air 39
I.2.5 Remaining Aspects 39
I.3 Agrometeorology, an “End to End” InformationFlow Scheme 40
I.3.1 Genesis of a Conceptual and Diagnostic Framework 40
I.3.2 Details of the Information Flow Scheme 41
I.3.3 The Direction of Guidance 42
Box I.1 Tensions in Scientific Research for Development 43
Box I.2 The Undercurrent of Applied Science 46
I.4 Agrometeorology, Applications and Use 48
I.4.1 The Basis for Part III of This Book 48
I.4.2 Other Contents of Syllabi in “Applied Agrometeorology” 50
I.5 Agrometeorological Services 52
I.5.1 Description of the Situation 52
I.5.2 Some Basic Issues Exemplified 53
Box I.3 Climate Field Schools in Indonesia 54
I.5.3 Some More Examples 57
I.5.4 Some Special Elaborate Examples 59
Box I.4 Reversing Land Degradation from Wind Erosion 60
I.5.5 An Approach We Do Not Need and What We Actually Want 63
I.6 Boundary and Initial Conditions for Solving Problemswith Agrometeorological Components 64
I.6.1 General Conditions 64
I.6.2.a The Use of Intermediaries as Boundary Conditions 66
I.6.2.b Implications for Extension Agrometeorology 66
I.6.2.c Educational Consequences 67
Annex I.I Postgraduate Syllabi Applied Agrometeorology 67
Strategic Use of Climate Information 67
Coping with Extreme Meteorological Events 72
Tactical Decision Making Based on Weather Information 73
Developing Risk Management Strategies 75
Annex I.II Conceptual and Diagnostic Framework:Information Flow 77
Annex I.III Syllabi Agrometeorological ExtensionIntermediaries 78
References 79
Part IIOperational Applicationsof Agrometeorological Services 85
II.A Introduction to Part II (INSAM Examples) 86
References 104
II.B Introduction to Part II (CMA/CAU/APMPExamples) 106
Box II.1 127
References 128
II.C Agrometeorological Services 131
II.1 Protocol number 1 132
A. Country/Province where the example was found 132
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 132
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 132
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 132
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 132
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 132
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 133
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found. 133
I. Villages where the example can be found 133
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 133
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 134
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 134
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 134
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 135
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 136
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 136
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 136
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 137
II.2 Protocol number 2 138
A. Country/Province where the example was found 138
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 138
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 138
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 138
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 138
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 138
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 139
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 139
I. Villages where the example can be found 139
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 139
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 140
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 140
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 140
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 141
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 141
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Country (or Countries for that matter) 141
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 141
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 142
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 142
II.3 Protocol number 3 144
A. Country/Province where the example was found 144
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 144
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 144
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 144
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 144
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 144
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use. 144
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found. 144
I. Villages where the example can be found 145
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 145
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 146
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 146
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 146
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 146
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 147
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Country (or Countries for that matter) 147
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 147
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 147
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 147
II.4 Protocol number 4 148
A. Country/Province where the example was found 148
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 148
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mailaddresses). 148
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs. 148
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 148
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 148
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 149
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 149
I. Villages where the example can be found 149
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 149
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 150
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 150
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 150
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 151
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 151
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 151
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 151
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 152
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 152
II.5 Protocol number 5 153
A. Country/Province where the example was found 153
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 153
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 153
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 153
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 153
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 153
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 153
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 154
I. Villages where the example can be found 154
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 155
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 155
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned. 156
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 156
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 157
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 157
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 157
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 158
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 158
II.6 Protocol number 6 159
A. Country/province where example was found 159
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 159
C. Researchers that collected/described this example (with the e-mail addresses) 159
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which the example belongs: 159
E. Natural disasters (s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 159
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 159
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhom the agrometeorological service is provided for actual use 160
H. Region of the country (countries), where the example can be found 160
I. Villages where the examples can be found 160
J. Describe the good example of the operational agrometeorological services (maximumof one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological components of theproblems(s) concerned 160
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increases in income due to the services orinformation 161
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 161
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 161
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 161
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 161
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 162
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 162
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 162
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 162
II.7 Protocol number 7 163
A. Country/Province where the example was found 163
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 163
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 163
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 163
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 163
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 163
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 163
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 164
I. Villages where the example can be found 164
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 164
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 165
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 165
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 165
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 165
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 166
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Country (or Countries for that matter) 166
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 166
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 167
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 167
II.8 Protocol number 8 168
A. Country/Province where the example was found 168
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 168
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 168
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 168
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 168
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 168
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 168
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 169
I. Villages where the example can be found 169
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 169
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 169
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 170
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 170
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 170
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 170
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 170
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 170
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 170
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 171
II.9 Protocol number 9 172
A. Country/Province where the example was found 172
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 172
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 172
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 172
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 172
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 172
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 172
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 173
I. Villages where the example can be found 173
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 173
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 174
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 174
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 175
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 175
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 175
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 175
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 175
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 176
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 176
II.10 Protocol number 10 177
A. Country/province where example was found 177
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 177
C. Researchers that collected/described this example (with the e-mail addresses) 177
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which the example belongs: 177
E. Natural disasters (s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 177
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 177
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhom the agrometeorological service is provided for actual use 177
H. Region of the country (countries), where the example can be found 178
I. Villages where the examples can be found 178
J. Describe the good example of the operational agrometeorological services (maximumof one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological components of theproblems(s) concerned 178
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 179
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 179
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 179
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 179
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 179
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 179
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 180
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 180
II.11 Protocol number 11 181
A. Country/Province where the example was found 181
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 181
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 181
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 181
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 181
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 181
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 181
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 182
I. Villages where the example can be found 182
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 182
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 183
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 183
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 184
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 184
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 185
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 185
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 185
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 186
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 186
II.12 Protocol number 12 187
A. Country/Province where the example was found 187
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 187
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 187
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 187
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 187
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 187
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 188
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 188
I. Villages where the example can be found 188
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 188
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 189
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 189
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 189
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 189
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 190
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 190
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 190
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 190
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 190
II.13 Protocol number 13 192
A. Country/Province where the example was found 192
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 192
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 192
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 192
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 192
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 192
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 192
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 193
I. Villages where the example can be found 193
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 193
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 194
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 194
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 195
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 195
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 195
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 196
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 196
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 196
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 196
II.14 Protocol number 14 198
A. Country/Province where the example was found 198
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 198
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 198
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 198
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 198
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 198
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 199
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 199
I. Villages where the example can be found 199
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 199
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 200
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 200
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 201
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 201
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 201
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 202
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 202
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 202
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 202
II.15 Protocol number 15 204
A. Country/Province where the example was found 204
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 204
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 204
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 204
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 204
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 204
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 205
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 205
I. Villages where the example can be found 205
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 205
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 206
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 206
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 207
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 207
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 207
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 207
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 207
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 208
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 208
II.16 Protocol number 16 209
A. Country/Province where the example was found 209
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 209
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 209
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 209
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 209
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 209
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 209
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 210
I. Villages where the example can be found 210
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 210
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 210
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 210
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 211
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 211
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 211
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 211
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 211
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 211
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 211
II.17 Protocol number 17 213
A. Country/province where example was found 213
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 213
C. Researchers that collected/described this example (with the e-mail addresses) 213
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which the example belongs: 213
E. Natural disasters (s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 213
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 213
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhom the agrometeorological service is provided for actual use 213
H. Region of the country (countries), where the example can be found 214
I. Villages where the examples can be found 214
J. Describe the good example of the operational agrometeorological services (maximumof one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological components of theproblems(s) concerned 214
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increases in income due to the services orinformation 214
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 215
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 215
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 215
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 215
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 215
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 216
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 216
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 216
II.18 Protocol number 18 217
A. Country/Province where the example was found 217
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 217
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 217
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 217
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 217
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 217
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 217
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 218
I. Villages where the example can be found 218
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 218
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 218
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 218
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 218
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 218
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 218
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 219
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 219
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 219
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 219
II.19 Protocol number 19 220
A. Country/Province where the example was found 220
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 220
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 220
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 220
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 220
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 220
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 220
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 220
I. Villages where the example can be found 221
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 221
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 222
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 222
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 222
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 222
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 223
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 223
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 223
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 223
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 223
II.20 Protocol number 20 225
A. Country/Province where the example was found 225
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 225
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 225
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 225
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 225
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 225
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 225
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 225
I. Villages where the example can be found 225
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 226
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 226
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 226
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 227
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 227
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 227
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 227
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 227
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 227
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 227
II.C.1. Protocol number CI 229
A. Country/province where example was found 229
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 229
C. Researchers that collected/described this example (with the e-mail addresses) 229
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which the example belongs: 229
E. Natural disasters (s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 229
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 229
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhom the agrometeorological service is provided for actual use 230
H. Region of the country (countries), where the example can be found 230
I. Villages where the examples can be found 230
J. Describe the good example of the operational agrometeorological services (maximumof one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological components of theproblems(s) concerned 230
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increases in income due to the services orinformation 231
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 232
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 232
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 233
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 233
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 233
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 233
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 233
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 234
II.C.II Protocol number CII 235
A. Country/province where example was found 235
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 235
C. Researchers that collected/described this example (with the e-mail addresses) 235
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which the example belongs: 235
E. Natural disasters (s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 235
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 235
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhom the agrometeorological service is provided for actual use 235
H. Region of the country (countries), where the example can be found 236
I. Villages where the examples can be found 236
J. Describe the good example of the operational agrometeorological services (maximumof one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological components of theproblems(s) concerned 236
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increases in income due to the services orinformation 237
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 238
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 238
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 238
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 238
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 238
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 238
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 239
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 239
II.C.III Protocol number CIII 240
A. Country/Province where the example was found 240
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 240
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 240
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 240
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 240
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 240
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use. 240
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found. 240
I. Villages where the example can be found 241
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 241
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 242
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 243
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 243
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 244
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 244
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Country (or Countries for that matter) 244
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 245
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 245
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 246
II.C.IV Protocol number CIV 247
A. Country/Province where the example was found 247
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 247
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 247
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 247
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 247
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 247
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use. 247
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found. 247
I. Villages where the example can be found 248
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 248
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 249
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 250
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 251
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 251
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 251
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Country (or Countries for that matter) 251
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 251
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 252
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 253
II.C.V Protocol number CV 254
A. Country/province where example was found 254
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 254
C. Researchers that collected/described this example (with the e-mail addresses) 254
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which the example belongs: 254
E. Natural disasters (s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 254
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 254
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhom the agrometeorological service is provided for actual use 255
H. Region of the country (countries), where the example can be found 255
I. Villages where the examples can be found 255
J. Describe the good example of the operational agrometeorological services (maximumof one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological components of theproblems(s) concerned 255
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increases in income due to the services orinformation 256
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 258
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 258
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 258
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 259
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 259
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 259
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 260
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 260
II.C.VI Protocol number CVI 262
A. Country/province where example was found 262
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 262
C. Researchers that collected/described this example (with the e-mail addresses) 262
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which the example belongs: 262
E. Natural disasters (s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 262
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 262
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhom the agrometeorological service is provided for actual use 263
H. Region of the country (countries), where the example can be found 263
I. Villages where the examples can be found 263
J. Describe the good example of the operational agrometeorological services (maximumof one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological components of theproblems(s) concerned 263
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increases in income due to the services orinformation 264
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 265
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 265
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 265
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 266
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 266
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 266
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 266
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 267
II.C.VII Protocol number CVII 268
A. Country/province where example was found 268
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 268
C. Researchers that collected/described this example (with the e-mail addresses) 268
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which the example belongs: 268
E. Natural disasters (s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 268
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 268
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhom the agrometeorological service is provided for actual use 269
H. Region of the country (countries), where the example can be found 269
I. Villages where the examples can be found 269
J. Describe the good example of the operational agrometeorological services (maximumof one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological components of theproblems(s) concerned 269
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increases in income due to the services orinformation 270
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 271
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 272
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 272
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 272
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 272
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 272
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 273
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 273
II.C.VIII Protocol number CVIII 275
A. Country/province where example was found 275
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 275
C. Researchers that collected/described this example (with the e-mail addresses) 275
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which the example belongs: 275
E. Natural disasters (s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 275
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 275
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhom the agrometeorological service is provided for actual u 276
H. Region of the country (countries), where the example can be found 276
I. Villages where the examples can be found 276
J. Describe the good example of the operational agrometeorological services (maximumof one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological components of theproblems(s) concerned 276
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increases in income due to the services orinformation 277
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 278
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 278
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 278
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 278
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 278
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 279
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 279
II.C.IX Protocol number CIX 281
A. Country/Province where the example was found 281
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 281
C. Researcher(s) that collected/described this example (with their e-mail addresses) 281
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which this example belongs 281
E. Natural disaster(s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 281
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 281
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhich the agrometeorological information is provided for actual use 281
H. Regions of the county (or counties) where the example can be found 281
I. Villages where the example can be found 282
J. Description of the good example of operational agrometeorological services(maximum of one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological componentsof the problem(s) concerned 282
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increase in income due to the services orinformation 283
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of this good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 283
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 284
N. Improvements envisaged or wanted/proposed in the service or information bythe farmers, and the feasibility of such improvements 284
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 284
P. Related examples found elsewhere in the Province (or in the country for thatmatter) 284
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 284
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 285
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 285
II.C.X Protocol number CX 286
A. Country/province where example was found 286
B. Institute providing the example (with address) 286
C. Researchers that collected/described this example (with the e-mail addresses) 286
D. Field(s) of Agrometeorology to which the example belongs: 286
E. Natural disasters (s) and/or environmental problems to which the example isrelated 286
F. Way, in which the example was found, defined and collected 286
G. Farming system(s) in which the agrometeorological service is applied or towhom the agrometeorological service is provided for actual use 286
H. Region of the country (countries), where the example can be found 287
I. Villages where the examples can be found 287
J. Describe the good example of the operational agrometeorological services (maximumof one page A-4), with emphasis on agrometeorological components of theproblems(s) concerned 287
K. Success and advantages of the example as judged by farmers concerned, wherepossible also expressed as estimated increases in income due to the services orinformation 288
L. Difficulties encountered in introduction and use of good example of agrometeorologicalservices or information 289
M. Difficulties of the service or information as seen by the farmers concerned 289
O. Chances of expanding the application of the improved example 290
Q. Do any research results exist on this service/information or on the agrometeorologyfrom which it was derived? 290
R. Could research assist in improvement of the service/information and how? 290
S. Any other comments from the collectors of this example that can help in understandingthe many aspects of such services/provision of information 290
II.D Communication Approaches in AppliedAgrometeorology 292
II.D.1 Introduction 292
II.D.2 What Is Communication? 292
II.D.3 Communication Targets, Messages and Meta-Messages 293
II.D.3.a Different Categories of Audiences 293
II.D.3.b Differences Between Audiences 295
II.D.4 Communication and Agrometeorology 296
II.D.4.a Sectors Affected by Weather 296
II.D.4.b Different Perceptions of Weather 298
II.D.5 “Client Centred” Communication 299
II.D.6 Contents of Agrometeorological Messages 300
II.D.7 Role of Data, Information and Knowledge in CustomizingCommunication Products 302
II.D.8 Facilitating Effective Communication ThroughIndigenous Knowledge 303
II.D.9 The Role of Technology 305
II.D.9.a Case Studies 305
II.D.9.b Farm Adaptive Dynamic Optimisation (FADO) 308
II.D.10 Capacity Building for Effective Communication 310
II.D.11 Monitoring and Evaluation of CommunicationApproaches 310
II.D.12 Conclusions 311
References 313
Part IIIFields of Application in Agrometeorology 316
III.1 Introduction to Part III 317
References 328
III.2 Applied Agrometeorologyof Monocropping in the Open 330
III.2.1 Strategic Use of ClimateInformation 330
III.2.1.(a) Combating Disasters: Monocropping 331
Box III.2.1 332
References 332
III.2.1.(b) Selection Processes of (Changes in)Land Use and Cropping Patterns:Monocropping 335
Box III.2.2 (Contributed by Nguyen Van Viet) 335
References 339
III.2.1.(c) The Selection of Actual PreparednessStrategies for Dealing with Climate as Adoptedin Monocropping 340
Box III.2.3 341
Box III.2.4 342
Box III.2.5 342
References 344
III.2.1.(d) More Efficient Use of AgriculturalInputs as Part of Adoption of PreparednessStrategies: Monocropping 345
Box III.2.6 346
References 348
III.2.1.(e) Selection of (Changes in) LivestockManagement Patterns: Monocropping 350
Box III.2.7 351
References 351
III.2.1.(f) The Development of MicroclimateModification Patterns: Monocropping 353
Box III.2.8 353
References 355
III.2.1.(g) Designs of (Changes in) ProtectionMeasures Against Extreme Climate:Monocropping 357
Box III.2.9 358
References 359
III.2.2 Coping with Climate Variabilityand Climate Change 361
III.2.2.(i) Improving the Issuing, Absorptionand Use of Climate Forecast Informationin Agricultural Production: Monocropping 362
Box III.2.10 (Contributed by Kees Stigter) 362
Box III.2.11 (Contributed by Kees Stigter) 364
References 365
III.2.2.(ii) The Sustainable Developmentand use of Agro-Ecosystems: Monocropping 368
Box III.2.12 368
References 372
III.2.2.(iii) Detection and Awarenessof Increasing Climate Variability and theElevating Climate Risk: Monocropping 376
Box III.2.14 377
References 378
III.2.2.(iv) (Changes in) Adaptation Strategiesto Climate Changes: Monocropping 380
Box III.2.15 381
References 382
III.2.3 Coping with ExtremeMeteorological Events 384
III.2.3.(A) Problems and Solutions in Copingwith Extreme Meteorological Events inAgricultural Production, and ChallengesRemaining for the Use of Science to Contributeto Problem Analyses and Designing ValuableSolutions in this Context: Monocropping 385
Box III.2.16 387
References 388
III.2.3.(B) Designing and Selecting EfficientEarly Warning Strategies and Increasing TheirEfficiencies in Monocropping 391
Box III.2.17 391
References 395
III.2.4 Tactical Decision Making Basedon Weather Information 396
III.2.4.(I) Problems and Solutions in Usingof and Coping withWeather Phenomena in Needof Tactical Decision Making and Challen 397
Box III.2.18 399
References 400
III.2.4.(II) Designing and Selecting WeatherRelated Tactical Applications for AgriculturalManagement and Increasing Their Efficiencies:Monocropping 402
Box III.2.19 403
References 405
III.2.5 Developing Risk ManagementStrategies 407
III.2.5.(a) Defining, Managing and Copingwith Weather and Climate Related Risksin Agriculture: Monocropping 408
Box III.2.20 409
References 410
III.2.5.(ß) Developing Scales and ToolsforWeather and Climate Related RiskQuantifications: Monocropping 412
Box III.2.21 413
References 416
III.2.5.(.) Improving Weather and ClimateRelated Risk Assessments in AgriculturalProduction: Monocropping 418
Box III.2.22 (Contributed by Roger E. Rivero Vega) 419
References 421
III.2.5.(d) Designing and CommunicatingImprovements in Farm Applications of RiskInformation Products: Monocropping 423
Box III.2.23 424
References 425
III.2.5.(e) Improving Coping Strategieswith Weather and Climate Risks in AgriculturalProduction, Including the Improved Useof Insurance Approaches: Monocropping 426
Box III.2.24 426
References 428
III.3 Applied Agrometeorologyof Multiple Cropping 429
III.3.1 Strategic Use of ClimateInformation 429
III.3.1.(a) Combating Disasters: MultipleCropping 430
Box III.3.1 431
References 431
III.3.1.(b) Selection Processes of (Changes in)Land Use and Cropping Patterns: MultipleCropping 433
Box III.3.2 (Contributed by Kees Stigter) 434
References 437
III.3.1.(c) The Selection of Actual PreparednessStrategies for Dealing with Climate as Adoptedin Multiple Cropping 439
Box III.3.3 441
References 443
III.3.1.(d) More Efficient Use of AgriculturalInputs as Part of Adoption of PreparednessStrategies: Multiple Cropping 445
Box III.3.4 446
References 449
III.3.1.(e) Selection of (Changes in) LivestockManagement Patterns: Multiple Cropping 451
Box III.3.5 452
References 452
III.3.1.(f) The Development of MicroclimateModification Patterns: Multiple Cropping 454
Box III.3.6 454
References 455
III.3.1.(g) Designs of (Changes in) ProtectionMeasures Against Extreme Climate: MultipleCropping 457
References 458
III.3.2 Coping with Climate Variabilityand Climate Change 460
III.3.2.(i) Improving the Issuing, Absorptionand Use of Climate Forecast Informationin Agricultural Production: Multiple Cropping 461
References 464
III.3.2.(ii) The Sustainable Development and Useof Agro-Ecosystems: Multiple Cropping 467
Box III.3.8 467
References 471
III.3.2.(iii) Detection of and Awareness onIncreasing Climate Variability and the ElevatingClimate Risk: Multiple Cropping 473
Box III.3.9 474
References 475
III.3.2.(iv) (Changes in) Adaptation Strategiesto Climate Changes: Multiple Cropping 476
Box III.3.10 477
References 478
III.3.3 Coping with ExtremeMeteorological Events 479
III.3.3.(A) Problems and Solutions in Copingwith Extreme Meteorological Events inAgricultural Production, and ChallengesRemaining for the Use of Science to Contributeto Problem Analyses and Designing ValuableSolutions in This Context: Multiple Cropping 480
Box III.3.11 482
References 483
III.3.3.(B) Designing and Selecting EarlyWarning Strategies and Increasing TheirEfficiencies: Multiple Cropping 487
Box III.3.12 489
Box III.3.13 490
Box III.3.14 490
References 491
III.3.4 Tactical Decision Making Basedon Weather Information 493
III.3.4.(I) Problems and Solutions in Usingof and Coping withWeather Phenomena in Needof Tactical Decision Making and ChallengesRemaining for the Use of Science to Contributeto Problem Analyses and Designing ViableSolutions in This Context: Multiple Cropping 494
Box III.3.15 497
References 498
III.3.4.(II) Designing and Selecting WeatherRelated Tactical Applications for AgriculturalManagement and Increasing Their Efficiencies:Multiple Cropping 499
Box III.3.16 (Contributed by Kees Stigter) 499
Box III.3.17 (Contributed by Kees Stigter) 500
References 503
III.3.5 Developing Risk ManagementStrategies 506
III.3.5.(a) Defining, Managing and Copingwith Weather and Climate Related Risksin Agriculture: Multiple Cropping 507
Box III.3.18 509
References 509
III.3.5.(ß) Developing Scales and ToolsforWeather and Climate Related RiskQuantifications: Multiple Cropping 511
Box III.3.19 (Contributed by Kulasekaran Ramesh) 512
Box III.3.20 (Contributed by Sue Walker) 512
References 515
III.3.5.(.) Improving Weather and ClimateRelated Risk Assessments in AgriculturalProduction: Multiple Cropping 517
Box III.3.21 517
Box III.3.22 518
References 521
III.3.5.(d) Designing and CommunicatingImprovements in Farm Applications of RiskInformation Products: Multiple Cropping 524
Box III.3.23 525
References 526
III.3.5.(e) Improving Coping Strategies withWeather and Climate Risks in AgriculturalProduction, Including the Improved Use ofInsurance Approaches: Multiple Cropping 528
Box III.3.24 529
Box III.3.25 530
References 530
III.4 Applied Forest (Agro)Meteorology 532
III.4.1 Strategic Use of ClimateInformation 532
III.4.1.(a) Combating Disasters in Forestryand Its Protection Functions 533
Box III.4.1 533
References 535
III.4.1.(b) Selection Processes of (Changes in)Land Use and Afforestation Patterns 536
Box III.4.2 (Contributed by Kees Stigter) 537
References 539
III.4.1.(c) The Selection of Actual PreparednessStrategies for Dealing with Climate as Adoptedin Forestry 541
Box III.4.3 541
Box III.4.4 543
References 545
III.4.1.(d) More Efficient Use of Forestryand Management Inputs 547
Box III.4.5 (Contributed by Kees Stigter) 548
References 550
III.4.1.(e) Selection of (Changes in) LivestockManagement Patterns Related to Forests 552
Box III.4.6 553
References 554
III.4.1.(f) Development of MicroclimateModification Patterns in Forestry 555
Box III.4.7 (Contributed by Kulasekaran Ramesh and Kees Stigter) 556
References 557
III.4.1.(g) Designs of (Changes in) ProtectionMeasures Against Extreme Climate in Forestry 558
Box III.4.8 558
References 559
III.4.2 Coping with Climate Variabilityand Climate Change 561
III.4.2.(i) Improving the Issuing, Absorption andUse of Climate Forecast Information in Forestry 562
Box III.4.9 563
Box III.4.10 564
References 566
III.4.2.(ii) Sustainable Development and Use ofForest Ecosystems 568
Box III.4.11 571
References 572
III.4.2.(iii) Detection of and Awarenesson Increasing Climate Variability and theElevated Risk to Forestry 573
Box III.4.12 573
References 575
III.4.2.(iv) (Changes in) Adaptation Strategiesto Climate Change in Forestry 577
Box III.4.13 577
References 579
III.4.3 Coping with ExtremeMeteorological Events 580
III.4.3.(A) Problems and Solutions in Copingwith Extreme Meteorological Events in Forestry,and Challenges Remaining for the Use of Scienceto Contribute to Problem Analyses andDesigning Valuable Solutions in the Contextof Forest (Agro) Meteorology 581
Box III.4.15 581
References 584
III.4.3.(B) Designing and Selecting EfficientEarly Warning Strategies and Increasing TheirEfficiencies in Forestry 586
Box III.4.16 586
References 590
III.4.4 Tactical Decision Making Basedon Weather Information 592
III.4.4.(I) Problems and Solutions in Usingof and Coping withWeather Phenomena in Needof Tactical Decision Making and ChallengesRemaining for the Use of Science to Contributeto Problem Analyses and Designing ViableSolutions in This Context: Forest(Agro)Meteorology 593
Box III.4.17 594
Box III.4.18 596
References 598
III.4.4.(II) Designing and Selecting WeatherRelated Tactical Applications for ForestManagement and Increasing Their Efficiencies 599
Box III.4.19 600
Box III.4.20 601
References 603
III.4.5 Developing Risk ManagementStrategies 605
III.4.5.(a) Defining, Managing and Copingwith Weather and Climate Related Risksin Forestry 606
Box III.4.21 607
References 608
III.4.5.(ß) Developing Scales and ToolsforWeather and Climate Related RiskQuantifications in Forestry 612
References 616
III.4.5.(.) Improving Weather and ClimateRelated Risk Assessments in Forestry 619
Box III.4.22 619
References 622
III.4.5.(d) Designing and CommunicatingImprovements in Forestry Applications of RiskInformation Products 624
Box III.4.23 624
References 627
III.4.5.(e) Improving Coping Strategieswith Weather and Climate Related Risksin Forestry Including the Improved Useof Insurance Approaches 628
Box III.4.24 628
References 630
III.5 Applied Agrometeorologyof Non-forest Trees 631
III.5.1 Strategic Use of ClimateInformation 631
III.5.1.(a) Combating Disasters by UsingAgroforestry 632
Box III.5.1 632
References 634
III.5.1.(b) Selection Processes of (Changes in)Cropping Patterns Using Non-forest Trees 635
Box III.5.2 639
Box III.5.3 642
References 643
III.5.1.(c) Selection of Actual PreparednessStrategies for Dealing with Climate, as Adoptedin Using Non-forest Trees 645
Box III.5.4 (Contributed by Luigi Mariani and Osvaldo Failla) 646
References 649
III.5.1.(d) More Efficient Use of Inputsin Cropping Systems Using Trees 652
Box III.5.5 652
Box III.5.6 654
Box III.5.7 655
References 656
III.5.1.(e) Selection of (Changes in) ManagementPatterns in Agroforestry 658
References 660
III.5.1.(f) Development of MicroclimateModification Patterns in Agroforestry 661
References 665
III.5.1.(g) Designs of (Changes in) ProtectionMeasures Against Extreme Climatein Agroforestry 664
References 665
III.5.2 Coping with Climate Variabilityand Climate Change 667
III.5.2.(i) Improving the Issuing, Absorptionand Use of Climate Forecast InformationIn Agroforestrty 668
Box III.5.8 (Contributed by Kees Stigter) 669
References 671
III.5.2.(ii) Sustainable Development and Useof Ecosystems with Non-forest Trees 673
Box III.5.9 673
Box III.5.10 674
References 676
III.5.2.(iii) Detection and Awarenessof Increasing Climate Variability and theElevating Climate Risk in Farming Systems withNon-Forest Trees 678
Box III.5.11 679
References 680
III.5.2.(iv) (Changes in) Adaptation Strategiesto Climate Changes with Farming Systems UsingNon-Forest Trees 681
Box III.5.12 682
References 683
III.5.3 Coping with ExtremeMeteorological Events 684
III.5.3.(A) Problems and Solutions in Copingwith Extreme Meteorological Events inAgricultural Production, and ChallengesRemaining for the Use of Science to Contributeto Problem Analyses and Designing ValuableSolutions in This Context: Non-forest Trees 685
Box III.5.13 (Contributed by E. Ofori and N. Kyei-Baffour) 687
References 689
III.5.3.(B) Designing and Selecting EfficientEarly Warning Strategies and Increasing TheirEfficiencies for Agroforestry Farming Systems 691
Box III.5.14 691
Box III.5.15 692
References 695
III.5.4 Tactical Decision Making Based onWeather Information 698
III.5.4.(I) Problems and Solutions in Using ofand Coping withWeather Phenomena in Need ofTactical Decision Making and ChallengesRemaining for the Use of Science to Contributeto Problem Analyses and Designing ViableSolutions in This Context: Non-forest Trees 699
Box III.5.16 700
Box III.5.17 (Contributed by Kees Stigter) 702
References 704
III.5.4.(II) Designing and Selecting WeatherRelated Tactical Applications for Managementof Agroforestry and Increasing Their Efficiencies 705
Box III.5.18 706
Box III.5.19 708
References 708
III.5.5 Developing Risk ManagementStrategies 711
III.5.5.(a) Defining, Managing and Copingwith Weather and Climate Related Risksin Agroforestry 712
Box III.5.20 713
References 713
III.5.5.(ß) Developing Scales and ToolsforWeather and Climate Related RiskQuantifications in Agroforestry 715
Box III.5.21 (Contributed by Kees Stigter) 716
References 719
III.5.5.(.) Improving Weather and ClimateRelated Risk Assessments for Non-Forest Trees 720
Box III.5.22 (Contributed by C.J. Stigter) 722
References 724
III.5.5.(d) Designing and CommunicatingImprovements in Farm Applications of RiskInformation Products in Agroforestry 726
Box III.5.23 727
References 728
III.5.5.(e) Improving Coping Strategieswith Weather and Climate Related Risksin Agroforestry Including the Improved Useof Insurance Approaches 729
Box III.5.24 730
References 731
III.6 Applied Agrometeorology of OtherForms of Agricultural Production 732
III.6.A Animal Husbandry 732
III.6.A.(i) Problems and Solutions in Copingwith Extreme Meteorological Eventsin Agricultural Production, and ChallengesRemaining for the Use of Science to Contributeto Problem Analyses and Designing ValuableSolutions in This Context: Animal Husbandry 733
Box III.6.1 733
Box III.6.2 736
References 737
III.6.A.(ii) Selection of Actual PreparednessStrategies for Dealing with Climate, as Adoptedin Animal Husbandry 739
Box III.6.3 739
Box III.6.4 740
References 742
III.6.A.(iii) Designing and Selecting EfficientEarly Warning Strategies and IncreasingTheir Efficiencies for Animal Husbandry 744
Box III.6.5 746
Box III.6.6 746
References 748
III.6.A.(iv) More Efficient Use of Inputsin Animal Husbandry 750
Box III.6.7 750
Box III.6.8 751
References 754
III.6.A.(v) Combined with 6.A.(vi) SelectionProcesses of (Changes in) Animal Husbandryand Combating Disasters in Animal Husbandry 756
Box III.6.7 756
Box III.6.8 760
References 760
III.6.A.(vii) Development of MicroclimateModification Patterns in Animal Husbandry 762
Box III.6.9 762
References 764
III.6.A.(viii) Improving the Issuing, Absorptionand Use of Climate Forecast Informationin Animal Husbandry 765
Box III.6.10 766
References 768
III.6.B Cropping Under Cover 771
III.6.B.(i) Problems and Solutions in Copingwith Extreme Meteorological Eventsin Agricultural Production, and ChallengesRemaining for the Use of Science to Contributeto Problem Analyses and Designing ValuableSolutions in This Context: Cropping UnderCover 772
Box III.6.11 772
Box III.6.12 773
References 776
III.6.B.(ii) Combating Disasters in CoveredCropping Systems 777
Box III.6.13 (Contributed by Zheng Dawei) 777
References 780
III.6.B.(iii) Covering Crops to Improve Growth:Some Essential Experience 781
Box III.6.14 781
References 784
III.6.B.(iv) Selection Processes of (Changes in)Covered Cropping Patterns 785
Box III.6.15 (Contributed by Kees Stigter) 786
References 790
III.6.C Other Aspects: Fisheries andAquaculture, Urban Agriculture,Precision Farming 791
III.6.C.(i) Problems and Solutions in Copingwith Extreme Meteorological Events in Fisheriesand Aquacultute, and Challenges Remainingfor the Use of Science to Contribute to ProblemAnalyses and Designing Valuable Solutionsin This Context of Fisheries and Aquaculture 792
Box III.6.16 792
Box III.6.17 793
Box III.6.18 794
References 796
III.6.C.(ii) Agrometeorology and UrbanAgriculture 797
Box III.6.19 797
Box III.6.20 798
Box III.6.21 800
References 801
III.6.C.(iii) “Paleez Khoursheed”:Agrometeorology for Precision Farming in Iran 802
References 807
Part IV Methods as Tools and ApproachesSuccessfully Used in Applications Leadingto Agrometeorological Services 808
IV.1 Introduction to Part IV 809
References 819
IV.2 Ethics and Policies 820
Box IV.1 821
Box IV.2 823
References 825
IV.3 A Basic View on Models of Nature and theConcept of “Sustainability” 828
Box IV.3 828
References 835
IV.4 Expert Systems 836
Box IV.4 (Contributed by Kees Stigter) 836
References 841
IV.5 Education, Training and Extension 843
Box IV.5 843
Box IV.6 844
References 848
IV.6 Meteorological Data to Support FarmingNeeds 850
Box IV.7 854
References 855
IV.7 Agricultural Physics 857
Box IV.8 (Contributed by Kees Stigter) 857
References 864
IV.8 Agricultural Chemistryin Agrometeorology: Relationswith Groundwater Contamination 866
Box IV.9 868
Box IV.10 869
References 871
IV.9 Field Quantification 875
Box IV.11 (Contributed by Tomáš Orfánus) 875
Box IV.12 (Contributed by Raymond P. Motha) 878
References 881
IV.10 Statistics and Agrometeorology:Introductory Issues and Cases 885
References 892
IV.11 Agrometeorological Statistics: MoreIntroductory Issues and Cases 894
References 903
IV.12 Climate Prediction andWeatherForecasting 904
Box IV.13 905
References 909
IV.13 Examples of Agrometeorological DecisionSupport Developed and Used in South America 910
References 919
IV.14 Global Potentials for Greenhouse GasMitigation in Agriculture 921
Box IV.14 (Contributed by R. Lal) 922
References 925
IV.15 Strategies and Economies for GreenhouseGas Mitigation in Agriculture 926
Box IV.15 927
References 930
IV.16 Supporting Evidence for Greenhouse GasMitigation in Agriculture 932
Box IV.16 (Contributed by L. Verchot) 932
Box IV.17 (Contributed by G.E. Schuman and J.D. Derner) 933
Box IV.18 (Contributed by P.L. De Freitas and J.N. Landers) 935
Box IV.19 (Contributed by P. Gerber and H. Steinfeld) 936
References 938
IV.17 Modeling and Simulation 940
Box IV.20 940
Box IV.21 941
Box IV.22 943
References 945
IV.18 Monitoring and Early Warning 947
References 953
IV.19 Remote Sensing 955
Box IV.23 961
References 963
IV.20 Geoinformatics for Evaluating ErosiveRainfall Hazards in Uplands Crops:Preliminary Decision Making 967
Box IV.24 967
References 972
Index 974
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 29.6.2010 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XXXVIII, 1100 p. 100 illus., 45 illus. in color. |
| Verlagsort | Berlin |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften | |
| Technik | |
| Schlagworte | Forest • forestry • meteorology • Production • Simulation |
| ISBN-10 | 3-540-74698-6 / 3540746986 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-540-74698-0 / 9783540746980 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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