Nanodiamonds (eBook)

Applications in Biology and Nanoscale Medicine

Dean Ho (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 2010
XV, 286 Seiten
Springer US (Verlag)
978-1-4419-0531-4 (ISBN)

Infos

Nanodiamonds: Applications in Biology and Nanoscale Medicine highlights the translation of nanodiamonds toward clinical relevance and medical applications.

Integrating a spectrum of internationally-recognized experts currently developing these technologies, this book fits as a cornerstone of this exciting field. These include contributions from clinician scientists working at the interface of medicine and nanotechnologies which discuss the critical and requisite properties of nanomaterials, in a concise and cohesive manner.

Nanodiamonds: Applications in Biology and Nanoscale Medicine provides a multidisciplinary overview of nanodiamonds and there uses for scientific, engineering and clinical audiences alike.

Inhalt

Preface 6
Prof. Dean Ho Biography 7
Contents 8
Contributors 10
Chapter 1 13
Single-Nano Buckydiamond Particles 13
1.1 .Introduction 13
1.2 .Formation and Isolation 16
1.2.1 .Detonation and Agglutination 16
1.2.2 .Isolation of Primary Particles 18
1.2.2.1 .Operation of Beads-Milling 21
.Operation Under the Optimum Condition 21
1.2.2.2 .Other Methods of Disintegrating Agglutinates 23
1.2.2.3 .Miniature Beads-Mill for Laboratory Testing 24
1.3 .Characteristics 25
1.3.1 .Spontaneous Polarization 25
1.3.2 .Hydration 26
1.3.3 .Mechanism of Ligand Exchange 28
1.3.4 .Core-Shell Structure 30
1.3.5 .Black Color 32
1.4 .Applications 32
1.4.1 .Three Major Uses Under Developments 32
1.4.1.1 .Inactivated Drug Carrier/Slow-Releaser 33
1.4.1.2 .CVD Seeding 33
.Experimental Procedure Involving Si-Wafer as the Substrate of Seeding 34
1.4.1.3 .Nanospacer Colloid Lubrication 36
1.4.2 .Other Favorable Assets of SNBD as Industrial Material 38
1.5 .Perspectives and Conclusions 42
1.5.1 .Cost Perspectives 42
1.5.2 .Conclusions 43
References 43
Chapter 2 46
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Nanodiamond Graphitization 46
2.1 .Introduction 46
2.2 .Computational Method 48
2.3 .Nanodiamond Structures 49
2.4 .Results 50
2.4.1 .Graphitization Mechanism 50
2.4.2 .Factors Affecting Graphitization 55
2.4.2.1 .Annealing Temperature 55
2.4.2.2 .Nanodiamond Shape 56
2.4.2.3 .Nanodiamond Size 58
2.4.2.4 .Hydrogen Termination 59
2.4.3 .Onion-Like Carbons 59
2.4.4 .Vibrational Spectra 62
2.5 .Summary and Outlook 63
References 64
Chapter 3 66
The Fundamental Properties and Characteristics of Nanodiamonds 66
3.1 .Introduction 66
3.2 .Detonation Nanodiamond Technology 67
3.2.1 .Technology of Synthesis 67
3.2.2 .Isolation of Diamond from Detonation Carbon 69
3.2.2.1 .Removal of Impurities and of the sp.2. Phase 69
3.2.2.2 .Deaggregation of Detonation Nanodiamond Particles 73
3.3 .Structure of the Detonation Soot and DND Particles 74
3.4 .Methods for Characterization and Modification of Detonation Nanodiamonds 77
3.4.1 .Electron Spin Resonance and Magnetic Studies 78
3.4.2 .Characterization of DND Surface by Infrared Absorption 79
3.4.3 .Functionalization of DND Surface 83
3.5 .Conclusion 85
References 85
Chapter 4 89
Detonation Nanodiamond Particles Processing, Modification and Bioapplications 89
4.1 .Introduction: Types of Nanodiamonds 89
4.2 .Detonation Nanodiamond Synthesis, Processing, and Modification 91
4.2.1 .Synthesis 92
4.2.2 .DND Postsynthesis Processing 93
4.2.3 .Detonation Nanodiamond Modification 95
4.2.3.1 .Deep Purification 96
4.2.3.2 .Fractionation 96
4.2.3.3 .Deagglomeration 99
4.2.3.4 .DND Surface Functionalization 100
4.2.3.5 .DND Zeta Potential 102
4.2.4 .“Modern” Detonation Nanodiamond 104
4.3 .Selected Biomedical Applications 106
4.3.1 .DND Optical Labels 107
4.3.1.1 .DND Photoluminescence 107
4.3.1.2 .Fluorescently Labeled DND 108
4.3.2 .DND Biofunctional Applications 110
4.3.2.1 .DND Electromanipulation 110
4.3.2.2 .DND Solid Phase Supports 112
4.3.2.3 .DMSO Solvent for DND 115
4.3.2.4 .Thermophoresis of DND 117
4.3.3 .DND Medical Applications 118
4.3.3.1 .DND Enterosorbents 118
4.3.3.2 .DND in Ballistic Delivery 118
4.3.3.3 .DND for Seeding of CVD Diamond Films 119
4.3.3.4 .DND in Health Care Products 120
4.4 .Future of DND Biomedical Applications 121
References 122
Chapter 5 127
Functionalization of Nanodiamond for Specific Biorecognition 127
5.1 .Introduction 127
5.2 .Production of Nanoscale Diamond 127
5.3 .The Structure of Detonation Nanodiamond 128
5.4 .Applications of Nanodiamond 129
5.5 .Functionalization of Nanodiamond with Aminophenylboronic Acid 129
5.5.1 .Suzuki Coupling Reaction 132
5.6 .Conclusion 134
References 135
Chapter 6 136
Development and Use of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds as Cellular Markers* 136
6.1 .Introduction 136
6.2 .Materials and Methods 139
6.2.1 .Nanodiamond Samples 139
6.2.1.1 .Synthetic Nanodiamonds 139
6.2.1.2 .Natural Nanodiamonds 140
6.2.2 .Production of FNDs 140
6.2.2.1 .High Energy Ion Irradiation 140
6.2.2.2 .Medium Energy Ion Irradiation 140
6.2.3 .Spectroscopic Characterization of FNDs 141
6.2.3.1 .Ensemble Measurements 141
6.2.3.2 .Single Particle Measurements 142
6.2.4 .Biological Use of FNDs 144
6.2.4.1 .Cell Culture 144
6.2.4.2 .Flow Cytometry 144
6.2.4.3 .Fluorescence Microscopy 144
6.3 .Results and Discussion 145
6.3.1 .Mass-produced FNDs 145
6.3.2 .Multicolored FNDs 146
6.3.2.1 .Red FNDs 146
6.3.2.2 .Green FNDs 147
6.3.3 .Single FNDs 148
6.3.3.1 .Fluorescence Spectra 148
6.3.3.2 .Photostability and Fluorescence Brightness 149
6.3.3.3 .Fluorescence Lifetimes 152
6.3.4 .Applications of FNDs as Cellular Markers 152
6.3.4.1 .Cellular Uptake 152
6.3.4.2 .Single Particle Imaging and Tracking 154
6.4 .Conclusion and Future Work 156
References 157
Chapter 7 160
Nanodiamond-Mediated Delivery of Therapeutics via Particle and Thin Film Architectures 160
7.1 .Introduction 161
7.2 .ND Preparation, Characterization, and Dispersion 164
7.3 .ND Thin Film Fabrication via LBL Assembly 165
7.4 .ND-Mediated Loading and Release of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride (Dox) 167
7.5 .Therapeutic Drug Functionalization of NDs 170
7.6 .Therapeutic Release from ND Thin Films 170
7.7 .Visualization of ND–Cell Interaction 171
7.8 .Examination of Innate Biocompatibility of ND Delivery Systems 173
7.9 .Cytotoxicity Analysis of ND–Cell Interfacing 177
7.10 .Dox–ND-Induced Cellular Apoptosis 178
7.11 .DNA Assay for Dox–ND Composite Driven Cell Death 179
7.12 .MTT Assay of Dox–ND Activity in HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cell Line 180
7.13 .Conclusion 180
References 181
Chapter 8 184
Polymeric Encapsulation of Nanodiamond–Chemotherapeutic Complexes for Localized Cancer Treatment 184
8.1 .Introduction 185
8.2 .Materials and Methods 186
8.2.1 .ND Suspension and Functionalization with DOX 186
8.2.2 .Materials and Device Fabrication 186
8.2.3 .Atomic Force Microscopy Characterization 187
8.2.4 .Spectroscopic Analysis 187
8.2.5 .Contact Angle Measurements 187
8.2.6 .DNA Fragmentation Assay 187
8.3 .Results and Discussion 188
8.3.1 .Slow-release Analysis 191
8.3.2 .Biological Performance Assay 193
8.4 .Conclusions 195
References 196
Chapter 9 198
Protein–Nanodiamond Complexes for Cellular Surgery 198
9.1 .Introduction 198
9.2 .Nanodiamond’s Cytotoxicity 201
9.2.1 .The Cytotoxicity Test 201
9.3 .Using Nanodiamond as a Probe for BioDetections 204
9.4 .The Spectroscopic Properties of the Surface Functionalized Nanodiamond 204
9.4.1 .Infrared Spectroscopy of the Surface Functionalized Nanodiamond 204
9.4.2 .Raman Spectroscopy of Nanodiamond 211
9.4.3 .Fluorescence of Surface Functionalized Nanodiamond 213
9.4.4 .Confocal Fluorescence Imagining Using of Nanodiamond in Cell 217
9.4.4.1 .Confocal Fluorescence Microscopic Investigation 217
9.5 .Bio Molecules Conjugation to Nanodiamond 219
9.5.1 .Physical Adsorption 219
9.5.2 .Covalent Bonding 220
9.6 .The Interaction of ND–Protein Complex with Biological Cells 221
9.6.1 .Protein Lysozyme Interaction with Bacteria .E. coli 221
9.6.2 .Observing the Growth Hormone Receptors (GHR) Interacting with Growth Hormone (GH) through ND Labeling 223
9.7 .Nano Surgery Using Nanodiamond–Protein 227
9.8 .Conclusion 230
References 231
Chapter 10 234
Microfluidic Platforms for Nanoparticle Delivery and Nanomanufacturing in Biology and Medicine 234
10.1 .Introduction 235
10.2 .Tools for High Resolution Functional Nanoparticle Delivery 236
10.2.1 .Nanopatterning on Solid Substrates 236
10.2.1.1 .Directed Self-assembly 236
10.2.1.2 .Direct-write Nanopatterning 237
10.2.2 .In vitro Nanoparticle Injection 237
10.3 .Case Study: Nanofountain Probes for Functional Nanoparticle Delivery 238
10.3.1 .Direct-write Patterning of Functionalized Nanodiamonds 238
10.3.2 .Direct In vitro Injection 239
10.4 .Discussion and Concluding Remarks 240
References 241
Chapter 11 244
Biomechanics of Single Cells and Cell Populations 244
11.1 .Approaches in Single Cell Biomechanics 245
11.2 .Molecular Linkage to Cell Biomechanical Properties 246
11.3 .Biomechanics for Numerous Cells in a Population- An Emerging Need? 248
11.4 .Optical Profilometry for Higher Throughput Single Cell Biomechanical Profiling 250
References 254
Chapter 12 257
Design of Nanodiamond Based Drug Delivery Patch for Cancer Therapeutics and Imaging Applications 257
12.1 .Introduction 257
12.2 .The Drug Delivery Patch 260
12.2.1 .Number Effect in Nanoparticles 261
12.2.1.1 .What is the Number Effect? 261
12.2.1.2 .Nanospacers Lubrication 263
12.2.1.3 .Remarks on the Number Effect 265
12.3 .Materials and Manufacturing 266
12.3.1 .High Frequency Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) for ND Particles and Film Synthesis and Processing 266
12.4 .Device Design Roadmap 269
12.5 .Structure and Surface Electrostatics of Nanodiamonds 270
12.5.1 .Uncertainty Quantification of ND charge 270
12.5.2 .Multiscale Analysis of ND charge 272
12.5.2.1 .Charge and Potential on (100) Surface 274
12.5.2.2 .Charge and Potential on (111) Surface 276
12.6 .ND–Drug Interactions 277
12.6.1 .Functionalization of Nanodiamonds 277
12.6.2 .Conjugation With Single-Stranded DNA Through .p.-Stacking 277
12.6.3 .Electrostatic Interactions Between Doxorubicin and Functionalized Nanodiamond 278
12.6.4 .Fundamental Theory of Electrostatic Interactions Between Charged Particles 278
12.6.5 .pH-Dependent Adsorption–Desorption 279
12.7 .ND-Drug Diffusion Through Porous Parylene 280
12.7.1 .Fundamental Theory 280
12.7.2 .Diffusion Through Porous Parylene and Continuum Model 281
12.8 .Diagnostic Nanodiamonds 284
12.8.1 .Imaging Applications as BioMarkers 284
12.8.2 .Imaging Functionality of Nanodiamond 284
12.9 .Summary and Conclusions 287
References 288

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 25.11.2009
• Zusatzinfo: XV, 286 p.
• Verlagsort: New York
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Pflege
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Physiotherapie / Ergotherapie ► Orthopädie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Medizintechnik
• Schlagworte: Biomechanics • Cells • Design • diamond nanoprobes • Drug Delivery • localized therapeutics • nanodiamond hydrogels • nanodiamonds as biomarkers • nanodiamonds for detoxification • nanofilm platforms • Nanomaterial • nanomaterials • nanomedicine • nanoparticle systems • nanoscale/medicine • nanotechnology • Surgery
• ISBN-10: 1-4419-0531-6 / 1441905316
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4419-0531-4 / 9781441905314