Geology and Ecosystems (eBook)

Igor S. Zektser, Brian Marker, John Ridgway, Liliya Rogachevskaya, Genrikh Vartanyan (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2007
XXI, 392 Seiten
Springer US (Verlag)
978-0-387-29293-9 (ISBN)

Infos

This book was prepared for publication by an International Working Group of experts under the auspices of COGEOENVIRONMENT - the Commission of the International Union of Geological Sciences (lUGS) on Geological Sciences for Environmental Planning and lUGS-GEM (Commission on Geosciences for Environmental Management). The main aim of the Working Group 'Geology and Ecosystems' was to develop an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the mechanisms and special features within the 'living tissue - inert nature' system under different regional, geological, and anthropogenic conditions. This activity requires international contributions from many scientific fields. It requires efforts from scientists specializing in fields such as: environmental impacts of extractive industries, anthropogenic development and medical problems related to geology and ecosystem interaction, the prediction of the geoenvironmental evolution of ecosystems, etc. The Working Group determined the goal and objectives of the book, developed the main content, discussed the parts and chapters, and formed the team of authors and the Editorial Board. The Meetings of the Working Group (Vilnius, Lithuania, 2002 and Warsaw-Kielniki, Poland, 2003) were dedicated to discussion and approval of the main content of all chapters in the Book.

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This book was prepared for publication by an International Working Group of experts under the auspices of COGEOENVIRONMENT - the Commission of the International Union of Geological Sciences (lUGS) on Geological Sciences for Environmental Planning and lUGS-GEM (Commission on Geosciences for Environmental Management). The main aim of the Working Group "e;Geology and Ecosystems"e; was to develop an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the mechanisms and special features within the "e;living tissue - inert nature"e; system under different regional, geological, and anthropogenic conditions. This activity requires international contributions from many scientific fields. It requires efforts from scientists specializing in fields such as: environmental impacts of extractive industries, anthropogenic development and medical problems related to geology and ecosystem interaction, the prediction of the geoenvironmental evolution of ecosystems, etc. The Working Group determined the goal and objectives of the book, developed the main content, discussed the parts and chapters, and formed the team of authors and the Editorial Board. The Meetings of the Working Group (Vilnius, Lithuania, 2002 and Warsaw-Kielniki, Poland, 2003) were dedicated to discussion and approval of the main content of all chapters in the Book.

Inhalt

Contents 5
Contributing Authors 9
Foreword 12
Acknowledgments 15
About the Editors 16
PART I: GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT AS A BASEMENT FOR THE FORMATION OF ECOSYSTEMS 20
Chapter 1 CONTEMPORARY CONCEPTIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT: BASIC FEATURES, STRUCTURE AND SYSTEM OF LINKS 20
1. INTRODUCTION 20
2. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE INTRA-FLANETARY EVOLUTION OF MATTER AND ENERGY 20
3. CONTEMPORARY GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES 22
Chapter 2 THE GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEMS 28
Chapter 3 INFLUENCE OF MODERN GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON EVOLUTION OF ECOSYSTEMS 34
Chapter 4 GEOLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL INFLUENCES ON ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS 39
1. INTRODUCTION 39
2. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES 40
3. GEOCHEMICAL INFLUENCES 49
4. CONCLUSIONS 64
Chapter 5 THE ROLE OF TECTONIC PROCESSES IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GEOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS 66
1. INTRODUCTION 66
2. LONG- TERM TECTONIC IMPACTS 67
3. MEDIUM- TERM TECTONIC IMPACTS 67
4. NEAR- TERM TECTONIC IMPACTS 68
5. SAG POND AND VERNAL POOL ECOSYSTEMS 72
6. TECTONICS AND FORMATION OF SERPENTINE- CONTROLLED ECOSYSTEMS IN CALIFORNIA 75
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 76
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 77
Chapter 6 KARST AND ECOSYSTEMS 78
1. ABSTRACT 78
2. INTRODUCTION 79
3. KARST OF NORTH LITHUANIA 81
4. CONCLUSIONS 92
PART II: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES Chapter 7 GEOENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF MINERAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT 94
Chapter 8 GROUNDWATER AS A COMPONENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT 108
1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION 108
2. INFLUENCE OF GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION ON RIVER RUNOFF 109
3. INFLUENCE OF GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION ON VEGETATION 112
4. INFLUENCE OF GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION ON LAND SUBSIDENCE 117
Chapter 9 GROUNDWATER USE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 123
Chapter 10 METHODS OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION RISK ESTIMATION FOR ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY 128
Chapter 11 URBANISATION AND THE GEOENVIRONMENT 137
1. INTRODUCTION 137
2. GROWTH AND RENEWAL IN URBAN AREAS 138
3. MANAGEMENT OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT 141
4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF SOME URBAN ISSUES 147
5. INFORMATION, GUIDANCE AND COMMUNICATION 158
6. CONCLUSIONS 160
Chapter 12 ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS OF DISCHARGED WATERS UPON ECOSYSTEMS 162
1. INTRODUCTION 162
2. THE INVESTIGATION METHODS 165
3. CHARACTERIZATION OF ECOSYSTEMS IN THE PROJECT AREA 165
4. ECOLOGICAL SITUATION IN THE AREA NEAR AYAZKALA LAKE 166
5. ECOLOGICAL SITUATION IN THE REGION OF THE AKCHA- DARYA OLD CHANNEL AND DELTA 168
6. ECOLOGICAL SITUATION IN THE BADAI-TUGAI NATURE RESERVE 169
7. ASSESSMENT OF PERMISSIBLE ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR HYDROMORPHIC TUGAI AND SOLONCHAKOUS ECOSYSTEMS 171
8. CONCLUSIONS 173
Chapter 13 IMPACT OF TECHNOGENIC DISASTERS ON ECOGEOLOGICAL PROCESSES 174
Chapter 14 EXOGENIC GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES AS A LANDFORM- SHAPING FACTOR 183
1.INTRODUCTION 183
2. THE WORK OF WEATHERING 184
2.1 Freezing and thawing 184
2.2 Temperature changes 184
2.3 Organic action 185
2.4 Differential weathering 185
2.5 Unloading 185
2.6 Chemical action 185
3. FEATURES OF MASS WASTING 186
4. SCENERY SHAPED BY STREAMS 187
5. LANDFORMS IN LIMESTONE 190
6. DUNE LANDFORMS 190
7. COASTAL FEATURES 191
7.1 Sandy coastlines 191
7.2 Rocky coastlines 191
8. GEODYNAMIC RISK MAP 191
Chapter 15 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION 194
PART IV: MEDICAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO GEOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM INTERACTION 205
Chapter 16 HUMAN HEALTH AND ECOSYSTEMS 205
1. INTRODUCTION 205
2. BACKGROUND 205
3. TRACE ELEMENT EXPOSURE 206
4. DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY 209
5. INTERACTIONS, SPECIATION AND BIOAVAILABILITY 212
6. SELENIUM DEFICIENCY IN CHINA 214
7. GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS AND MEDICAL GEOLOGY EXAMPLES OF CHRONIC ARSENIC AND FLUORINE POISONING 215
8. RADON - COMMON IN MANY PLACES 218
9. IODINE AND FLUORINE 220
10. GEOPHAGIA - DELIBERATE EATING OF SOILS 221
11. NATURALLY OCCURRING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN DRINKING WATER 223
12. GLOBAL DUST 224
13. CONCLUSIONS 225
Chapter 17 MEDICAL AND ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WATER FACTOR 227
PART V: PREDICTION OF THE GEOENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION OF ECOSYSTEMS 236
Chapter 18 PREDICTION OF EXOGENIC GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES 236
1. INTRODUCTION 236
2. SPATIAL PREDICTIONS 238
3. TEMPORAL PREDICTIONS 239
4. THE ll- YEAR CYCLE 241
5. PREDICTION BASED ON ANALYSIS OF INTEGRAL CURVES OF MODULAR 243
6. PREDICTION BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF PARTS OF THE 11- YEAR SOLAR CYCLE 246
7. PREDICTIONS BASED ON CORRELATION-REGRESSION ANALYSIS 247
8. PREDICTIONS BASED ON HARMONIC ANALYSIS 249
9. ENGINEERING- GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF EXOGENIC GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES 250
Chapter 19 PREDICTION OF ENDOGENIC GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES 254
Chapter 20 MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE GEOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 257
PART VI: NEWESTECOGEOLOGICAL PROCESSES WITHIN RIVER BASINS 286
Chapter 22 ECOSYSTEM MONITORING UNDER DESERTIFICATION WITHIN INTERIOR SEA-LAKES AND DELTAS 254
1. INTRODUCTION 286
2. INVESTIGATION METHODS 287
3. STRUCTURE OF THE MAP 292
4. TRENDS IN ECOSYSTEMS AND LANDSCAPES DYNAMICS 292
5. EXOGENIC PROCESSES 295
6. CONCLUSION 298
Chapter 23 ECOSYSTEMS FORMING ON THE FRESH RIVER DEPOSITION 300
1. INTRODUCTION 300
2. MORPHOLOGY, MORPHODYNAMICS AND VEGETATION 301
3. HYDRODYNAMICS AND VEGETATION 3.1 Flora 301
4. VEGETATION SUCCESSIONS 305
5. CONCLUSIONS 305
Chapter 25 MONITORING GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES AS PART OF GENERAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING 312
1. GROUNDWATER MONITORING 312
2. MONITORING OF HAZARDOUS EXOGENIC GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES BY MEANS OF REMOTE SENSING METHODS 319
Chapter 26 GEOLOGY AND HIGH- LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL - A BRIEF OVERVIEW 327
1. INTRODUCTION 327
2. NUCLEAR WASTE - SOURCES AND QUANTITIES 328
3. DISPOSAL CONCEPTS FOR HIGH- LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE 329
4. SELECTION, CHARACTERISATION AND MODELLING OF HLW REPOSITORY SITES 332
4.1 Predictive modelling 333
4.2 Site Selection. 334
Chapter 27 MONITORING ENDOGENIC GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES 336
Chapter 28 PERMAFROST MONITORING 341
1. INTRODUCTION 341
2. SOURCES OF INFORMATION, HISTORICAL REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY OF THE PERMAFROST MONITORING 2.1 Sources of information and historical review 342
3. MAJOR RESULTS OF PERMAFROST MONITORING IN UNDISTURBED NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS 344
4. MAJOR RESULTS OF PERMAFROST MONITORING IN TECHNOGENICALLY-DISTURBED ENVIRONMENTS 4.1 Mining industries 352
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 354
Chapter 29 ECOLOGICAL EDUCATION OF GEOLOGY STUDENTS 355
REFERENCES 362
INDEX 387

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 14.4.2007
• Zusatzinfo: XXI, 392 p.
• Verlagsort: New York
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: ecosystem • Ecosystems • ecotoxicology • Environment • environmental protection • Mineral Resources • Mining • permafrost
• ISBN-10: 0-387-29293-4 / 0387292934
• ISBN-13: 978-0-387-29293-9 / 9780387292939