Plant-Environment Interactions (eBook)

From Sensory Plant Biology to Active Plant Behavior

František Baluška (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 2009
X, 308 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-540-89230-4 (ISBN)

Infos

Our image of plants is changing dramatically away from passive entities merely subject to environmental forces and organisms that are designed solely for the accumulation of photosynthate. Plants are revealing themselves to be dynamic and highly sensitive organisms that actively and competitively forage for limited resources, both above and below ground, organisms that accurately gauge their circumstances, use sophisticated cost-benefit analysis, and take clear actions to mitigate and control diverse environmental threats. Moreover, plants are also capable of complex recognition of self and non-self and are territorial in behavior. They are as sophisticated in behavior as animals but their potential has been masked because it operates on time scales many orders of magnitude less than those of animals. Plants are sessile organisms. As such, the only alternative to a rapidly changing environment is rapid adaptation. This book will focus on all these new and exciting aspects of plant biology.

Inhalt

Preface 6
Further Reading 7
Contents 8
Mechanical Integration of Plant Cells 10
1 Introduction 10
2 Mechanical Organization of Plant Cells 11
2.1 Constructing the Pathway for Mechanotransduction 13
3 Control of Cell Morphogenesis and Fate Determination 15
4 Responses of Plants and Plant Cells to Mechanical Stimuli 16
4.1 Osmoregulation in Plant Cells 17
4.2 Reactions to Touch 18
4.3 Responses to Gravity 20
References 22
Root Behavior in Response to Aluminum Toxicity 30
1 Introduction 30
2 Aluminum-Induced Inhibition of Root Growth 32
3 Mechanisms of Al-Induced Inhibition of Root Growth 33
3.1 Al-Induced Inhibition of Cell Expansion 34
3.2 Effects of Aluminum on Cell Division 37
3.3 Root Transition Zone: Site for Al Perception and Al Signal Transduction 40
4 Al Toxicity Mechanisms: Common Features in Plant and Animal Cells? 40
4.1 Actin–Myosin Network and Vesicle Trafficking: Common Targets for Al Toxicity in Plant and Brain Cells 41
5 Coordination of Root Developmental Features Under Al Stress 42
6 Aluminum Tolerance 44
7 Conclusions and Outlook 45
References 46
Communication and Signaling in the Plant– Fungus Symbiosis: The Mycorrhiza 54
1 Introduction 54
2 Communication and Signaling in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza 56
2.1 Presymbiotic Events 56
2.2 AM Fungal Contact with Host Roots 58
2.3 Arbuscule and Symbiotic Interface Development 60
2.4 Role of Plastids in Communication in AM 62
3 Communication and Signaling in Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) 66
3.1 Possible Signals in the ECM 67
3.2 Cytoskeleton and Signal Transduction 68
3.3 Impact of Nutrient Levels and Transport in Plant–Fungus Communication 69
3.4 How Do ECM Fungi Bypass Plant Defense Reactions? 70
3.5 Toward the Identification of Ectomycorrhiza-Specific Genes? 71
4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 71
References 71
Role of g -Aminobutyrate and g -Hydroxybutyrate in Plant Communication 82
1 Introduction 82
2 GABA and GHB Metabolism 84
3 Accumulation of GABA and GHB is a General Response to Stress 86
4 GABA and GHB Signaling Between Plants and Other Organisms 88
5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 89
References 89
Hemiparasitic Plants: Exploiting Their Host’s Inherent Nature to Talk 94
1 Introduction 94
2 Purpose of Review 96
3 Evolution of Parasitism 96
3.1 Transition from Autotroph to Facultative Hemiparasite: The Origin of Haustoria 97
3.2 Facultative Hemiparasite to Obligate Hemiparasite: Increased Host Specificity 98
3.3 Obligate Hemiparasite to Holoparasite: Loss of Autotrophic Functions 99
4 Hemiparasite Families 99
4.1 Orobanchaceae 99
4.2 Santalales 100
4.3 Convolvulaceae 101
4.4 Lauraceae 101
4.5 Krameriaceae 101
5 The Parasitism Process with Specific Reference to Host Determination 101
5.1 Germination 101
5.2 Early Haustorium Development 102
5.3 Post-Attachment Physiology 103
6 Conclusions 105
References 105
Host Location and Selection by Holoparasitic Plants 110
1 Introduction 110
1.1 Plant Behavior 110
1.2 The Behavior of Parasitic Plants 112
2 The Lifestyle of Parasitic Plants 112
3 Strategies for Seed Dispersal and Host Location 114
3.1 Seed Dispersal Strategies 114
4 Seed Germination 115
4.1 Seed Dormancy and Germination Requirements 115
4.2 Germination Stimulants 117
5 Host Location and Selection by Foraging Seedlings 121
References 123
Plant Innate Immunity 128
1 Introduction 128
2 Recognition and Response at the Plant Cell Surface 131
2.1 Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns and Pattern Recognition Receptors 131
2.2 Signaling Downstream of PRR Activation 132
3 Immune Responses Mediated by Plant Resistance Proteins 133
3.1 Pathogen Virulence Through the Delivery of Effectors 133
3.2 Resistance Proteins 134
3.3 Recognition of Pathogen Effectors 135
3.4 R Protein Activation 136
3.5 R Protein-Mediated Signaling 137
4 Concluding Remarks 140
References 140
Airborne Induction and Priming of Defenses 146
1 Introduction 146
2 Airborne Plant–Plant Signaling 147
2.1 Induced Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores 147
2.2 Airborne Induction of Resistance to Herbivores 149
2.3 Airborne Induction of Resistance to Pathogens 149
3 Mechanisms of Plant–Plant Communication 150
3.1 VOCs Prime and Induce Defense Responses in Intact Plants 150
3.2 The Unknown Receptor: Where Do Plants Keep Their Noses? 151
3.3 Far-Red-Mediated Perception of Neighboring Plants 152
3.4 Airborne Allelopathy 153
4 Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations 154
4.1 Does It Actually Exist? 154
4.2 Evolutionary Considerations 155
5 Conclusions 157
References 158
Chemical Signaling During Induced Leaf Movements 162
1 Introduction 162
2 Leaf-Closing and -Opening Substances in Nyctinastic Plants 163
3 Bioorganic Studies of Nyctinasty Using Functionalized Leaf- Movement Factors as Molecular Probes 164
3.1 Leaf Movement Factors for the Genus Albizzia 164
3.2 The Enantiodifferential Approach to Identifying the Target Cell and Target Protein of the Leaf- Closing Factor 166
3.3 Structure–Activity Relationship Studies on the Leaf-Closing Factor for the Genus Albizzia 167
4 The Chemical Mechanism of Rhythm in Nyctinasty 172
References 174
Aposematic (Warning) Coloration in Plants 176
1 Introduction 176
1.1 Partial Descriptions of Color Patterns in Floras 177
2 Aposematism 178
2.1 Olfactory Aposematism 178
2.2 The Anecdotal History of Discussions of Aposematic Coloration in Plants 179
2.3 Aposematic Coloration in Thorny, Spiny, and Prickly Plants 181
2.4 Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi and Thorns 183
2.5 Do Spiny Plants Harbor Microbial Pathogens on their Spines, Unlike Nonspiny Plants? 184
2.6 Silica Needles and Raphids Made of Calcium Oxalate 184
2.7 Plant Biological Warfare: Thorns Inject Pathogenic Bacteria into Herbivores, Enhancing the Evolution of Aposematism 186
2.8 Color Changes in Old Aposematic Thorns, Spines, and Prickles 186
2.9 Biochemical Evidence of Convergent Evolution of Aposematic Coloration in Thorny, Spiny and Prickly Plants 188
2.10 Mimicry of Aposematic Thorns, Spines, and Prickles 188
3 Aposematic Coloration in Poisonous Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds 190
4 Undermining Insect Camouflage: A Case of Habitat Aposematism 191
5 Delayed Greening as Unpalatability-Based Aposematism 193
6 Colorful Autumn Leaves 194
7 Animal and Herbivore Damage Mimicry May Also Serve as Aposematic Coloration or Aposematic Visual Signals 196
8 Plant Aposematism Involving Fungi 199
9 Distance of Action of Aposematic Coloration ( Crypsis Versus Aposematism) 199
10 Aposematic Trichomes: Probably an Overlooked Phenomenon 200
11 Experimental Evidence 200
12 Conclusions 201
References 202
Deceptive Behavior in Plants. I. Pollination by Sexual Deception in Orchids: A Host– Parasite Perspective 212
1 Introduction 212
2 Sexual Deception: Parasitism of Insect Sexual Behavior 213
2.1 Why Parasitism? 213
2.2 The Cost of Parasitism 214
3 The Evolution of Color Versus Odor in Orchid Mimicry 217
4 Host Specificity in Sexually Deceptive Orchids 219
4.1 Defining Host Specificity 219
4.2 The Determinants of Host Specificity 219
4.3 The Species Specificity and Evolution of Chemical Signals 223
4.4 Signal Evolution Above the Species Level 224
5 Transitions to Parasitism by Sexual Deception in Orchids 225
References 227
Deceptive Behavior in Plants. II. Food Deception by Plants: From Generalized Systems to Specialized Floral Mimicry 232
1 Introduction 232
2 Generalized Food Deception 235
2.1 Large Floral Displays 240
2.2 Pseudopollen and False Anthers 240
2.3 Flowering Early in the Season 240
2.4 Magnet Species Effects 241
2.5 High Degree of Variability in Floral Traits 241
3 Batesian Floral Mimicry 241
4 The Functional Significance of Floral Traits in Food- Deceptive Pollination Systems 243
4.1 Visual Signals 243
4.2 Olfactory Signals 246
5 Conclusions 249
References 250
Cognition in Plants 256
1 Introduction 256
2 What is Cognition? 258
3 A Biological and Embodied Perspective on Cognition 261
4 Embodied Cognition and Plants 263
5 Plant Neurobiology: Intelligence Can Take Different Forms and Speeds 266
6 Similarities Between Growth and Memory 268
7 Offline Cognition: Leaf Heliotropism 270
8 Concluding Remarks 271
References 273
Memorization of Abiotic Stimuli in Plants: A Complex Role for Calcium 276
1 Introduction 276
2 Examples of the Memorization of Signals in Plants 278
2.1 Breaking the Symmetry of the Growth of Opposite Buds 278
2.2 Inhibition of Hypocotyl Growth 279
2.3 Inhibition of Internode Elongation 280
2.4 Kinetics of the Effect of Wind Stimulation on Calcium Signaling 280
2.5 Effect of Stress History on Drought Calcium Signaling Pathways 280
2.6 Temperature Sensing 281
2.7 Effect of the Preceding Phosphate Supply on Phosphate Uptake 281
2.8 Plant Electrical Memory 281
3 Our Model System of the Induction of Meristems in Flax Hypocotyls 281
4 Gene Expression and Proteome Modifications 283
5 Potential of the SIMS Methodology as an Experimental Approach 284
6 A Possible Role of Ion Condensation in Signal Transduction 286
7 Practical Applications 286
8 What is the Purpose of Plant Memory? 288
References 288
Plants and Animals: Convergent Evolution in Action? 294
1 Introduction 294
2 Historical Excursion: Charles Darwin Versus Julius Sachs 295
3 Sensory Biology in Plants and Animals: Bioelectricity Underlies Sensorimotor Circuits 298
4 Plant Action Potentials, Synapses, Neurons, Neuronal Molecules, and Transmitters 298
5 Sensitive and Communicative Plants: Lessons from Root Apices 301
6 Plant Intelligence: Oddity or Convergent Evolution? 303
7 Unicellular “Neurons” and Plant Neurobiology: Unifying the Plant and Animal Kingdoms? 304
8 Conclusions and Outlook 305
References 306
Index 312

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 3.3.2009
• Reihe/Serie: Signaling and Communication in Plants
• Reihe/Serie: Signaling and Communication in Plants
• Zusatzinfo: X, 308 p. 35 illus., 3 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Calcium • cell biology, plant • communication, plant • Environment • Flora • Plant Physiology • plant sensory biology • signaling, plant
• ISBN-10: 3-540-89230-3 / 3540892303
• ISBN-13: 978-3-540-89230-4 / 9783540892304