Internal Organs (THIEME Atlas of Anatomy), Latin Nomenclature (eBook)

Michael Schuenke, Erik Schulte, Udo Schumacher, Wayne Cass (Autoren)

eBook Download: EPUB

2021 | 3. Auflage
499 Seiten
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
978-1-63853-653-6 (ISBN)

Infos

<p><strong>Remarkable atlas provides exceptionally detailed, clinically relevant anatomic knowledge!</strong></p> <p><em>Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: Internal Organs, Third Edition, Latin Nomenclature,</em> by renowned educators Michael Schuenke, Erik Schulte, Udo Schumacher, along with consulting editors Wayne Cass and Hugo Zeberg, expands on prior editions with increased detail on anatomic relationships of inner organs, and the innervation and lymphatic systems of these organs. Organized by region, the book features 10 sections starting with an overview on body cavities. Subsequent sections cover the cardiovascular, blood, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, genital, endocrine, and autonomic nervous organ systems. Regional units covering the thorax and abdomen and pelvis begin with succinct overviews, followed by more in-depth chapters detailing the structure and neurovasculature of the region and its organs.</p> <p><strong>Key Features</strong></p> <ul> <li>Labels and anatomic terminology are in Latin nomenclature</li> <li>1,375 images including extraordinarily realistic illustrations by Markus Voll and Karl Wesker, diagrams, tables, and descriptive text provide an unparalleled wealth of information about internal organs</li> <li>21 fact sheets provide quick, handy references summarizing salient points for each organ</li> <li>Online images with 'labels-on and labels-off' capability are ideal for review and self-testing</li> </ul> <p>This visually stunning atlas is an essential companion for laboratory dissection and the classroom. It will benefit medical students, internal medicine residents, and practicing physicians.</p> <p>The THIEME Atlas of Anatomy series also includes two additional volumes, General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System and Head, Neck, and Neuroanatomy.</p> <p>All volumes of the THIEME Atlas of Anatomy series are available in softcover English/International nomenclature and in hardcover with Latin nomenclature.</p> <p>This book includes complimentary access to a digital copy on https://medone.thieme.com.</p>

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1. Body Cavities

1.1Definitions, Overview, and Evolution of Body Cavities

Definitions

The human body, similar to all higher organisms, is organized into a hierarchy of different levels:

• A cell is the smallest unit of life, that in principle can survive on its own.

• A tissue consists primarily of cells from the same origin, and the extracellular matrix they form. A tissue is an ensemble of cells, organized to do a specific job.

• An organ is a structural unit composed of different tissues. Thus, it combines the functions of the various tissue components.

• An organ system is made up of organs that function together to perform a specific function. For example, the digestive organs make up the digestive system. For the most part, the individual organs are related to each other morphologically.

• An organism is composed of several organ systems.

A Overview of the internal organs of the human body

Anterior view of the human body, displaying the internal organs. For clarity, the nervous system and most of the intestinum tenue and endocrine organs are shown.

B Overview of organ systems

Since, by definition, every structural unit composed of different tissues is referred to as an organ (according to this definition, every muscle is an organ), the term is commonly used for structures in the cranium, neck, and body cavities. The organs situated inside the body cavities are referred to as internal organs or viscera. This atlas is a study aid for learning gross anatomy. Thus, the individual organs are discussed with respect to their topography. However, since groups of individual organs form morphological and functional systems, which due to evolutionary processes don't conform to topographical anatomy, those organ systems along with their embryology will be discussed first. This overview will aid in understanding the location, shape and function of the internal organs in the developing organism.

Note: Peripheral nerves, bone marrow, and blood are usually not referred to as “organs.” For the sake of completeness, they will also be discussed since they are part of whole organ systems.

* Organs that are highlighted in italics are located in the neck or cranium and thus will not be discussed here.

System

Organs*

Systema digestorium

Cavitas oris with dentes and gll. salivariae, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach (gaster), intestinum tenue, intestinum crassum, rectum, pancreas, liver (hepar), and vesica fellea

Systema respiratorium

Cavitas nasi and sinus paranasales, larynx, trachea, pulmones

Systema urinarium

Kidneys (renes), ureteres, vesica urinaria, urethra

Systema genitale

♀ Uterus, tubae uterinae (salpinges), ovarium, vagina, gll. vestibulares majores ♂ Testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, vesiculae seminales, prostata, gl. bulbourethralis

Systema cardiovasculare

Heart (cor), vessels, blood, and medulla ossium rubra

Systema lymphoideum

Medulla ossium, tonsillae, thymus, splen, nodi lymphoidei, ductus thoracicus

Systema endocrinum

Gl. thyroidea, gll. parathyroideae, gll. suprarenales (adrenal), paraganglia, pancreas (islet cells), ovaria, testes, hypophysis, hypothalamus

Systema nervosum

Encephalon, medulla spinalis, systema nervosum periphericum (with somatic and autonomic components)

C Evolution of body cavities

While in fish (a) all internal organs are situated in a single common body cavity, in mamma ls (b), the diaphragma separates the cavitas thoracica from the cavitas abdominis. Due to shared evolutionary history, the structures of these two body cavities are basically identical. The different anatomical terms used for similar structures (e.g., pleura – peritoneum) are functionally meaningless. In mammals, there is no physical structure that separates the cavitas abdominis from the cavitas pelvis. They form a continuous space that in terms of its topographical anatomy is divided only by the superior border of the bony pelvis. The anatomical unit of the cavitates abdominis and pelvis is of clinical significance as there are no anatomical barriers to restrict the spread of inflammation or tumors between these two compartments. The diaphragma acts as a barrier to stop tumors or inflammation from spreading from the cavitas abdominis to the cavitas thoracica and vice versa.

1.2Organogenesis and the Development of Body Cavities

A Differentiation of the germ layers (after Christ and Wachtler)

After the formation of the trilaminar discus embryonicus at the end of the third week (see B) the primordia (precursor cells destined to become a specific tissue or organ) of the different tissues and organs are arranged according to the body plan. In the subsequent embryonic period (weeks 4 to 8), the three germ layers (ectoderma, mesoderma, and endoderma) give rise to all major external and internal organs (organogenesis). At the same time, the trilaminar discus embryonicus begins to fold, resulting in major changes in body form and internal structure. By the end of the embryonic stage, the major features of the body are recognizable and the organs have moved into their eventual position within and outside of the body cavities.

B Neurulation and Somitus Formation (after Sadler)

a, c, and e Dorsal views of the discus embryonicus after removal of the amnion;

b, d, and f Schematic cross-sections of the corresponding stages at the planes of section as marked in a, c, and e; Age is in postovulatory days.

During neurulation (formation of the tubus neuralis from the lamina neuralis), the neurectoderma differentiates from the surface ectoderma, due to inductive influences from the notochorda, and the tubus neuralis and crista neuralis cells move inside the embryo.

a and b Discus embryonicus at 19 days: The sulcus neuralis is developing in the area of the lamina neuralis.

c and d Discus embryonicus at 20 days: In the mesoderma paraxiale, flanking both sides of the sulcus neuralis and notochorda, the first somiti have formed (they contain cellular material assigned to form the columna vertebralis, muscles, and subcutaneous tissue). Immediately lateral to the mesoderma paraxiale is the mesenchyma intermedium, and lateral to that is the mesoderma laminae lateralis. The sulcus neuralis is beginning to close to form the tubus neuralis and the embryo begins to fold.

e and f Discus embryonicus at 22 days: Eight pairs of somiti are seen flanking the partially closed tubus neuralis which is sinking below the ectoderma. In the mesoderma laminae lateralis, the coeloma intraembryonicum, or future body cavity, arises. It will later develop both a parietal and a visceral layer (somatopleure and splanchnopleure). On the side facing the coeloma, a mesothelial lining develops from the somato- and splanchnopleure. It later forms the tunicae serosae lining the cavitates pericardiaca, pleurali, and peritonealis. The tubus neuralis migrates deeper into the mesoderma, and the somiti differentiate into sclerotomus, myotomus, and dermatome.

C Formation of the coeloma intraembryonicum (after Waldeyer) a View into the chorionic cavity (coeloma extraembryonicum); b Cut through the cavitas amniotica, discus embryonicus and saccus vitellinus (the cavitas chorionica has been removed); c View of the discus embryonicus (the intraembryonic coelomic canal has been highlighted in red). The eventual definitive serous cavities (cavitates pericardiaca, pleuralis, and peritonealis) arise from the coeloma intraembryonicum which begins to form in week 4 when intercellular clefts (not shown) appear in the mesoderma laminae lateralis (see B). The coeloma intraembryonicum divides the mesoderma laminae lateralis into parietal and visceral layers (mesenchymata somatopleurale and splanchnopleurale). At the edges of the discus embryonicus, the mesenchyma somatopleurale adjacent to the surface ectoderm is continuous with the extraembryonic mesoderma of the amnion. The mesenchyma splanchnopleurale adjacent to the endoderma is continuous with the extraembryonic mesoderma of the saccus vitellinus. Thus, the coeloma intraembryonicum surrounds the opening of the saccus vitellinus like a ring (the coelomic ring). In the cranial part of the embryo, the coelomic ring closes off from the coeloma extraembryonicum (cavitas chorionica) and forms a horseshoe shaped intraembryonic coelomic canal, which is visible when viewed from above. The caudal coelomata intra and extraembryonicum (see D) continue to communicate with one another through the coelomic portals. Later, as a result of embryonic folding, the caudal coelomata intra- and extraembryonicum become...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 10.3.2021
• Reihe/Serie: THIEME Atlas of Anatomy
• Reihe/Serie: THIEME Atlas of Anatomy
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Chirurgie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Anatomie / Neuroanatomie
• Schlagworte: Abdomen • anatomy • Internal • Internal Medicine • internal organs • Organs • Organ Systems • Pelvis • Perineum • Thorax
• ISBN-10: 1-63853-653-8 / 1638536538
• ISBN-13: 978-1-63853-653-6 / 9781638536536