Plant and Human Health, Volume 1 (eBook)

Ethnobotany and Physiology

Munir Ozturk, Khalid Rehman Hakeem (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2018 | 1st ed. 2018
XXII, 805 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-93997-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Early anthropological evidence for plant use as medicine is 60,000 years old as reported from the Neanderthal grave in Iraq. The importance of plants as medicine is further supported by archeological evidence from Asia and the Middle East.  Today, around 1.4 billion people in South Asia alone have no access to modern health care, and rely instead on traditional medicine to alleviate various symptoms. On a global basis, approximately 50 to 80 thousand plant species are used either natively or as pharmaceutical derivatives for life-threatening conditions that include diabetes, hypertension and cancers. As the demand for plant-based medicine rises, there is an unmet need to investigate the quality, safety and efficacy of these herbals by the 'scientific methods'. Current research on drug discovery from medicinal plants involves a multifaceted approach combining botanical, phytochemical, analytical, and molecular techniques.  For instance, high throughput robotic screens have been developed by industry; it is now possible to carry out 50,000 tests per day in the search for compounds, which act on a key enzyme or a subset of receptors. This and other bioassays thus offer hope that one may eventually identify compounds for treating a variety of diseases or conditions.  However, drug development from natural products is not without its problems. Frequent challenges encountered include the procurement of raw materials, the selection and implementation of appropriate high-throughput bioassays, and the scaling-up of preparative procedures. 

Research scientists should therefore arm themselves with the right tools and knowledge in order to harness the vast potentials of plant-based therapeutics. The main objective of Plant and Human Health is to serve as a comprehensive guide for this endeavor. Volume 1 highlights how humans from specific areas or cultures use indigenous plants. Despite technological developments, herbal drugs still occupy a preferential place in a majority of the population in the third world and have slowly taken roots as alternative medicine in the West. The integration of modern science with traditional uses of herbal drugs is important for our understanding of this ethnobotanical relationship. Volume 2 deals with the phytochemical and molecular characterization of herbal medicine. Specifically, it focuess on the secondary metabolic compounds, which afford protection against diseases.  Lastly, Volume 3 discusses the physiological mechanisms by which the active ingredients of medicinal plants serve to improve human health. Together this three-volume collection intends to bridge the gap for herbalists, traditional and modern medical practitioners, and students and researchers in botany and horticulture.

Dr. Khalid Rehman Hakeem (PhD) is an Associate Professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He has completed his Ph.D. (Botany) from Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India in 2011. Dr. Hakeem has worked as Post Doctorate Fellow in 2012 and Fellow Researcher (Associate Prof.) from 2013-2016 at Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. His speciality is in Plant Eco-Physiology, Molecular biology, Plant-Microbe-soil interactions, Medicinal plant research and Environmental Sciences and so far has edited and authored more than 25 books with Springer International, Academic Press (Elsevier) etc. He has also to his credit more than 110 research publications in peer reviewed international journals, including 40 book chapters in edited volumes with international publishers. Dr Hakeem is the recipient of many national and international awards and fellowships.

Prof. (Dr.) Münir Öztürk (PhD) has served at the Ege University Izmir, Turkey for 50 years in different positions. He has been elected as the 'Vice President of the Islamic World Academy of Sciences'; has received the fellowships from Alexander von Humboldt, Japanese Society for Promotion of Science and National Science Foundation of USA. Dr. Ozturk has served as Chairman Botany Department and Founding Director Centre for Environmental Sudies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey, as Consultant Fellow, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia and as Distinguished Visiting Scientist, ICCBS, Karachi University, Pakistan. His fields of scientific interest are Plant Eco-Physiology; Conservation of Plant Diversity; Biosaline Agriculture and Crops; Pollution, Biomonitoring, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. He has published 40 books, 50 book chapters and 175 papers in journal with impact factor.

Inhalt

Foreword 6
Preface 8
Acknowledgments 13
Contents 14
About the Editors 17
Molecular Biodiversity Convergence with Biogeography and Ethnobotany of Rare and Endangered Medicinal Plants from Northern Vietnam 19
Introduction 19
Biogeography, Ethnobotany and Phylogeny 19
Convergence of Ethnobotany and Molecular Biology 20
Genetic Diversity and Population Genetics 22
Natural Foods and Biopharmaceuticals 23
Aims and Scope 24
Traditional Ethnobotanical Methods 25
Natural and Social Sciences: Crucial Resources for Humans 25
Ethnobotany Information: Bioprospecting and Traditional Uses 28
Phylogeny and Chemical Methods 29
Metabolomics and Proteomics: Evolutionary-Conserved Traits 29
Molecular Ethnobotanical Methods 30
Molecular DNA Methods 30
Microarray and Protein Methods 32
Bioinformatics, Computers and Statistics 33
Principal Components Analysis (PCA) 33
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) 34
Cluster Analysis 34
Mantel Test 34
ANOSIM and ANOVA 34
Advantages and Disadvantages 35
Next-Generation Sequencing and Ethnobotany 36
Molecular Approaches 36
Methods to Consider 38
Restriction Site-Associated DNA Sequencing (RADseq) 38
RNA Sequencing (RNAseq) 38
DNA Barcoding 39
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) 39
Epigenetic Modifications 39
Informatics and Computers 40
Advantages and Disadvantages 41
Molecular Biology of Rare and Endangered Plants 42
Geography and Occurrence 42
Cycas fugax 42
Sinocalamus mucclure 43
Morphology and Taxonomy 43
Cycas fugax 43
Sinocalamus mucclure 43
Examples and Results 44
Conservation and Protection 46
Molecular Biology of Drugs and Food 47
Geography and Occurrence 47
Celastrus hindsii 47
Markhamia stipulata 48
Morphology and Taxonomy 48
Celastrus hindsii 48
Markhamia stipulata 48
Examples and Results 49
Ethomedicinal Use and Markets 52
Plant Breeding Cultivation and Management 53
Plant Breeding and Selection for Sustainability 53
Cultivation and Sustainable Active Product Production 54
Management of Resources 55
Markets and Benefits 56
Perspective and Future Direction 57
Biogeography, Ethnobotany and Conservation 57
New Molecular Developments 58
Common Mistakes in Molecular Biology 59
Management and Sustainability 60
References 61
Health and Illness as a State of Being Human 71
Introduction 71
Concept of Health from Past to Present 71
An Overview of Health at Present 76
What Is a Healthy Diet Actually? 77
Different Dietary Habits Between Societies and Possible Consequences 77
Tips for a Life Full of Wellness 79
Conclusion 81
References 81
Ethnobotanical Explorations in Telangana, the Youngest State in Union of India: A Synoptic Account 83
Introduction 83
Multidisciplinary Subjects of Ethnobotany 86
Study Area 89
Ethnic People of Telangana 90
Koyas 92
Konda Reddis 93
Gonds 94
Kolams 95
Naikpods 96
Pardhans (Pradhans) 96
Thotis 96
Andhs 96
Mannewars 97
Bhils 97
Gowari 97
Yerukalas 97
Lambadis 98
Chenchus 99
Boyas 99
Mathura Lambadis 100
Nakkala 100
Dhulia 100
Gothi Koya 100
Raj Koya 101
Forests 102
Prior Informed Content (PIC) 102
Wildlife Sanctuaries 102
Ethnic Tribes: Health Care and Status 103
Ethnic Tribes: Agriculture 104
Ethnic Tribes: Beliefs 106
Ethnic Tribe: Sacred Groves 106
Ethnic Tribes: Politics 107
Ethnic Tribes: Associated Festivals and Fairs 107
Ethnic Groups: Economic Source from Major NTFPs 108
Bioprospecting and Ethnobotany 110
Conclusion 111
References 137
Ethnobotany and Pharmacological Uses of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume (Elaeocarpaceae) 142
Introduction 142
The Elaeocarpaceae Family 143
Elaeocarpus Genus 145
Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume 146
Botanical Description 148
Traditional Uses of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume 149
Chemical Composition of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume 149
Pharmacological Activity of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume 150
Conclusion 152
References 153
Medicinal Plants Against Cancer 155
Introduction 155
Achyranthes aspera Linn. 157
Agrimonia pilosa LEDEB 159
Allium sativum Linn. 161
Aloe vera Linn. (Burm. f) 163
Annona squamosa Linn. 164
Aphanamixis polystachya 166
Aronia melanocarpa L. (Pers.) 166
Bacopa monnieri L. (Pennell) 167
Brassica campestris Linn. 168
Brassica oleracea Linn. 169
Camellia sinensis Linn. (Kuntze) 171
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 172
Crocus sativus Linn. 174
Curcuma longa Linn. 175
Echinacea purpurea L. (Moench) 179
Elephantopus scaber Linn. 179
Nigella sativa Linn. 180
Petiveria alliacea 181
Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl 182
Tabernaemontana divaricata 186
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight and Arn. 186
Thespesia populnea L. sol ex Correa. 189
Thuja occidentalis Linn. 189
References 190
Herbals in I?d?r (Turkey), Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan), and Tabriz (Iran) 213
Introduction 213
Study Areas 215
Data Analysis 216
Comparative Evaluation on Country Basis 218
Digestive 220
Dermal 220
Respiratory 222
Cardiovascular 223
Urogenital 224
Gynecological 224
Ear, Nose, and Throat 226
Neurological and Psychological System 226
Mouth and Teeth Ailments 228
Skeletal–Muscular System 228
Others Ailments 230
Conclusions 231
Appendix 1: MAPS Distributed in the Study Areas (*Cultivated) 233
References 279
The Utilization and Conservation of Plants of Medicinal Value by Local Traditional Medicinal Practitioners and the Associated Indigenous Knowledge in Dawuro Zone of Ethiopia: Northeast Africa—An Ethnobotanical Approach 283
Introduction 283
Background of the Study 283
Statement of the Problem 285
Objectives 285
General Objective 285
Specific Objectives 285
Review of Literature 286
Ethnobotany 286
Medicinal Plants 286
Indigenous Knowledge 287
Utilization, Conservation, Management, and Threats to Traditional Medicinal Plants 287
Study Area 289
Geographical Location 289
Location, Agro Ecology, Soil, Climate, and Vegetation 290
Land Use and Management System 291
Preliminary Survey 292
Methods of Data Collection 292
Data Analysis 300
Medicinal Plants of the Study Area 300
Diversity of Medicinal Plants in the Study Area 300
Growth Forms and Parts of Medicinal Plant Species Used in the Study Area 325
Medicinal Plants and Indigenous Knowledge of Traditional Healers in the Study Area 327
Indigenous Knowledge Associated to Conservation of Medicinal Plants 329
Home Garden Management 329
The Intercropping of Plants 330
Tree and Shrub Management Practices of Indigenous Knowledge 330
Culture of Diversifying Income Generating and Food Security Plant Species 331
Traditional Cultural Ceremony-Celebrating Places 331
Selective Harvesting 331
The Most Popular Medicinal Plants of the Study Area 332
Factors for Depletion of Medicinal Plants of the Study Area 332
Conclusion and Recommendations 333
References 334
Medicinal Bryophytes Distributed in Turkey 338
Introduction 338
Bryophytes in the Traditional Medicine: Global Perspective 340
Use of Bryophytes in Clinical Practices: Global View 346
Anticancer Activity 347
Other Potential Uses 348
Negative Impacts of Bryophytes 348
Studies on Bryophytes of Turkey 349
Bryofloristic Studies 349
Bryo-Ecological and Bryo-Ecophysiological Studies 349
Bryo-Phytochemical Screening Studies 350
Medicinally Important Bryophytes of Turkey 350
Conclusion 353
References 356
A Comparative Analysis of the Medicinal Pteridophytes in Turkey, Pakistan, and Malaysia 364
Introduction 364
Study Areas 367
Turkey 367
Pakistan 368
Malaysia 369
Pteridophytes and Traditional Medicine 370
Turkey 370
Pakistan 370
Malaysia 370
Comparative Evaluation of Pteridophyte Taxa on the Basis of Disease Groups 382
Digestive System 387
Dermal System 387
Respiratory System 387
Urogenital System 389
Cardiovascular System 389
Skeletal-Muscular System 391
Gynecological System 391
Ear, Nose, and Throat System 392
Neurological and Psychological System 392
Mouth and Teeth Ailments 393
Other Ailments 393
Conclusion 397
References 398
Medicinal Shrubs and Trees from the Nara Desert, Pakistan 406
Introduction 406
The Study Area 406
Materials and Methods 408
Ethnobotanical Data Collection 408
Plant Specimen Collection and Preservation 409
Results 409
Discussion 416
Conclusion 420
References 421
A Comparative Analysis of the Medicinal Plants Used for Diabetes Mellitus in the Traditional Medicine in Turkey, Pakistan, and Malaysia 423
Introduction 423
Study Areas 426
Comparative Evaluation on Country Basis 428
Turkey 428
Pakistan 429
Malaysia 430
Conclusions 433
Appendix 1: Herbs Used for Diabetes Mellitus in the Traditional Medicine in Turkey 435
Appendix 2: Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in the Traditional Medicine in Pakistan 448
Appendix 3: Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in the Traditional Medicine in Malaysia 458
References 461
Antidiabetic Plants of Pakistan 476
Introduction 476
Methodology 477
Data analysis 477
Results and Discussion 478
Antidiabetic Plants and Their Families’ Contribution 478
Life Forms 523
Plant Parts and Mode of Administration 524
Frequency of Citation (FC) 525
Conclusion 526
References 526
Ethno-ecology, Human Health and Plants of the Thandiani Sub Forest Division, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan 559
Introduction 559
Ethno-ecological Studies of TsFD 561
Climate 563
Vegetation 565
Dry Subtropical Broad-Leaved Forests 566
Subtropical Pine Forests 566
Low-Level Blue Pine Vegetation 568
Mixed Coniferous Forest Vegetation 568
Agroecology and Important Agricultural Crops 570
Ethnology 570
Livelihoods 570
Ecosystem Services 571
References 577
Ethnobotanical Uses of Some Plants of Families Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae from the Northwestern Region of Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra 580
Introduction 580
Materials and Methods 581
Study Area 581
Survey and Data Collection 581
Survey Methodology 581
Tabulation and Data Analysis 582
Use Value (UV) 582
Informants Consensus Factor (ICF) 582
Literature Review 583
Results and Discussion 583
Knowledge Distribution Among Informants 583
Analysis of the Data 587
Use Value (UV) 588
Informants Consensus Factor (ICF) 589
New Reports 590
Rare, Endemic, and Threatened Species 591
Conclusion 591
References 592
Plants, Food, and Health: Some Untold Truths 594
Introduction 594
Vitamins and Nutriment, an Ocean of Bias 595
Fresh or Dry Bias? 596
Assessing Gustative Quality 599
Partial Results Presenting and Hidden Truth 599
Healthy Food Are on Horizon 600
What a Scientist Should Not Say 602
Fresh Healthy Information for Fresh Healthy Diet 602
Conclusions 603
References 604
Potential Medicinal Plants Used in the Hypertension in Turkey, Pakistan, and Malaysia 606
Introduction 606
Study Areas 607
Comparative Evaluation on Country Basis 608
Turkey 608
Pakistan 609
Malaysia 610
Conclusions 611
Appendix 1: Herbs used for hypertension in the traditional medicine in Turkey 612
Appendix 2: Medicinal plants used in the treatment of hypertension in the traditional medicine in Pakistan 617
Appendix 3: Medicinal plants used for the treatment of hypertension in the traditional medicine in Malaysia 620
References 623
Epimedium elatum (Morr & Decne): A Therapeutic Medicinal Plant from Northwestern Himalayas of India
Epimedium Species: An Introduction 630
Epimedium elatum 632
Botanical Description 632
Distribution of Epimedium Species 633
Habitat Characteristics 634
Propagation of Epimedium Species 635
Pharmacological Importance of Epimedium Species 635
Ethno-pharmacological Use 635
Aphrodisiac Activity 636
Anti-osteoporosis Activity 638
Anticancer Activity 639
Neuroprotective Activity 640
Preventing Cardiovascular Diseases 641
Anti-inflammatory Activity 641
Anti-ageing, Anti-fatigue and Anti-hypoxia Activities 642
Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activities 642
PPAR-? Ligand-Binding Activity 643
Phenotypic Plasticity 643
Taxonomic Classification of Epimedium Species 646
Genetic Diversity 648
Phytochemical Characterisation of Epimedium Species 651
Chemoprofiling Studies of Epimedium elatum from Kashmir Himalayas 654
Antioxidant and Biochemical (Total Flavanoid and Phenolic) Analysis 655
References 657
Indian Herbal Drug Industry: Challenges and Future Prospects 668
Introduction 668
Contribution of Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs) to Rural Economy 670
Importance of Medicinal Plants 670
Emerging Markets 672
Trade of Medicinal Plants: Indian Scenario 674
Medicinal Plants as a Source of Income in Madhya Pradesh: A Phytodiversity-Rich State of India 679
Opportunities in Developing the Medicinal Plants Sector 680
Challenges in Medicinal Plants Sector 680
Demand for Medicinal Plants 680
Existing Policies 681
Suggestions 682
Conclusion 683
References 683
Ethno-ecology of the Healing Forests of Sarban Hills, Abbottabad, Pakistan: An Economic and Medicinal Appraisal 685
Introduction 685
Study Area 685
Geography of the Region 685
Population of the area 686
Soil 686
Climate 686
Languages 687
Economy and Tourism 687
Education 687
Agriculture 687
Livestock 688
Socioeconomic Status 688
Biodiversity 688
Ethnobotany in its historical perspective 688
Traditional Medicines 690
Medicinal Plants 690
Ethnoveterinary uses of medicinal plants 691
Materials and Methods 692
Field Trips and Field Work 692
Collection of Plant Materials 693
Questionnaires 693
Herbarium Work 693
Plants Identification 693
Market Assessments 694
Documentation of Research Data 694
Results 694
Plant-diversity of the Sarban Hills 694
Ethno-ecology of the Sarban Hills 695
Medicinal Plants 695
Collection of Medicinal Plants 696
Traditional Medicines 703
Fodder Plants 704
Timber and fuelwood plants 705
Discussion 705
Plant-diversity 705
Ethno-ecology and Traditional Knowledge 710
Medicinal Plants 710
Marketing of Medicinal Plants 711
Fodder Availability for Livestock 712
Fuel and Timber Woods 712
Ethnoveterinary Importance of the Region 713
Conservation of the Sarban Plant Resources 714
References 714
Exploring the Therapeutic Characteristics of Plant Species in the Chichawatni Irrigated Plantation Pakistan 717
Introduction 717
The Study Area 719
Field Survey 719
Conclusion 727
References 727
Therapeutic Characteristics of Murree Plants: An Emerging Feature 729
Introduction 729
Local Knowledge About Plant Resources 733
Availability and Distribution 734
The Relation Between Exploitation of MAPs and Socioeconomic Factors 736
Deterioration of Ethnobotanical Species 736
Nutritional and Economic Value 737
Conclusion 738
References 738
Plant Resources and Human Ecology of Tarnawai area, District Abbottabad, Pakistan 740
Introduction to Human Ecology and Natural Resources 740
Ethnobotany 742
Field Survey and Field Work 743
Survey on Cultural Knowledge 744
Documentation and Ethnobotanical Exploration 744
Statistical Analysis 744
Use Value Index (UVi) 745
Relative Frequency Citations (RFCs) 745
Observations 745
Floristic Diversity 745
Ethno-Ecological Use Categories 747
Classification of Diseases 748
Statistical Analysis 755
Use Value Index (UVi) 755
Relative Frequency Citations (RFCs) 758
Conclusions 761
Recommendations 764
References 764
Licorice in Middle Asia 766
Introduction 766
Taxonomy (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) 766
Uses 773
References 774
Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants for Livelihood and Community Health in Deserts of Sindh-Pakistan 775
Introduction to Deserts of Sindh 775
Biogeography 775
Pictorial Representation of Deserts of Sindh-Pakistan 776
Climate 776
Population 781
Cultural Heritage and Ethnography 781
Health and Education 782
The Plant Diversity and Its Cultural Significance 782
Ethnobotany in Deserts of Sindh 783
Diversity of Medicinal Plants in Deserts of Sindh 785
Diversity of Plant Part Used and Modes of Utilization 791
Pictorial Representation of Some Important Plant Species 792
Cultural Significance of Medicinal Plants in Deserts of Sindh 792
Current Threats to Traditional Knowledge in Deserts of Sindh 799
References 799
Correction to: Molecular Biodiversity Convergence with Biogeography and Ethnobotany of Rare and Endangered Medicinal Plants from Northern Vietnam 801
Correction to: Chapter 1 in: M. Ozturk, K. R. Hakeem (eds.), Plant and Human Health, Volume 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93997-1_1 801
Index 802

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 2.10.2018
• Zusatzinfo: XXII, 805 p. 131 illus., 118 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Naturheilkunde
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Schlagworte: Alternative medicine • medicinal and aromatic plants • molecular pharming • plant-based medicine • secondary metabolites
• ISBN-10: 3-319-93997-1 / 3319939971
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-93997-1 / 9783319939971