Healthcare Interoperability Standards Compliance Handbook (eBook)

Conformance and Testing of Healthcare Data Exchange Standards

Frank Oemig, Robert Snelick (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1st ed. 2016
XLVI, 662 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-44839-8 (ISBN)

Infos

This book focuses on the development and use of interoperability standards related to healthcare information technology (HIT) and provides in-depth discussion of the associated essential aspects. The book explains the principles of conformance, examining how to improve the content of healthcare data exchange standards (including HL7 v2.x, V3/CDA, FHIR, CTS2, DICOM, EDIFACT, and ebXML), the rigor of conformance testing, and the interoperability capabilities of healthcare applications for the benefit of healthcare professionals who use HIT, developers of HIT applications, and healthcare consumers who aspire to be recipients of safe and effective health services facilitated through meaningful use of well-designed HIT.

Readers will understand the common terms interoperability, conformance, compliance and compatibility, and be prepared to design and implement their own complex interoperable healthcare information system. Chapters address the practical aspects of the subject matter to enable application of previously theoretical concepts. The book provides real-world, concrete examples to explain how to apply the information, and includes many diagrams to illustrate relationships of entities and concepts described in the text.

Designed for professionals and practitioners, this book is appropriate for implementers and developers of HIT, technical staff of information technology vendors participating in the development of standards and profiling initiatives, informatics professionals who design conformance testing tools, staff of information technology departments in healthcare institutions, and experts involved in standards development. Healthcare providers and leadership of provider organizations seeking a better understanding of conformance, interoperability, and IT certification processes will benefit from this book, as will students studying healthcare information technology.

Inhalt

Foreword 5
Preface 7
Trademarks and Disclaimer 9
Copy-Editor 9
Contributors 9
Reviewers 10
HL7 Conformance Working Group 10
Robert Snelick Acknowledgments 10
Frank Oemig Acknowledgments 11
Dedication 12
Contents 13
About the Authors 24
Acronyms 26
List of Figures 32
List of Tables 40
Healthcare Information Technology 46
1 Introduction 47
1.1 The Case for Common Understanding 49
1.1.1 The Need for Consistency 50
1.2 Information Cycle 51
1.3 Motivation for Cooperation 52
1.4 Definition of Key Terms and Concepts 53
1.4.1 Conformance 53
1.4.2 Interoperability 54
1.5 Interoperability Levels 56
1.6 Standards Development Life-Cycle 57
1.7 ISO/OSI Stack 59
1.8 Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) 61
1.9 Concept Relationships 63
1.10 Approaches to Standards Development 64
1.11 Testing 66
1.12 Scope and Purpose 67
1.13 Commonly Used Terms and Definitions 69
1.14 Intended Audience 71
1.15 Keywords for Use 72
1.16 Summary 72
References 73
2 Architecture 75
2.1 Interface 75
2.1.1 Types of Interfaces 76
2.1.1.1 Functional (Local + Remote) 76
2.1.1.2 Message-Based Data Exchange 77
2.1.1.3 Document Exchange 78
2.1.2 Communication Paradigms 79
2.1.3 Protocol Layer 80
2.1.4 Levels for Interoperability 80
2.2 Interfacing 81
2.2.1 Impact on Interfaces 82
2.3 Serving Interfaces with Data 83
2.3.1 General “Capability” of a System 83
2.3.2 Relevance for Interfaces 85
2.4 Dynamic Behavior 86
2.4.1 Message Pairs 86
2.4.2 Timing 87
2.4.3 Message Identification 87
2.4.4 Routing to Multiple Destinations 89
2.4.5 Responsibility of a System 90
2.4.6 Event Handling 91
2.4.7 Delayed Message Handling (Sender) 92
2.4.8 Handling of Outdated Data (Receiver) 93
2.5 Intermediate Message Handling 94
2.6 Message Population 95
2.7 Information Transmission 96
2.8 Delete Indication 97
2.8.1 Legal Requirements for Data Persistence 100
2.8.2 Receiver Responsibility 100
2.8.3 Data Granularity 101
2.8.4 Impact of Order of Messages 101
2.8.5 Sender Responsibility: Impact to System Design 102
2.9 Null Flavors 103
2.10 Snapshot Mode Versus Update Mode 105
2.11 Considerations in Application Development 108
2.11.1 Introducing Functional Requirements 108
2.11.2 Conformance Discussion 113
2.12 Summary 116
References 117
3 Healthcare Standards Landscape 118
3.1 Introduction 118
3.2 Standards Developing Organizations 119
3.2.1 UNECE 119
3.2.2 ASC (US) 120
3.2.3 ASTM (US) 121
3.2.4 HL7 121
3.2.4.1 Affiliates 122
3.2.5 DICOM 122
3.2.6 KBV, ZI and QMS (Germany) 123
3.2.7 KV-Telematik (Germany) 123
3.2.8 NCPDP (USA) 124
3.2.9 OASIS 125
3.3 Profile Development Organizations 126
3.3.1 IHE 126
3.3.2 ELGA (Austria) 129
3.3.3 eHealth Suisse (Switzerland) 130
3.3.4 HITSP (US) 131
3.3.5 S& I Framework (US)
3.3.6 Standards Collaborative (Canada) 133
3.3.7 Interop’Santé (France) 134
3.3.8 ASIP Santé (France) 135
3.3.9 Phast (France) 135
3.3.10 eSanté (Luxembourg) 136
3.3.11 Interoperability Forum (Germany) 136
3.3.12 NHS (UK) 138
3.3.13 SMART Health IT on FHIR® (US) 139
3.3.13.1 Profiles 139
3.4 Overview of Widely Used Standards 140
3.4.1 HL7 140
3.4.1.1 Version 2.x and 3.0 140
3.4.1.2 CDA 141
3.4.1.3 CCOW 142
3.4.1.4 FHIR 142
3.4.1.5 More HL7 Family Members 142
3.4.2 Other Standards 143
3.5 Summary 144
References 144
4 Healthcare Data Exchange Standards 147
4.1 Introduction 148
4.2 HL7 Version 2.X 148
4.2.1 Versions 149
4.2.2 Information Model 151
4.2.3 Message Structure 151
4.2.4 Optionality 153
4.2.5 Encoding 154
4.2.6 Delimiters 156
4.2.7 Delete Requests 156
4.2.8 Null-Flavors 157
4.2.9 Data Types 157
4.2.10 Events 159
4.2.11 Dynamic Behavior 161
4.2.12 Transmission Protocols 163
4.2.13 Tables and Table Values 163
4.2.14 Conformance Methodology 165
4.3 FHIR (HL7) 165
4.3.1 Introduction and Overview 165
4.3.2 Element Hierarchy 168
4.3.3 References 170
4.3.4 Bundling 171
4.3.5 Retrieval and Queries 171
4.3.6 Extensibility 172
4.3.7 Use of Vocabulary 172
4.3.8 Data Types 173
4.3.9 Representation/Encoding 175
4.3.10 Maturity Model 175
4.3.11 Versions 176
4.3.12 Profiling by “Slicing” 177
4.3.13 Conformance 177
4.3.13.1 Conformance Resource 178
4.3.13.2 DataElement Resource 179
4.3.13.3 Structure Definition Resource 179
4.3.13.4 Operation Definition Resource 179
4.3.13.5 Search Parameter Resource 181
4.3.14 Conformance Methodology 181
4.4 UN/EDIFACT 182
4.4.1 Introduction and Overview 182
4.4.2 Message Structure 182
4.4.3 Delimiter 183
4.4.4 Data Types Format Notation 185
4.4.5 Tables 186
4.4.6 Conformance Methodology 187
4.5 ebXML 187
4.5.1 ebRIM 187
4.5.2 Data Types 188
4.5.3 Classes and Attributes 189
4.5.4 Methods 189
4.5.5 Conformance Methodology 190
4.6 CTS2 (HL7) 190
4.6.1 Information Model 191
4.6.2 Conformance Methodology 192
4.7 ClaML (ISO) 192
4.7.1 Information Model 192
4.7.2 Conformance Methodology 193
4.8 Technical Compatibility Matrix 194
4.9 Summary 194
References 197
Conformance (and Tools) 199
5 Conformance Constructs 200
5.1 Overview 200
5.1.1 Conformance Constructs Overview 201
5.1.2 Related Conformance Concepts 204
5.1.3 Example Specifications 205
5.1.4 Summary 206
5.2 Data Structures and Data Types 207
5.2.1 Binding to Elements 207
5.2.2 Atomic Versus Complex Information 208
5.2.3 Representation/Formats 209
5.2.4 Precision in Representation 210
5.2.5 Precision in Meaning 211
5.2.6 Collections of Data Types 211
5.2.7 Promotion/Demotion (in HL7 V3) 212
5.3 Usage (Optionality) 213
5.3.1 Example Application Discussion 214
5.3.2 Support for an Element 216
5.3.3 Implementation Support Versus Presence in Instances 217
5.3.4 Conditional Usage 218
5.3.5 Case Study: HL7 v2.x Conditional Usage 219
5.3.6 “Required” Versus “Mandatory” 220
5.3.7 Binding of Elements 222
5.3.8 Interface Design Choices 222
5.3.9 Sender and Receiver Perspectives 223
5.4 Cardinality 223
5.4.1 Limitations 224
5.4.2 Delimiters 225
5.4.3 Alternate Terms for Cardinality 225
5.4.4 Notation for Cardinality 225
5.4.5 Use of Cardinality 225
5.4.6 Relationship of Optionality and Cardinality 226
5.5 Length 227
5.5.1 Sender/Receiver Role 228
5.5.2 Truncation 228
5.5.3 Padding 229
5.5.4 Conformance Length 230
5.6 Content 230
5.6.1 Vocabulary 231
5.6.1.1 Vocabulary Mechanics 233
5.6.1.2 Value Set Definition and Value Set Expansion 237
5.6.1.3 Value Sets Using Multiple Code Systems 237
5.6.1.4 Coded Elements with Text Exceptions 240
5.6.1.5 Explicit Binding Strength Specification 241
5.6.1.6 Types of Bindings Used in Standards 242
5.6.2 Null Flavors (Values) 242
5.6.3 Fixed Value (Constant) 243
5.6.4 Default Values 244
5.6.5 Placeholder Values 245
5.7 Conformance Statements 245
5.8 Data Semantics 246
5.8.1 Models 246
5.9 Encoding 246
5.9.1 Display-Oriented Encoding Concepts 247
5.9.1.1 Escaping 247
5.9.1.2 Text Formatting 250
5.9.1.3 Character Sets 251
5.9.1.4 HL7 v2.x XML Encoding 254
5.9.2 Presence/Absence of an Element 254
5.9.2.1 Summary of Presence/Absence Capabilities 257
5.9.3 Parsing 257
5.9.3.1 Message Substructures 258
5.9.3.2 HL7 v2.x: Implicit Segment Structures 258
5.9.3.3 HL7 v2.x: Explicit Message Structures/BNF 260
5.9.3.4 HL7 v3 Message Structures 260
5.10 Summary 261
References 261
6 Principles of Specifying Conformance 263
6.1 Introduction 263
6.2 Overloaded Terms 265
6.2.1 Declaring Requirements and Conformance 265
6.2.2 Requirement Documents 266
6.3 Conformance Keywords 266
6.3.1 Impact of Keywords on Requirements 268
6.3.2 Nested Requirements 269
6.3.3 Normative and Informative Statements 270
6.4 Conformance Clause 270
6.4.1 Conformance Claim 271
6.5 Specifying Conformance Requirements 272
6.5.1 Implicit Definitions with Conformance Constructs 272
6.5.2 Explicit Definition with Normative Statements 276
6.5.3 Principles for Writing Conformance Requirements 276
6.6 Scope of Conformance Specifications 279
6.7 Summary 281
References 281
7 Principles of Effective Profiling 283
7.1 Introduction 283
7.2 Profiling: Definition of Terms 284
7.2.1 Profile Components 289
7.2.2 Annotations 289
7.3 Refinement of a Standard 290
7.3.1 Profiling Methodology Summary 291
7.3.2 Constraints 291
7.3.2.1 Usage (Optionality) Constraint 293
7.3.2.2 Cardinality Constraint 293
7.3.2.3 Data Type Constraint 293
7.3.2.4 Content (Value Set) Constraint 294
7.3.2.5 Length Constraint 295
7.3.2.6 Conformance Statement (Predicate Constraint) 296
7.3.2.7 Co-constraints 296
7.3.3 Allowable Constraints 297
7.3.4 Extensions 297
7.3.5 Conformance Approaches: Constraints Versus Extensions 298
7.4 Profile Hierarchy 298
7.4.1 Profile Hierarchy in Use 300
7.4.2 Profile Hierarchies for Standard Specifications 301
7.4.3 Non-compliant Profiles 303
7.5 Profiling Case Study: HL7 v2 304
7.5.1 HL7 v2.x Profiles: Background and Motivation 304
7.5.2 HL7 v2 Conformance Profile Defined 306
7.5.3 Message Profile Components Defined 307
7.6 Vocabulary Profiling 309
7.6.1 Vocabulary Binding and Profiling 310
7.6.2 Use of Extensibility and Stability 313
7.6.3 Profiling at the Code Level 315
7.6.4 Summary 323
7.7 Vocabulary Management 323
7.7.1 Managing Code Systems 324
7.7.2 Value Set Definition and Expansion 325
7.7.3 Managing Dynamic Value Sets 326
7.8 Uses of Conformance Profiles 328
7.9 Profile Design and Management 329
7.9.1 Profile Identification Management 332
7.9.2 Publishing the Specification 332
7.10 Pairing Sender and Receiver Profiles for Use 333
7.10.1 One-to-One Profile Pairing 334
7.10.2 One-to-Many Profile Pairing 334
7.10.3 Many-to-One Profile Pairing 336
7.10.4 Design Considerations: Profiling Pairing 339
7.11 Case Studies 339
7.11.1 Localization Using Profile Components 339
7.11.2 IHE Integration Profile 341
7.11.3 Laboratory Orders, Results, and Public Health 341
7.11.4 HL7 v2.x Message Profiles (in Germany) 344
7.12 Documenting Interfaces 346
7.12.1 Profile and Implementation Relationships 347
7.12.2 Documentation Quality 350
7.13 Summary 350
References 352
8 Profile Relationships 354
8.1 Introduction 354
8.2 Specialization of Profiles 358
8.2.1 Usage (Optionality) Compliance Rules 359
8.2.1.1 Conditional Usage 361
8.2.1.2 Withdrawn Usage 362
8.2.2 Cardinality Compliance Rules 363
8.2.3 Length Compliance Rules 364
8.2.3.1 Maximum Length 364
8.2.3.2 Minimum Length 365
8.2.3.3 Conformance Length 365
8.2.4 Vocabulary Compliance Rules 366
8.2.4.1 Constraining Vocabulary 366
8.3 Versioning of Profiles 367
8.3.1 Example 369
8.4 Creating New Profiles 371
8.5 Compatibility of (Sender and Receiver) Profiles 371
8.5.1 Usage 372
8.5.2 Cardinality 374
8.5.3 Length 374
8.5.4 Vocabulary 375
8.6 Summary 376
References 377
9 Conformance Profiling Tools 378
9.1 Introduction 378
9.2 Messaging Workbench 379
9.3 IGAMT 382
9.4 MDHT 384
9.5 ART-DECOR 385
9.6 Lantana Template Repository: Trifolia 391
9.7 Forge 397
9.8 Summary 399
References 399
Testing (and Tools) 401
10 Testing Models 402
10.1 Introduction 402
10.2 Testing Objectives 403
10.3 Definition of Terms 404
10.4 Test Organization Hierarchy 405
10.5 Test Evaluation Types 409
10.6 Testing Models 411
10.6.1 Data Instance Testing Model 412
10.6.2 Isolated System Testing Model 413
10.6.3 Peer-to-Peer System Testing Model 415
10.7 Additional Testing Considerations 416
10.8 Summary 417
References 418
11 Principles of Conformance Testing 419
11.1 Overview 419
11.2 Conformance and Interoperability Testing 420
11.2.1 Conformance Testing 420
11.2.2 Interoperability Testing 420
11.2.3 Conformance and Interoperability Testing Relationship 421
11.2.4 Periodic Testing 423
11.2.5 Conformance Testing in Operational Environments 423
11.3 Standards Development Life-Cycle 424
11.4 Test Methodology Framework 426
11.4.1 System-Under-Test (SUT) 428
11.4.2 Anatomy of a Test Suite 428
11.4.3 Anatomy of a Test Plan 428
11.4.4 Anatomy of a Test Case 429
11.4.5 Anatomy of a Test Step 429
11.4.6 Test Data 430
11.4.7 Test Script 430
11.4.8 Inspection Documents 431
11.4.9 Test Artifact 431
11.4.10 Test Assertion 432
11.4.11 Test Tool 432
11.4.12 Configuration Information 432
11.4.13 Test Report 433
11.5 Testing in Practice 433
11.5.1 Testing Sending Applications 433
11.5.1.1 Context-Free Testing Versus Context-Based Testing 435
11.5.2 Case Study: Laboratory Results 437
11.5.2.1 Test Procedure Workflow 443
11.5.3 Testing Receiving Applications 443
11.5.3.1 Inspection Testing Approach 444
11.5.3.2 Use of Acknowledgements Approach 445
11.5.3.3 Query and Response Approach 445
11.5.3.4 Extended Workflow Approach 446
11.5.3.5 Artificial System Capability Approach 448
11.5.3.6 Combining Approaches 449
11.5.4 Case Study: Incorporation of Laboratory Results 449
11.5.4.1 Juror Document Interpretation and Use 452
11.6 Context-Based Test Data Categorizations 454
11.6.1 Data Content Conformity Assessment Examples 460
11.6.2 Testing Cardinality and Other Conformance Constructs 462
11.7 Strategies and Best Practices for Test Case Development 462
11.8 Capability, Site, and Interoperability Testing 466
11.9 Negative Testing 468
11.9.1 Message and Document Incorporation 469
11.9.2 Boundary Testing 471
11.9.3 False Positive and False Negative Test Results 471
11.10 Other Types of Testing 472
11.10.1 Smoke Testing 473
11.10.2 Communication Testing 473
11.10.3 Application Functional Testing 474
11.10.4 Data Quality Testing 475
11.10.5 Usability Testing 476
11.10.6 Load Testing 477
11.11 Summary 477
References 479
12 Conformity Assessment 481
12.1 Overview 481
12.2 Processing Aspects (for Receiving Applications) 484
12.3 Usage/Optionality 484
12.3.1 Sender Usage Conformity Assessments 485
12.3.2 Receiver Usage Conformity Assessment 487
12.4 Cardinality 493
12.4.1 Sender Cardinality Conformity Assessment 494
12.4.2 Receiver Cardinality Conformance Assessment 500
12.5 Vocabulary Conformance and Assessment 511
12.5.1 Vocabulary Conformance 511
12.5.2 Vocabulary Conformity Assessment 513
12.5.2.1 Conformity Assessment for Senders 513
12.5.2.2 Conformity Assessment for Receivers 515
12.6 Summary 516
References 516
13 Testing Architectures 517
13.1 Introduction 517
13.2 Testing Infrastructure 518
13.2.1 Key Objectives of a Testing Infrastructure 521
13.2.2 Resource Repository 521
13.2.3 Test Harness 522
13.2.4 Services 523
13.2.4.1 Generation Services 523
13.2.4.2 Validation Services 525
13.2.4.3 Test Agents 525
13.2.4.4 Registry/Repository Services 528
13.2.4.5 Test Data Services 528
13.2.4.6 Report Services 529
13.2.4.7 Consistent Time Service 529
13.2.4.8 Proxy Service 529
13.2.4.9 Communication Infrastructure 529
13.2.4.10 Terminology Service 530
13.2.4.11 Aggregated Services 531
13.2.4.12 Other Services 531
13.2.5 Infrastructure Components 532
13.2.6 Testing Infrastructure—A Broader Context 532
13.2.6.1 Test Management Systems 532
13.2.6.2 Tool Access and Delivery 533
13.2.6.3 External Tools and Services 534
13.2.6.4 Development Components 535
13.2.7 Testing Infrastructure Observations 535
13.3 A Test Scenario 535
13.4 Testing Frameworks 539
13.4.1 Data Instance Test Framework 539
13.4.2 Isolated System Test Framework 541
13.4.3 Peer-to-Peer Testing Framework 542
13.5 Instantiation of Test Tools 544
13.5.1 Data Instance Testing Test Tool 544
13.5.2 Isolated System Testing Test Tool 545
13.5.3 Interoperability Test Bed 549
13.5.3.1 Operational Functions 549
13.5.3.1.1ƒSimulating a Vendor System 552
13.5.3.2 Test Flow 552
13.5.3.2.1ƒScheduling and Configuration 553
13.5.3.2.2ƒTest Execution Status Evaluation and Progress Display 553
13.5.3.2.3ƒOrchestration of Events 554
13.5.3.2.4ƒAnalysis and Results Reporting 557
13.5.3.2.5ƒDiscussion 557
13.5.3.3 Need for the ITB 558
13.5.3.4 Multiple Domain Test Scenarios and Testing 558
13.6 Summary 559
References 559
14 Testing Tools 561
14.1 Introduction 561
14.2 NIST HL7 v2.x Test Tools 562
14.2.1 NIST Immunization Test Suite 563
14.2.1.1 General Tool Capabilities 563
14.2.1.2 Testing Sending Applications in the Tool 565
14.2.1.3 Testing Receiving Applications in the Tool 568
14.2.2 Testing Functional Requirements with the Tool 570
14.2.3 NIST HL7 v2.x Testing Web Services API 572
14.3 Message Workbench (MWB) 572
14.3.1 Message Instance Validation 572
14.3.2 Message Validation via a Proxy-Server 573
14.3.3 MWB Validation Server 573
14.4 CDC Message Quality Framework 575
14.5 AHML-Australian Healthcare Messaging Laboratory 576
14.5.1 Message Testing Process 577
14.5.2 Reporting 579
14.6 CDA Test Tools 579
14.6.1 ART-DECOR 579
14.6.2 Lantana Trifolia 580
14.6.3 NIST CDA Testing 581
14.6.4 eHealth Suisse 583
14.6.5 IHE Gazelle Object Checker 584
14.7 IHE Conformance and Interoperability Test Tools 584
14.8 e-Prescribing (e-Rx) Tools 586
14.8.1 NIST e-Prescribing Test Tool 587
14.9 DVTk—DICOM Validation Toolkit 588
14.9.1 History 588
14.9.2 Functionality 588
14.10 Related Tools 590
14.10.1 HAPI 590
14.10.2 MDHT 591
14.10.3 IPF (by Open eHealth Foundation) 592
14.10.4 eHealth Connector (by eHealth Suisse) 592
14.11 Table of Tools and Access Points 593
14.12 Summary 593
References 593
15 Testing and Certification Programs 595
15.1 Introduction 595
15.2 Certification Perspectives 596
15.3 IHE Testing Programs 598
15.3.1 IHE Technical Framework Overview 598
15.3.2 IHE Testing Process 598
15.3.2.1 Pre-connect-a-Thon 600
15.3.2.2 Virtual Connect-a-Thon 600
15.3.2.3 Connect-a-Thon 601
15.3.3 IHE Product Registry 602
15.3.4 Gazelle 603
15.4 EHR Certification and Meaningful Use Programs 604
15.4.1 Patient Safety and Federal EHR Technology Programs 604
15.4.2 The Federal HIT Certification Program 605
15.4.3 The Role of NIST 610
15.4.4 Reaction in the Market to the Federal EHR Programs 613
15.4.5 The Interoperability Factor 618
15.4.6 Summary and Conclusions 619
15.5 Other Programs 620
15.5.1 Surescripts 620
15.5.2 Certification in Australia 620
15.5.3 Certification in Germany 621
15.6 Scope of Certification Testing 622
15.7 Summary 624
References 624
Appendix A: Additional Healthcare Data Exchange Standards 626
A.1 HL7 Version 3 626
A.1.1 Reference Information Model (RIM) 627
A.1.2 Structural Attributes 631
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A.1.2.1 Mood Code 631
A.1.2.2 Class Code 632
A.1.3 Null-Flavors 633
A.1.4 Required and Mandatory Values 633
A.1.5 State Transitions 635
A.1.6 Application Roles 635
A.1.7 Data Types 637
A.1.8 ITS 637
A.1.9 Recursive Relationships 638
A.2 CDA 638
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A.2.1 Levels 642
A.2.2 Releases 644
A.2.3 Templates 645
A.2.4 Implementation Guides 646
A.2.5 SDA—Structured Document Architecture 646
A.3 ASTM 647
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A.3.1 Message Structure and Segments 647
A.3.2 Chapters 647
A.3.3 Conformance Methodology 648
A.4 DICOM 649
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A.4.1 Introduction and Overview 649
A.4.2 Information Model 649
A.4.3 Information Object 650
A.4.4 Data Element 652
A.4.5 Value Representation 653
A.4.6 Conformance Methodology 654
A.4.7 Proprietary Extensions 654
A.5 XDT (Germany) 655
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A.5.1 Introduction and Overview 655
A.5.2 Information Model 656
A.5.3 Data Exchange 656
A.5.4 Encoding and Parsing 657
A.5.5 Explanation of Segment Structure 658
A.5.6 Overall Structure (Message Structure) 659
A.5.7 “Datenpaket” (Data Package/Message) 660
A.5.8 “Satz” (Segment) 660
A.5.8.1 “Feldarten” (Optionality) 663
A.5.9 “Bedingung” (Condition/Rules) 663
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A.5.10 Feldtabelle (Data Element Table) 664
A.5.11 Feldtypen (Data Types) 664
A.5.12 Vocabulary 665
A.5.13 Character Sets 666
A.5.14 Example 667
A.5.15 Conformance Methodology 668
A.6 Hprim Santé (France) 668
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A.6.1 Introduction and Overview 669
A.6.2 Segments 669
A.6.2.1 Properties 670
A.6.3 Message Types 671
A.6.4 Message Structure 671
A.6.4.1 Comparison to HL7 V2.X 674
A.6.5 Data Types 675
A.6.6 Vocabulary 675
A.6.7 Encoding 676
A.6.8 Conformance Methodology 676
A.7 PN13 (France) 676
Outline placeholder 1
A.7.1 Introduction and Overview 677
A.7.2 Message Types 677
A.7.3 Data Elements 677
A.7.4 Data Type 678
A.7.5 Optionality and Cardinality 680
A.7.6 Representation 680
A.7.7 Conformance Methodology 680
A.8 Summary 680
References 682
Appendix B: Trademark Information 683
Index 685

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 18.12.2016
• Zusatzinfo: XLVI, 662 p. 292 illus., 289 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie
• Schlagworte: Compliance • conformance • Conformance and Interoperability Testing • Electronic healthcare records • Healthcare Data Exchange Standards • Healthcare Information Technology • HL7 CDA • HL7 FHIR • HL7 v2 Messaging Standard • HLV V3 • Interoperability • Meaningful Use • ONC Healthcare IT Certification • Profiling • Requirements Specification • Testing Architecture and Tools
• ISBN-10: 3-319-44839-0 / 3319448390
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-44839-8 / 9783319448398