Glutathione (eBook)

Proceedings of the Symposium Held at Ridgefield, Connecticut, November, 1953

S. Colowick, A. Lazarow, D. R. Schwarz (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
352 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-6150-8 (ISBN)

Infos

Glutathione: A Symposium covers the proceedings of the symposium held in Ridgefield, Connecticut in November 1953. The book focuses on the chemistry, characteristics, reactions, and properties of glutathione (GSH). The selection first offers information on mercaptans and disulfides, reactivity of the sulfhydryl group in GSH and related peptides, and chemistry and properties of GSH. Discussions focus on isolation and occurrence of GSH, properties of GSH, general chemistry of acidity, oxidation, and disulfides, and application to the structure of GSH. The text then examines thiol-thiolester complex formation, methods of GSH assay, and paper chromatography of GSH and its hydrolysis products. The publication takes a look at histochemical experiments on sulfhydryls and disulfides, enzymatic oxidation and reduction of GSH, and biosynthesis of GSH. Topics include synthesis of GSH from the constituent amino acids, enzymatic oxidation of GSH, and methods for demonstrating protein-bound sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in tissues. The selection is a dependable reference for researchers interested in the chemistry, reactions, and properties of glutathione.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Glutathione 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
List of Contributors 6
Preface 8
Acknowledgment 9
PART I: PROPERTIES AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 12
Chapter 1. Mercaptans and Disulfides: Some Physics, Chemistry, and Speculation 14
I. Introduction 14
II. Physics 17
III. General Chemistry—Acidity 19
IV. General Chemistry—Addition Reactions 22
V. General Chemistry—Mercaptides and Displacement Reactions 25
VI. General Chemistry—Oxidation 26
VII. General Chemistry—Disulfides 26
VIII. Oxidation Potential 30
IX. Application to the Structure of Glutathione 32
REFERENCES 37
Discussion 37
Chapter 2. The Reactivity of the Sulfhydryl Group in Glutathione and Related Peptides 42
REFERENCES 52
Discussion 53
Chapter 3. Chemistry and Properties of Glutathione 56
I. Introduction 56
II. Isolation and Occurrence of GSH 57
III. Syntheses of GSH and Similar Peptides 57
IV. Properties of GSH 59
REFERENCES 67
Chapter 4. Thiol-Thiolester Complex Formation 68
REFERENCES 70
Discussion 70
PART II: THE METHODS FOR DETECTION AND ASSAY OF GLUTATHIONE AND SULFHYDRYL COMPOUNDS 72
Chapter 5. Methods of Glutathione Assay—A Review of Classical Methods 74
I. Introduction 74
II. Individual Methods 75
III. Discussion 84
REFERENCES 85
Discussion 87
Chapter 6. Paper Chromatography of Glutathione and Its Hydrolysis Products 90
I. Introduction 90
II. Method 91
III. Materials Used 91
IV. Results 93
V. Conclusion 97
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 97
REFERENCES 98
Chapter 7. Histochemical Experiments on Sulfhydryls and Disulfides 100
I. Methods for Demonstrating Protein-Bound Sulfhydryl and Disulfide Groups in Tissues 100
II. A Recent Histochemical Method for Demonstrating Protein-Bound Sulfhydryl Groups 103
III. Demonstration of Sulfhydryl and Disulfide Groups or Disulfide Alone 105
IV. Effect of Various Fixatives on the Methods for Sulfhydryls or Disulfides 105
V. Distribution of Sulfhydryl and Disulfide Groups in Selected Tissues 106
VI. Investigations of Glutathione 109
VIL Summary 110
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 110
REFERENCES 110
Discussion 112
PART III: BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS 114
Chapter 8. The Enzymatic Oxidation and Reduction of Glutathione 116
I. Introduction 116
II. Enzymatic Reduction of GSSG 117
III. Enzymatic Oxidation of Glutathione 128
IV. Conclusion—Physiological Function 134
REFERENCES 135
Discussion 137
Chapter 9. The Biosynthesis of Glutathione 140
I. Introduction 140
II. Synthesis of Glutathione from the Constituent Amino Acids 140
III. Synthesis of Glutathione from .-Glutamylcysteine 141
REFERENCES 148
Chapter 10. Thioesterase and .-Glutamyl Activation 148
REFERENCES 152
Chapter 11. Biosynthesis of Component Amino Acids of Glutathione in the Rat 152
REFERENCES 153
Discussion 153
Chapter 12. Glutathione in Relation to Transpeptidation Reactions 156
I. Glutathione as an Intermediary in Protein Metabolism 156
II. Transpeptidation Reactions 157
III. Acylation by the .-Glutamyl Group 157
IV. The Cysteinyl-Glycine Bond of Glutathione 159
V. General Comment 160
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 160
REFERENCES 160
Chapter 13. .-Glutamyl Transfer Reactions 162
I. Turnover of GSH in the Intact Animal 162
II. Glutamotransferase 162
III. Enzymatic Transfer of the .-Glutamyl Radical From GSH 165
IV. General Comments 167
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 168
REFERENCES 168
Chapter 14. Cysteine-Containing Peptide Sequences in Ovalbumin and Ribonuclease 169
REFERENCES 171
Discussion 171
Chapter 15. Glutathione as a Coenzyme in Intermediary Metabolism 176
I. Introduction 176
II. Free Glutathione 178
III. Bound Glutathione 185
REFERENCES 192
Chapter 16. The Coenzyme Function of Glutathione in cis-trans Isomerization 194
I. Maleyl-acetoacetate 194
II. Action of the eis-trans Isomerase and Glutathione 195
REFERENCES 197
Chapter 17. Contrasting Changes in Blood Level of Glutathione and Sulfhydryl, Apparently in Association with the Formation of Methemoglobin 197
REFERENCES 198
Discussion 198
Chapter 18. The Role of Sulfhydryl Compounds in Acyl-Transfer Reactions 202
I. Introduction 202
II. Utilization of Phosphate "Bond Energy" for Thiol-ester Synthesis 203
III. Thiol-ester Formation in Aldehyde Oxidation 205
IV. a-Keto Acid Oxidation 207
V. Thioclastic Splitting of ß-Ketoesters 208
VI. Thiol-ester Interchange 209
VII. Imidazole Transacetylase 211
VIII. Utilization of Thiol-ester "Bond Energy" 211
REFERENCES 215
Chapter 19. The Enzymatic Hydrolysis of S-Acetyl and S-Butyryl Glutathione 216
Discussion 218
Chapter 20. SH and Growth 220
I. Introduction 220
II. SH Agents and Growth 221
III. SH and Mitosis 222
IV. The mitotic apparatus 226
V. Conclusion 233
REFERENCES 234
Discussion 235
PART IV: PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS AND CLINICAL ASPECTS 240
Chapter 21. Relation of Glutathione to Hormone Action and Diabetes 242
I. Introduction 242
II. Diabetes and GSH 243
III. Glutathione and Adrenaline 255
IV. GSH and the Adrenal Cortex 256
V. Glutathione and the Thyroid 266
VI. GSH and the Parathyroid 268
VII. GSH and the Adenophyophysis 268
VIII. Summary and Conclusions 270
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 271
REFERENCES 271
Chapter 22. Increased Blood Sulfhydryl in Rats and Guinea Pigs Treated with ACTH and Cortisone 276
REFERENCES 277
Discussion 278
Chapter 23. Glutathione in Radiation Injury 282
I. Introduction 282
II. Experiments to Investigate Comparative Effects of Para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) and Glutathione (GSH) as Protective Agents against Radiation Injury 288
III. Experiments Designed to Investigate Primary Destruction and Regenerative Ability in Nontreated and Glutathione Pretreated Mice 292
IV. Discussion 293
REFERENCES 295
Chapter 24. Remarks Concerning Sulfhydryl Protection against Radiation Injury 298
REFERENCES 299
Chapter 25. Oxygen Poisoning and X-irradiation: A Mechanism in Common 299
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 302
REFERENCES 302
Chapter 26. The Metabolism of Injected Radioactive Glutathione (s35) in X-irradiated and Non-irradiated Mice 303
I. Introduction 303
II. Design of Experiments 303
III. Results to date 304
REFERENCES 305
Chapter 27. Protective Effect of Glutathione against Potassium Overdosage 305
REFERENCES 306
Chapter 28. Glutathione and Protein Oxidation and Precipitation in the Process of Aging and Cataract Formation in the Lens 307
REFERENCES 308
Chapter 29. Glutathione in Human Disease 310
I. Glutathione and Human Disease 310
II. Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Low Blood Glutathione Index in Mental Disease 312
III. Glutathione Metabolism in Normal and Psychotic Subjects 314
IV. Discussion 318
REFERENCES 319
Discussion 321
DISCUSSION 321
Author Index 322
Subject Index 336

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 12.5.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Humanbiologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-6150-6 / 1483261506
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-6150-8 / 9781483261508