Biological, Biochemical, and Biomedical Aspects of Actinomycetes (eBook)

Luis F. Bojalil, Librado Ortiz-Ortiz, Veronica Yakoleff (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2013 | 1. Auflage
660 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-7369-3 (ISBN)

Infos

Biological, Biochemical, and Biomedical Aspects of Actinomycetes documents the proceedings of the V International Symposium on Actinomycetes Biology held in Oaxtepec, Morelos, Mexico, 16-19 August 1982. This volume contains 45 chapters and opens with a paper on the pathogenesis of Actinomyces israelii. Separate chapters follow on the incidence, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of actinomycotic infections; the mechanisms by which A. viscosus can adhere to tooth surfaces; the host response to Actinomyces viscosus Ny1; the cell wall as determinant of pathogenicity in Nocardia; and medical and microbiological problems in human actinomycoses. Subsequent chapters deal with topics such as chemistry of the of the rodlet mosaic fiber portion of the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) sheath, but also the presence of chitin in S. bambergiensis (hairy spores); lipids of mycobacteria, nocardiae, and rhodococci; genetic determination of antibiotics coded by plasmids; the morphology and ultrastructure of Pilimelia; and the ecology of streptomycete phage in soil.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Biological, Biochemical, and Biomedical Aspects of Actinomycetes 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
CONTRIBUTORS 10
PREFACE 16
CHAPTER 1. PATHOGENESIS OF ACTINOMYCES ISRAELII INFECTIONS 18
1. INTRODUCTION 18
II. THE SOURCE OF A. ISRAELII IN INFECTION 19
III. FACTORS PREDISPOSING ACTINOMYCOTIC LESIONS 19
IV. POTENTIAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN ACTINOMYCOTIC LESIONS 22
V. SUMMARY 27
REFERENCES 28
CHAPTER 2. EPIDEMIOLOGIC, ETIOLOGIC, DIAGNOSTIC, AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF ENDOGENOUS ACTINOMYCETES INFECTIONS 30
I. INTRODUCTION 30
II. INCIDENCE 31
III. ETIOLOGY 32
IV. DIAGNOSIS 35
V. THERAPY 39
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 49
REFERENCES 49
CHAPTER 3. ADHERENCE OF ACTINOMYCES VISCOSUS TO TEETH AND ITS ROLE IN PATHOGENESIS 50
I. INTRODUCTION 50
II. SURFACE STRUCTURE OF A. VISCOSUS 51
III. ADHERENCE ORGANELLES OF A. VISCOSUS 53
IV. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE FIBRILS (FIMBRIAE) 56
V. SURFACE FIBRIL SUB-POPULATIONS 61
VI. ROLE OF SURFACE FIBRILS IN PATHOGENESIS 61
VII. SUMMARY 62
REFERENCES 62
CHAPTER 4. LYMPHOCYTE INTERACTIONS IN HOST RESPONSES TO ORAL INFECTIONS CAUSED BY ACTINOMYCES VISCOSUS 64
I. INTRODUCTION 64
II. ANIMAL MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE HOST RESPONSE TO ACTINOMYCES VISCOSUS Ny1 65
III. MECHANISMS OF THE HOST RESPONSE 68
IV. MECHANISMS OF BONE RESORPTION 74
V. CONCLUSIONS 74
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 75
REFERENCES 75
CHAPTER 5. POLYCLONAL B-CELL ACTIVATION IN RESPONSE TO ACTINOMYCES VISCOSUS — ITS NATURE AND GENETICS 78
I. INTRODUCTION 78
II. DNA SYNTHESIS RESPONSES BY ATHYMIC MURINE SPLENOCYTES TO AVIS 79
III. IgM AND IgG SUBCLASS PRODUCTION IN SPLENOCYTES FROM ATHYMIC NUDE (nu/nu) MICE 80
IV. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS 81
V. GENETIC CONTROL OF PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSES TO AVIS 82
VI. GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSES TO AVIS 84
VII. DISCUSSION 86
VIII. SUMMARY 87
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 88
REFERENCES 88
CHAPTER 6. MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENESIS AND HOST RESISTANCE TO NOCARDIA 90
I. INTRODUCTION 90
II. ANIMAL MODELS FOR PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC NOCAR-DIOSIS 91
III. ANIMAL MODELS FOR NOCARDIAL MYCETOMAS 92
IV. IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF MICE INFECTED WITH NOCARDIA 93
V. IN VITRO MODELS FOR STUDYING HOST-PARASITE IN TERACTIONS 96
VI. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF NOCARDIAL PATHOGENESIS 99
VII. CONCLUSIONS 101
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 102
REFERENCES 103
CHAPTER 7. THE CELL WALL AS A DETERMINANT OF PATHOGENICITY IN NOCARDIA: THE ROLE OF L-FORMS IN PATHOGENESIS 106
I. INTRODUCTION 106
II. IN VITRO REMOVAL OF THE NOCARDIAL CELL WALL 107
III. GROWTH OF NOCARDIAL L-FORMS IN VITRO 108
IV. ULTRASTRUCTURE OF L-FORMS 108
V. REVERSION OF NOCARDIAL L-FORMS 111
VI. POSSIBLE NOCARDIAL L-FORMS WITHIN CLINICAL MATERIAL 113
VII. IN VIVO MODIFICATION OF NOCARDIAL CELL WALLS 114
VIII. L-FORMS IN EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS: HOST IMMUNITY AND MYCETOMAS 114
IX. PATHOGENICITY OF NOCARDIAL L-FORMS 118
X. CONCLUSIONS 121
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 121
REFERENCES 122
CHAPTER 8. DEFENSE AGAINST NOCARDIA ASTEROIDES IN MAN 124
I. INTRODUCTION 125
II. INTERACTION OF NOCARDIA AND HUMAN NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES 126
III. INTERACTIONS OF NOCARDIA WITH ACTIVATED MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES 130
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR HOST DEFENSE IN MAN 132
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 135
REFERENCES 135
CHAPTER 9. HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIP IN INFECTIONS DUE TO NOCARDIA BRASILIENSIS 136
I. INTRODUCTION 136
II. EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION 137
III. RESISTANCE TO INFECTION 139
IV. B-LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION BY N. BRASILIENSIS 143
V. EFFECT OF N. BRASILIENSIS INFECTION ON THE RESPONSE TO MITOGENS 147
VI. CONCLUSIONS 149
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 149
REFERENCES 150
CHAPTER 10. SEROLOGIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC ACTINOMYCETES IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL DISEASE 152
I. INTRODUCTION 152
II. ACTINOMYCES 153
III. DERMATOPHILUS 155
IV. NOCARDIA 156
V. SUMMARY 158
REFERENCES 159
CHAPTER 11. THERMOPHILIC ACTINOMYCETES: THEIR ROLE IN HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS 162
I. INTRODUCTION 162
II. DISEASES CAUSED BY THERMOPHILIC ACTINOMYCETES 163
III. CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS 165
IV. IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS 167
V. DIAGNOSIS 168
VI. COMMENTS 174
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 175
REFERENCES 175
CHAPTER 12. MEDICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN HUMAN ACTINOMYCOSES 178
I. INTRODUCTION 178
II. RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES 180
III. DISCUSSION 186
IV. SUMMARY 187
REFERENCES 187
CHAPTER 13. BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE STREPTOMYCES SPORE SHEATH 188
1. INTRODUCTION 188
II. HYDROPHOBIC SPORE BEHAVIOR 189
III. RODLET MOSAIC 190
IV. MATERIALS ASSOCIATED WITH THE RODLET MOSAIC FIBRILS 193
V. CONCLUSION 193
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 194
REFERENCES 194
CHAPTER 14. EARLY BIOCHEMICAL EVENTS DURING THE GERMINATION OF STREPTOMYCES SPORES 196
I. INTRODUCTION 196
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS 197
III. RESULTS 200
IV. DISCUSSION 209
REFERENCES 212
CHAPTER 15. MODE OF ACTION OF FACTOR C UPON THE DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS OF STREPTOMYCES GRISEUS 214
I. INTRODUCTION 214
II. RESULTS 215
III. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 228
REFERENCES 231
CHAPTER 16. BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON ß-LACTAMASES AND PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS IN STREPTOMYCES 232
I. INTRODUCTION 232
II. ß-LACTAMASES 232
III. PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS 237
IV. CLONING VECTOR 241
REFERENCES 244
CHAPTER 17. POLYMERS OF THE CELL WALLS OF STREPTOMYCES ROSEOFLAVUS VAR. ROSEOFUNGINI 1128 AND ITS UN DIFFERENTIATED VARIANT 1-68 246
I. INTRODUCTION 246
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 247
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 248
IV. CONCLUSIONS 255
REFERENCES 255
CHAPTER 18. LIPIDS OF ACTINOMYCETES: THEIR STRUCTURES AND BIOSYNTHESES 256
I. INTRODUCTION 256
II. FATTY ACIDS 256
III. NON-HYDROXYLATED FATTY ACID CONTAINING LIPIDS 258
IV. MYCOLIC ACID CONTAINING LIPIDS 261
V. BIOSYNTHESIS: MYCOLIC ACIDS AND THEIR ESTER DERIVATIVES 263
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS 264
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 265
REFERENCES 265
CHAPTER 19. QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TREHALOSE LIPIDS AND VIRULENCE OF NOCARDIA ASTEROIDES ISOLATES 268
I. INTRODUCTION 268
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 269
III. RESULTS 270
IV. DISCUSSION 273
V. SUMMARY 274
REFERENCES 274
CHAPTER 20. PLASMID INVOLVEMENT IN THE GENETIC DETERMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC BIOSYNTHESIS IN ACTINOMYCETES 276
I. INTRODUCTION 276
II. GENETIC CONTROL OF ANTIBIOTIC BIOSYNTHESIS 278
III. CONCLUSION 285
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 287
REFERENCES 287
CHAPTER 21. EXTRACHROMOSOMAL GENETIC ELEMENTS THAT CONTROL SPECIFIC ENZYMES INVOLVED IN ANTIBIOTIC BIOSYNTHESIS: POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF AN INTRACELLULAR PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTOR 290
I. CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES 290
II. GENETIC INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF ANTIBIOTICS 291
III. GENETIC INFORMATION CODING FOR ANTIBIOTIC BIOSYNTHESIS IS DISPENSABLE 293
IV. SPONTANEOUS LOSS OF THE ANTIBIOTIC-PRODUCING ABILITY AND OTHER CELLULAR FUNCTIONS 294
V. SPONTANEOUS LOSS OF UNSTABLE GENES CODING FOR CEPHAMYCIN BIOSYNTHESIS AND AERIAL MYCELIUM IN STREPTOMYCES LACTAMDURANS 295
VI. HIGH-FREQUENCY LOSS OF PABA-SYNTHETASE IN STREPTOMYCES GRISEUS 299
VII. DISCUSSION 303
REFERENCES 304
CHAPTER 22. CONTROL OF DEVELOPMENT AND SECONDARY METABOLITE PRODUCTION IN STREPTOMYCES 306
I. INTRODUCTION 306
II. MOLECULAR MODEL 308
III. PRESENCE OF SPECIFIC EFFECTORS WHICH CONTROL DEVELOPMENT IN STREPTOMYCETES 309
IV. TRANSFER OF AMY+ CHARACTER BY PROTOPLAST FUSION 315
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 318
REFERENCES 318
CHAPTER 23. RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS IN ANTIBIOTIC-PRODUCING ORGANISMS 320
I. INTRODUCTION 320
II. MODIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTIC-TARGET SITES 321
III. INACTIVATION OF ANTIBIOTICS 325
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 330
REFERENCES 331
CHAPTER 24. REGULATION AND PROPERTIES OF INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS IN ACTINOMYCETES 332
I. REGULATION OF METABOLIC PROCESSES 332
II. PROPERTIES OF INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS 334
III. CONCLUDING REMARKS 339
REFERENCES 340
CHAPTER 25. REGULATION OF TRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ACTINOMYCIN D SYNTHESIS 342
I. INTRODUCTION 342
II. RESULTS 343
III. DISCUSSION 358
IV. SUMMARY 359
REFERENCES 359
CHAPTER 26. REGULATION OF ERYTHROMYCIN FORMATION IN STREPTOMYCES ERYTHREUS 360
I. INTRODUCTION 360
II. CARBON REGULATION 363
III. NITROGEN REGULATION 366
IV. REGULATION BY ERYTHROMYCIN 367
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 370
REFERENCES 372
CHAPTER 27. FEEDBACK REGULATORY STEPS INVOLVED IN DIAMINOPIMELIC ACID AND LYSINE BIOSYNTHESIS IN STREPTOMYCES CLA VULIGERUS 374
1. INTRODUCTION 374
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 375
III. RESULTS 376
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 383
REFERENCES 383
CHAPTER 28. CONTROL OF AMMONIUM ... LEVEL IN ANTIBIOTIC FERMENTATION 384
I. INTRODUCTION 384
II. EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE ON LEUCOMYCIN PRODUCTION 385
III. ENHANCED PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS ANTIBIOTICS BY AMMONIUM ION-TRAPPING AGENTS 388
IV. MECHANISM OF THE NITROGEN REGULATION OF TYLOSIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN S. FRADIAE 393
V. CONCLUSION 395
REFERENCES 396
CHAPTER 29. REGULATION OF MANNITOL DEHYDROGENASE AND PROTEASES IN RHODOCOCCUS ERYTHROPOLIS 398
I. INTRODUCTION 398
II. MANNITOL DEHYDROGENASE 401
III. RHODOCOCCUS TRYPSIN 405
IV. PROTEIN DEGRADATION 408
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 410
REFERENCES 411
CHAPTER 30. ACTINOMYCETES AS MODELS OF BACTERIAL MORPHOGENESIS 412
I. INTRODUCTION 412
II. METHODOLOGY 412
III. RESULTS 413
IV. EXAMPLES OF MORPHOGENESIS 420
V. CONCLUSIONS 423
REFERENCES 425
CHAPTER 31. STREPTOMYCES BAMBERGIENSIS SPORE ENVELOPE ULTRASTRUCTURE 426
I. INTRODUCTION 426
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 427
III. RESULTS 428
IV. DISCUSSION 433
V. SUMMARY 435
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 438
REFERENCES 438
CHAPTER 32. SPOROGENESIS IN THE PILIMELIA SPECIES 440
I. INTRODUCTION 440
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 441
III. RESULTS 443
IV. DISCUSSION 450
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 455
REFERENCES 455
CHAPTER 33. THERMOACTINOMYCETES AS TERRESTRIAL INDICATORS FOR ESTUARINE AND MARINE WATERS 458
1. INTRODUCTION 458
II. THERMOACTINOMYCETES AS INDICATORS OF TERRIGENOUS ORIGIN 459
III. THERMOACTINOMYCETES AS MARKER ORGANISMS IN DREDGING SPOIL 461
IV. THERMOACTINOMYCETES AS INDICATOR ORGANISMS IN OCEAN SEDIMENTS 463
V. THERMOACTINOMYCETES AS INDICATORS FOR THE INPUT OF TERRIGENOUS ACTINOMYCETES INTO AN ESTUARINE SYSTEM 463
VI. CONCLUSIONS 467
REFERENCES 468
CHAPTER 34. ACTINOMYCETES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS 470
I. INTRODUCTION 470
II. ACTINOMYCETES IN MARINE HABITATS 472
III. ISOLATION, ENUMERATION, AND IDENTIFICATION METHODS 478
IV. NUMBER OF TYPES OF ACTINOMYCETES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS 481
V. BEHAVIOR OF ACTINOMYCETES IN MARINE HABITATS 485
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 487
REFERENCES 487
CHAPTER 35. STUDIES OF THE ECOLOGY OF STREPTOMYCETE PHAGE IN SOIL 490
I. INTRODUCTION 490
II. METHODS FOR DIRECT ISOLATION AND ENUMERATION OF STREPTOMYCETE PHAGE 491
III. THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON STREPTOMYCETE PHAGE 493
IV. THE INFLUENCE OF pH ON STREPTOMYCETE PHAGE 494
V. CONCLUSIONS 499
REFERENCES 500
CHAPTER 36. MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS OF ACTINOMYCETES AND RELATED ORGANISMS 502
I. INTRODUCTION 502
II. METHODS 503
III. RESULTS 506
IV. DISCUSSION AND TAXONOMIC IMPLICATIONS 516
REFERENCES 519
CHAPTER 37. CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT ACTINOMYCETACEAE 522
I. INTRODUCTION 522
II. CLASSIFICATION 523
III. IDENTIFICATION 529
IV. CONCLUSION 532
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 537
REFERENCES 537
CHAPTER 38. TAXONOMY OF THERMOMONOSPORA AND RELATED OLIGOSPORIC ACTINOMYCETES 538
I. INTRODUCTION 538
II. A REVIEW OF THERMOMONOSPORA TAXONOMY 539
III. NUMERICAL CLASSIFICATION 544
IV. CONCLUSIONS 551
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 551
REFERENCES 551
CHAPTER 39. NUMERICAL CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF STREPTOMYCETES 554
I. INTRODUCTION 554
II. CONSTRUCTION OF NUMERICAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME 555
III. CONSTRUCTION OF A PROBABILISTIC IDENTIFICATION MATRIX 559
IV. CONCLUSIONS 566
REFERENCES 568
CHAPTER 40. A TAXONOMIC APPROACH TO SELECTIVE ISOLATION OF STREPTOMYCETES FROM SOIL 570
I. INTRODUCTION 570
II. COMPUTER-ASSISTED IDENTIFICATION OF STREPTOMYCETES 571
III. COMPUTER SELECTION OF THE MOST DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS FOR MAJOR STREPTOMYCETE CLUSTERS 572
IV. PROCEDURES FOR SELECTIVE ISOLATION 575
V. CONCLUSIONS 577
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 578
REFERENCES 578
CHAPTER 41. FRANKIA: NEW LIGHT ON AN ACTINOMYCETE SYMBIONT 580
I. INTRODUCTION 580
II. ISOLATION OF FRANKIAE 581
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE FRANKIAE 581
IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTINORHIZAE 583
V. ECOLOGY OF SYMBIOTIC ACTINORHIZAL PLANTS 587
VI. CONCLUSIONS 590
REFERENCES 591
CHAPTER 42. TAXONOMY OF FRANKIA 592
I. INTRODUCTION 592
II. MORPHOLOGY 593
III. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 594
IV. PHYSIOLOGY 596
V. SEROLOGY 597
VI. CONCLUSIONS 597
REFERENCES 598
CHAPTER 43. A CRITICAL EALUATION OF NOCARDIA AND RELATED TAXA 600
I. INTRODUCTION 600
II. MYCOLIC ACID-CONTAINING TAXA 603
III. TAXA LACKING MYCOLIC ACIDS 610
REFERENCES 611
CHAPTER 44. NUMERICAL METHODS IN THE TAXONOMY OF SPOROACTINOMYCETES 614
I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 614
II. NUMERICAL METHODS 615
III. ORDINATION METHODS 621
IV. APPLICATION OF NUMERICAL METHODS TO SPOROACTINOMYCETE SYSTEMATICS 625
V. CONCLUSIONS 630
REFERENCES 630
CHAPTER 45. PHAGE HOST RANGES IN THE CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF GRAM-POSITIVE BRANCHED AND RELATED BACTERIA 634
I. INTRODUCTION 634
II. GENERAL CONDIDERATIONS 634
III. ACTINOPHAGE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN SEVERAL GROUPS OF ACTINOPHAGES 638
IV. THE USE OF ACTINOPHAGE FOR IDENTIFICATION 648
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 649
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 649
REFERENCES 649
INDEX 652

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 2.10.2013
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Sachbuch/Ratgeber ► Natur / Technik ► Natur / Ökologie
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Biomedizin
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-7369-5 / 1483273695
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-7369-3 / 9781483273693