Ultrastructural Pathology of the Cell and Matrix (eBook)

A Text and Atlas of Physiological and Pathological Alterations in the Fine Structure of Cellular and Extracellular Components

Feroze N. Ghadially (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2013 | 3. Auflage
612 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-9208-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Ultrastructural Pathology of the Cell and Matrix: Third Edition Volume I present a comprehensive examination of the intracellular lesion. It discusses the analysis of pathological tissues using electron microscope. It addresses the experimental procedures made on the cellular level. Some of the topics covered in the book are the physiological analysis of the nucleus; nuclear matrix, interchromatin, and perichromatin granules; structure and function of centrioles; characteristics of mitochondria; Golgi complex in cell differentiation and neoplasia; and degranulation of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The intracytoplasmic and intranuclear annulate lamellae are fully covered. An in-depth account of the classification, history, and nomenclature of lysosomes are provided. The morphology and normal variations of melanosomes and anchoring fibrils are completely presented. A chapter is devoted to the endocytotic structures and cell processes. Another section focuses on the classification and nomenclature of fibrous components. The book can provide useful information to cytologists, scientists, students, and researchers.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Ultrastructural Pathology of the Cell and Matrix 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 18
Dedication 3
Preface to the third edition 6
Preface to the second edition 7
Preface to the first edition 8
Acknowledgements 12
Chapter 1. Nucleus 26
Introduction 26
Nuclear shape 27
Cerebriform nucleus 35
Radially segmented nucleus 37
Chromatin in normal, neoplastic and necrotic cells 39
The nuclear matrix and interchromatin and perichromatin granules 53
Giant perichromatin granules 59
Nuclear envelope and pores 61
Thickening, proliferation and reduplication of nuclear envelope 67
Evaginations or blebs of nuclear envelope 73
Nuclear fibrous lamina 75
Nucleolus, structure and variations in size, shape and numbers 81
Meandering nucleolus 89
Nucleolar margination 91
Segregation of nucleolar components 95
Pseudoinclusions and true inclusions 99
Intranuclear Russell bodies 103
Intranuclear concentric laminated inclusions 105
Intranuclear helioid inclusions 111
Intranuclear membranous lamellae, tubules and vesicles 115
Intranucleolar membranous lamellae, tubules and vesicles 123
Intranuclear glygogen inclusions 125
Intranuclear lipid inclusions 129
Intranuclear filamentous and crystalline inclusions 133
Intranuclear haemoglobin inclusions 145
Intranuclear lead inclusions 147
Intranuclear bismuth inclusions 151
Intranuclear viral inclusions and virus-like particles 155
Nuclear projections, pockets, loops, satellites and clefts 165
Nuclear bodies 179
References 183
Chapter 2. Centrioles 206
Introduction 206
Structure and function 207
References 215
Chapter 3. Mitochondria 216
Introduction 216
Mitochondrial morphology and enzyme content 217
Concentration of cristae 219
Lamellar, tubular and vesicular cristae 221
Concentric cristae 225
Zig-zag cristae 227
Fenestrated cristae 229
Longitudinally orientated cristae 231
Prismatic cristae 235
Sinuous undulating and reticular cristae 237
Mitochondriogenesis 239
Mitochondrial involution and elimination 243
Mitochondrial associations 247
Intermitochondrial herniations, whorls and bridges 253
Variations in dense granules and calcification 257
Swollen or hydropic mitochondria 265
Flocculent or woolly densities in mitochondria 275
Mitochondrial hypertrophy and hyperplasia 279
Mitochondria in oncocytes and oncocytomas 285
Giant mitochondria 291
Ring-shaped and cup-shaped mitochondria 303
Chondriospheres 307
Mitochondrial changes in neoplasia 309
Intramitochondrial glycogen inclusions 313
Intramitochondrial lipidic inclusions 319
Intramitochondrial crystalline, paracrystalline and filamentous inclusions 323
Intramitochondrial iron inclusions 333
References 337
Chapter 4. Golgi complex and secretory granules 354
Introduction 354
Structure and function 357
Golgi complex in cell differentiation and neoplasia 365
Hypertrophy and atrophy of Golgi complex 367
Lipid and lipoprotein in Golgi complex 369
Mucous granules in normal and neoplastic cells 373
Serous and zymogen granules in normal and neoplastic cells 377
Secretory granules (myelinosomes) in normal and neoplastic type II alveolar cells 383
Neuroendocrine (APUD) granules and uranaffin reaction in normal and neoplastic cells 389
Neuroendocrine granules in normal and neoplastic pancreatic neuroendocrine cells 397
Neuroendocrine granules in carcinoids 405
Adrenaline and noradrenaline granules in normal and neoplastic cells 411
Misplaced exocytosis 415
Amphicrine cells and amphicrine tumours 417
Granules of mast cells and basophilic leucocytes 421
References 427
Chapter 5. Endoplasmic reticulum 438
Introduction 438
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 441
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 447
Dilatation and vesiculation of endoplasmic reticulum due to ingress of water 453
Dilatation and vesiculation of rough endoplasmic reticulum due to storage of secretory products 459
Degranulation of rough endoplasmic reticulum 461
Disaggregation of polyribosomes 463
Helical polyribosomes and ribosome crystals 467
Ribosome-lamella complex 471
Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes in cell differentiation and neoplasia 475
Hypertrophy of rough endoplasmic reticulum 481
Hypertrophy of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes 483
Confronting cisternae 487
Tubular confronting cisternae 491
Confronting cisternae complex 501
Tubule group: rough and smooth tubular aggregates and intracisternal tubules 503
Microtubule group: ordered arrays of straight microtubules and randomly oriented microtubules in rough endoplasmic reticulum 511
Microtubule group: parallel microtubular arrays 517
Microtubule group: microtubuloreticular structures (lupus type and others) 521
Membrane group: reticulated, knotted, undulating, pouched, radiate and cross-banded membranous formations or complexes 535
Membrane group: concentric membranous bodies of the endoplasmic reticulum 541
Glycogen in rough endoplasmic reticulum 549
Lipid in endoplasmic reticulum (liposomes) 551
Proteinaceous granules and crystalline inclusions in rough endoplasmic reticulum 555
Laminated inclusions in rough endoplasmic reticulum 567
Intracisternal sequestration 569
Virus in endoplasmic reticulum 573
References 575
Chapter 6. Annulate lamellae 598
Introduction 598
Intracytoplasmic and intranuclear annulate lamellae 599
References 609

Textauszug

Preface to the first edition

There can hardly be a disease or pathological process where electron microscopy has not added new details and dimensions to existing knowledge. The innumerable published papers and books on the ultrastructure of tissues altered by disease or experimental procedures bear eloquent testimony to the many major contributions made by this technique.

Although the student interested in the pathology of certain systems, organs and tissues such as liver (David, 1964), muscle (Mair and Tomé, 1972), synovial joints (Ghadially and Roy, 1969), kidney (Dalton and Haguenau, 1967) and peripheral nervous system (Babel et al., 1970) is now catered for and excellent books dealing with the ultrastructure of normal cells and tissues are available (e.g. Fawcett, 1966; Porter and Bonneville, 1973); Lentz, 1971; Rhodin, 1974), there is as yet no book from which one may learn in a systematic fashion about the numerous changes that occur in cellular organelles and inclusions as a result of disease or experimental procedures. On confronting an unfamiliar or unknown morphological alteration in some particular cellular structure the questions that arise are: (1) has this been seen before? (2) if so, in what situations has such a change been seen? (3) what is the significance of the change? and (4) how can one retrieve information on this point from the formidable, scattered literature on the ultrastructure of normal and pathological tissues?

It is my hope that this book will help to answer such questions and serve as a brief textbook and atlas of cellular pathology at the ultrastructural level. Within its covers I have collected, classified, described and illustrated various alterations that are known to occur in cellular organelles and inclusions as a result of changing physiological states, diseases and experimental situations.

In keeping with the traditional practice adopted in many past pathology texts, each chapter commences with a discourse on normal structure and function. This is followed by essays devoted to various morphological alterations that have hitherto been witnessed. The introduction and preliminary essays on well known normal structures (e.g. nucleus and mitochondria) are, of necessity, brief. They do little more than set the scene and outline the classification and nomenclature employed. The advanced electron microscopist may find that some of the passages in these essays are of a rather elementary nature, but this material is included on the assumption that some readers may not be too familiar with current electron microscopic concepts and topics. Less well known normal structures (e.g. rod-shaped tubular bodies and nuclear bodies) are dealt with more fully, for information on such structures is often not easy to find and unfamiliarity with such structures is likely to lead to errors of interpretation.

The sections dealing with morphological alterations and lesions follow a fairly standard pattern in most instances. A brief introduction dealing with matters such as definition, nomenclature, correlations with light microscopy, and historical aspects of the subject is followed by a morphological description supported by accompanying illustrations. After this comes a section where I have listed the sites and situations in which the particular morphological alteration has been seen and the authors who have reported its occurrence. This section often contains numerous references. (Some readers may find these lists irksome, but they are essential for the research worker and student seeking further information.) Then follows a discussion and interpretation of the morphological change under survey. The principle I have followed here is to present as many known theories and ideas as possible even though I may not be in sympathy with some of them. I have also often indicated what I have come to think about the matter as a result of my own studies and reading of the literature. However, I do not feel that an author should judge every issue, and I have, at times, done little more than report as faithfully as I can the views propounded by others. Not all essays follow the above-mentioned pattern for there are instances where the story is told more profitably within a different format. For example, instead of devoting a section to every change in mitochondrial morphology which has been suspected as representing an involuting or degenerating mitochondrion, I have collected these changes into a section entitled ‘mitochondrial involution and elimination’.

One of the functions I would like this book to serve is as a gateway to the relevant literature. Since this is not a book primarily devoted to normal structure and function (even though a substantial number of pages are devoted to such matters), the references in sections dealing with well known normal structures are somewhat sparse. When dealing with little known normal structures or with alterations and lesions, I have tried to include virtually every reference on the subject that I am aware of. When such citations are few they are all presented in the text; when too many, I have included review articles and also tried to include the earliest and latest paper on the topic.

Although the format is designed primarily for those who examine pathological tissues with the electron microscope, I hope that this book will also be of interest to the teacher of pathology and the practising pathologist. This book is not for the individual who has no knowledge of cell fine structure at all (there can be few who fall into this category today!) nor is it for the expert ultrastructural pathologist. It is addressed to the much larger intermediate group of workers who may wish to acquire a basic knowledge of general ultrastructural pathology on which they may pursue their own special interests with greater confidence and a wider understanding.

The teacher of pathology attempting to relate classic pathology with the now familiar concepts of cell ultrastructure has had to search through a wide variety of books and journals and at best may only find patchy information. The hospital pathologist, similarly, has up to now had little reason to embark on the exhausting pursuit through the published literature, often in journals which are not on his usual reading list, in search of clues which might lead to a better understanding, or an earlier or more precise diagnosis of human disease. However, in some fields such as the interpretation of the liver, renal and muscle biopsy and the diagnosis of viral and storage diseases and certain tumours the electron microscope is already proving its worth. The scope of electron microscopy will undoubtedly extend into wider areas of diagnostic histopathology. Further, more and more papers in journals of pathology now incorporate the results of ultrastructural studies, and the reader unfamiliar with the range and limitations of electron microscope technology may well be at a loss in attempting to interpret published work.

Today it is not possible to present to the student an up-to-date account of many pathological processes and disease states without discussing ultrastructural changes. Cell injury, cloudy swelling, necrosis, fatty degeneration of the liver, the detoxification of many drugs by the liver, brown atrophy of the heart and lipofuscin, pigmentary disorders of the skin and melanomas, haemorrhage, haemosiderin, erythrophagocytosis and siderosomes, glycogen storage diseases, lipoidoses, Wilson’s disease, silicosis, rheumatoid arthritis and melanosis coli are all better understood by virtue of a knowledge of the underlying fine structural changes.

Correlations between light and electron microscopic findings are singularly interesting and satisfying and I have lost no opportunity of dwelling upon such matters. However, the function of electron microscopy is not simply the resolving of old controversies bequeathed by light microscopists. Electron microscopy is a science in its own right with its practitioners, problems and preoccupations. Many structures such as the endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes were unheard of in the light microscopic era, while the structural details of others such as the nucleolus, centrioles and cilia were but poorly resolved. The presence of the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane were suspected and the existence of the Golgi complex doubted. Clearly, alterations in such structures belong to the realms of ultrastructual pathology, and correlations with light microscopy are often tenuous and at times non-existent. Such findings may not have a direct appeal to the light microscopist but such matters cannot be ignored for they have materially altered our thinking about cellular physiology and pathology. Indeed, the main preoccupation of this book is with such matters, but I hope that I have presented this material in a manner which will make interesting reading for both light and electron microscopists.

F.N.G.

References

Babel, J., Bischoff, A., Spoendlin, H.Ultrastructure of the Peripheral Nervous system and Sense Organs. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme, 1970.

Dalton, A.J., Haguenau, F.Ultrastructure of the Kidney. New York and London: Academic Press, 1967.

David, H.Submicroscopic Ortho-and Patho-Morphology of the Liver. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1964.

Fawcett, D.W.The Cell: Its Organelles and Inclusions. Philadelphia and London: Saunders, 1966.

Ghadially, F.N., Roy, S.Ultrastructure of Synovial Joints in Health and Disease. London:...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.10.2013
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Histologie / Embryologie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Pathologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4831-9208-3 / 1483192083
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4831-9208-6 / 9781483192086