Negative Co-Receptors and Ligands (eBook)

Rafi Ahmed, Tasuku Honjo (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2011 | 2011
VIII, 152 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-642-19545-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Adaptive immune responses serve as a key defense mechanism for the control of infections in vertebrates. Immune responses must be of sufficient strength to contain invading pathogens, antigen specific responses require regulatory mechanisms to ensure termination or downmodulation to avoid excessive damage to the host tissue. For both branches of the adaptive immune system, regulatory molecules i.e. coreceptors and ligands have been identified that control the signaling cascades initiated by engagement of the T cell and B cell antigen receptors. This book describes biological functions as well as molecular mechanisms of these molecules.

Inhalt

Contents 6
Contributors 8
TIM-3 and Its Regulatory Role in Immune Responses 10
1 Introduction 11
2 Protein Structure 11
3 TIM-3 Ligands 13
3.1 Identification of Galectin-9 as a TIM-3 Ligand 13
3.2 Phosphatidylserine as a TIM-3 Ligand 14
3.3 Carbohydrate Ligands for TIM-3 15
4 Expression of TIM-3 15
4.1 Transcriptional Control of TIM-3 Expression 16
5 TIM-3 in Disease 16
5.1 Genetic Basis for Role of TIM-3 in Disease 16
6 TIM-3 in Autoimmune Diseases 17
6.1 TIM-3 in Chronic Viral Infection 18
6.2 TIM-3 in Other Diseases 20
7 Conclusions 20
References 21
Role of PD-1 in Regulating T-Cell Immunity 25
1 Identification of PD-1 and Its Ligands 26
2 Structure of PD-1 and Its Ligands 27
3 Regulation of PD-1 Expression 29
4 PD-1 Signaling: Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition 30
5 Biological Significance of PD-1 32
5.1 PD-1 in Autoimmunity 32
5.2 PD-1 in Chronic Viral Infection 34
5.3 PD-1 in Antitumor Immunity 35
6 Conclusions 37
References 38
The Role of IL-10 in Regulating Immunity to Persistent Viral Infections 46
1 Introduction 47
1.1 Immune Dynamics During Acute and Persistent Virus Infection: The Failure of Antiviral Immunity 47
2 The Impact of Host-Based Regulatory Mechanisms in T Cell Exhaustion 49
2.1 Discovery That Host-Based Suppressive Factors Inhibit Clearance of Persistent Viral Infection 49
2.2 Multiple Regulatory Factors Suppress T Cell Responses During Viral Persistence 50
2.3 Differential Impact of Reversing T Cell Exhaustion During Viral Persistence 51
3 The Impact of IL-10 Toward Viral Persistence 52
3.1 The Diverse Roles of IL-10 During Viral Infection 52
3.2 Sources, Mechanisms, and Targets of IL-10 During Persistent Viral Infection 54
4 Targeting Immunosuppression: Potential Therapeutic Applications for Blocking IL-10 60
5 Past, Present, and Future 64
References 65
Inhibitory Ly49 Receptors on Mouse Natural Killer Cells 73
1 Introduction 74
2 Ly49 Haplotypes and Ligands 74
3 Inhibitory Signaling Events 80
4 Educational Impact of Ly49 Receptors on NK Cells 82
5 Inhibitory Ly49 Receptors and Viral Infections 84
6 Inhibitory Ly49 Receptors in Transplantation and Malignancy 85
7 Concluding Remarks 87
References 87
Immunoregulatory Roles for Fc Receptor-Like Molecules 94
1 Introduction 95
2 Identification of FCRL Molecules Reveals a New Level of B Cell Regulation 95
3 FCRL Structural Properties 96
4 FCRL Expression Patterns 99
5 FCRL Functional Properties 101
6 FCRL Involvement in Human Diseases 103
7 Concluding Remarks 105
References 106
FcgammaRs in Health and Disease 110
1 Introduction 111
2 The Family of Canonical Fcgamma-Receptors 112
3 Regulation of IgG Activity In Vivo 114
4 Influence of Antibody Glycosylation and Novel Fcgamma-Receptors 116
5 Role of FcgammaRs for Infection 118
6 Microbial Immune Escape Mechanisms Targeting the IgG-FcgammaR Interaction 121
7 Other Ligands for Fcgamma-Receptors 122
8 Conclusions 123
References 124
TGF-beta Function in Immune Suppression 131
1 Introduction 132
2 TGF-beta and Signal Transduction 132
3 How TGF-beta Inhibits Immune Responses 133
4 Induction and Regulation of Treg-Differentiation by TGF-beta 135
5 Molecular Mechanism of Foxp3 Induction by TGF-beta 137
6 TGF-beta and Th17 Differentiation 138
7 Regulation of Effector Th-Differentiation by TGF-beta 139
8 Treg Is a Major Source of Pro-TGF-beta, and TGF-beta Is One of the Effector Molecules of Tregs 139
9 Smad-Dependent and Smad-Independent Regulation of Th Differentiation by TGF-beta 140
10 Smad-Mediated Suppression of the Cytokine Production 142
11 Reciprocal Regulation of TGF-beta Signaling and IFN-gamma Signaling 143
12 Conclusions 144
References 145
Index 152

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 11.4.2011
• Reihe/Serie: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
• Reihe/Serie: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
• Zusatzinfo: VIII, 152 p.
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► Querschnittsbereiche ► Infektiologie / Immunologie
• Schlagworte: adaptive immune responses • Autoimmune diseases • chronic inflammatory diseases • Fc receptor-like molecules • Fc-receptors for IgG • Foxp3 induction • IL-10 • iTregs • Ly49 receptors • T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 • viral persistence
• ISBN-10: 3-642-19545-8 / 3642195458
• ISBN-13: 978-3-642-19545-7 / 9783642195457