Microbial Zoonoses and Sapronoses (eBook)

Zdenek Hubálek, Ivo Rudolf (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2011
X, 457 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-90-481-9657-9 (ISBN)

Infos

This book presents the state of art in the field of microbial zoonoses and sapronoses. It could be used as a textbook or manual in microbiology and medical zoology for students of human and veterinary medicine, including Ph.D. students, and for biomedicine scientists and medical practitioners and specialists as well. Surprisingly, severe zoonoses and sapronoses still appear that are either entirely new (e.g., SARS), newly recognized (Lyme borreliosis), resurging (West Nile fever in Europe), increasing in incidence (campylobacterosis), spatially expanding (West Nile fever in the Americas), with a changing range of hosts and/or vectors, with changing clinical manifestations or acquiring antibiotic resistance. The collective term for those diseases is (re)emerging infections, and most of them represent zoonoses and sapronoses (the rest are anthroponoses). The number of known zoonotic and sapronotic pathogens of humans is continually growing − over 800 today. In the introductory part, short characteristics are given of infectious and epidemic process, including the role of environmental factors, possibilities of their epidemiological surveillance, and control. Much emphasis is laid on ecological aspects of these diseases (haematophagous vectors and their life history; vertebrate hosts of zoonoses; habitats of the agents and their geographic distribution; natural focality of diseases). Particular zoonoses and sapronoses are then characterized in the following brief paragraphs: source of human infection; animal disease; transmission mode; human disease; epidemiology; diagnostics; therapy; geographic distribution.

Inhalt

Acknowledgements 5
Contents 6
1 Introduction 10
2 Types of Human Disease by Source of the Infectious Agent 13
3 A History of Zoonoses and Sapronoses and Research into Them 17
4 The Infection Process in Zoonoses and Sapronoses 33
4.1 Infectious Agent 33
4.2 Infection Entry 34
4.3 Infection Course and Host Defence 36
5 The Epidemic Process in Zoonoses and Sapronoses 40
5.1 Characteristics of the Epidemic Process 41
5.1.1 The Source of Infection 41
5.1.2 The Transmission Mode of the Infectious Disease 42
5.1.3 Susceptible Population of the Host 44
5.2 External Factors in the Epidemic Process 44
5.2.1 Socio-Economic Factors 44
5.2.2 Environmental (Natural) Factors 46
5.3 Natural Focality of Diseases 48
5.4 Epidemiological Examination in the Focus of an Infectious Disease 51
5.4.1 Descriptive Epidemiological Methods 51
Basic Statistical Indices in Epidemiology 52
5.4.2 Analytical Epidemiological Methods 52
5.4.3 The Epidemiologists' Activity 53
5.5 Epidemiological Surveillance 53
5.6 The Control of Zoonoses and Sapronoses 55
6 Haematophagous Arthropods as Vectors of Diseases 57
6.1 Characteristics of Transmission of Infection by Arthropods 58
6.2 A Survey of Haematophagous Vectors of Microbial Diseases 61
6.2.1 Ticks and Mites (Acarina) 61
Ticks (Ixodides) 61
Other Mites (Acariformes) 70
6.2.2 Lice (Anoplura) 71
6.2.3 Heteropterans (Heteroptera) 72
Bedbugs (Cimicidae) 72
Triatomine (Kissing) Bugs (Reduviidae) 73
6.2.3 Heteropterans (Heteroptera) 72
6.2.4 Diptera (Diptera) 74
6.2.5 Fleas (Siphonaptera) 83
6.3 A List of Microbial Agents Transmitted by Vectors 85
7 Vertebrates as Hosts and Reservoirs of Zoonotic Microbial Agents 88
7.1 Mammals (Class Mammalia) 89
7.1.1 Order Pouched Mammals (Marsupialia) 89
7.1.2 Order Insectivores (Insect-Eaters) (Insectivora) 90
7.1.3 Order Bats (Chiroptera) 91
7.1.4 Order Apes (Primates) 96
7.1.5 Order Carnivores (Flesh-Eaters) (Carnivora) 97
7.1.6 Order Sloths and Armadillos (Xenarthra) 103
7.1.7 Order Elephants (Proboscidea) 103
7.1.8 Order Hyracoidea 104
7.1.9 Order Rodents (Rodentia) 104
7.1.10 Order Lagomorphs (Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas Lagomorpha)
7.1.11 Order Odd-Toed Ungulates (Perissodactyla) 125
7.1.12 Order Even-Toed Ungulates (Artiodactyla) 125
7.2 Birds (Aves) 130
7.3 Reptiles (Reptilia) 133
7.4 Amphibians ( Amphibia) 133
7.5 Fishes (Pisces) 133
8 Systematic Survey of Zoonotic and Sapronotic Microbial Agents 134
8.1 Prions 137
8.1.1 Prion vCJD 138
8.2 Viruses 138
8.2.1 Family Togaviridae 140
8.2.2 Family Flaviviridae 147
8.2.2.1 Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses 147
8.2.2.2 Tick-Borne Flaviviruses 156
8.2.2.3 Bat-Borne Flaviviruses 160
8.2.3 Family Bunyaviridae 161
8.2.4 Family Reoviridae 172
8.2.5 Family Rhabdoviridae 175
8.2.6 Family Arenaviridae 178
8.2.7 Family Filoviridae 183
8.2.8 Family Orthomyxoviridae 186
8.2.9 Family Paramyxoviridae 188
8.2.10 Family Bornaviridae 191
8.2.11 Family Coronaviridae 191
8.2.12 Family Picornaviridae 192
8.2.13 Family Caliciviridae 193
8.2.14 Family Hepeviridae 193
8.2.15 Family Retroviridae 194
8.2.16 Family Herpesviridae 195
8.2.17 Family Poxviridae 196
8.3 Bacteria 199
8.3.1 Family Chlamydiaceae [Order Chlamydiales, Class Chlamydiae] 199
8.3.2 Family Parachlamydiaceae [Order Chlamydiales] 201
8.3.3 Family Simkaniaceae [Order Chlamydiales] 201
8.3.4 Family Waddliaceae [Order Chlamydiales] 202
8.3.5 Family Rickettsiaceae [Order Rickettsiales, Class Alphaproteobacteria] 202
8.3.6 FamilyAnaplasmataceae [Order Rickettsiales] 212
8.3.7 Family Bartonellaceae [Order Rhizobiales, Class Alphaproteobacteria] 215
8.3.8 Family Brucellaceae [Order Rhizobiales, Class Alphaproteobacteria] 219
8.3.9 Family Francisellaceae [Order Thiotrichales, Class Gammaproteobacteria] 220
8.3.10 Family Legionellaceae [Order Legionellales, Class Gammaproteobacteria] 222
8.3.11 Family Coxiellaceae [Order Legionellales] 224
8.3.12 Family Enterobacteriaceae [Order Enterobacteriales, Class Gammaproteobacteria] 226
8.3.13 Family Pasteurellaceae [Order Pasteurellales, Class Gammaproteobacteria] 233
8.3.14 Family Vibrionaceae [Order Vibrionales, Class Gammaproteobacteria] 234
8.3.15 Family Aeromonadaceae [Order Aeromonadales] 236
8.3.16 Family Campylobacteraceae [Order Campylobacterales, Class Epsilonproteobacteria] 237
8.3.17 Family Helicobacteraceae [Order Campylobacterales] 238
8.3.18 Family Leptospiraceae [Order Spirochaetales, Class Spirochaetes] 238
8.3.19 Family Spirochaetaceae [Order Spirochaetales] 240
8.3.20 Family Serpulinaceae [Order Spirochaetales] 244
8.3.21 Family Flavobacteriaceae [Order Flavobacteriales, Class Flavobacteria] 244
8.3.22 Family Burkholderiaceae [Order Burkholderiales , Class Betaproteobacteria] 245
8.3.23 Family Neisseriaceae [Order Neisseriales, Class Betaproteobacteria] 247
8.3.24 Family Spirillaceae [Order Nitrosomonadales, Class Betaproteobacteria] 247
8.3.25 Family Fusobacteriaceae [Order Fusobacteriales, Class Fusobacteria] 248
8.3.26 Family Erysipelotrichaceae [Order “Incertae sedis”, Phyllum Firmicutes] 249
8.3.27 Family Listeriaceae [Order Bacillales, Class Bacilli] 250
8.3.28 Family Bacillaceae [Order Bacillales] 251
8.3.29 Family Staphylococcaceae [Order Bacillales] 252
8.3.30 Family Streptococcaceae [Order Lactobacillales, Class Bacilli] 253
8.3.31 Family Clostridiaceae [Order Clostridiales, Class Clostridia] 256
8.3.32 Family Mycobacteriaceae [Order Actinomycetales, Class Actinobacteria] 258
8.3.33 Family Corynebacteriaceae [Order Actinomycetales] 264
8.3.34 Family Actinomycetaceae [Order Actinomycetales] 265
8.3.35 Family Nocardiaceae [Order Actinomycetales] 265
8.3.36 Families Thermomonosporaceae, Streptomycetaceae [Order Actinomycetales] 266
8.3.37 Family Dermatophilaceae [Order Actinomycetales] 267
8.4 Fungi 267
8.4.1 Family Arthrodermataceae [Order Onygenales, Class Ascomycetes] 268
8.4.2 Family Gymnoascaceae [Order Onygenales] 270
8.4.3 Family Ajellomycetaceae [Order Onygenales] 271
8.4.4 Family Ophiostomataceae [Order Ophiostomatales] 274
8.4.5 Family Eurotiaceae [Order Eurotiales] 275
8.4.7 Order Dothideales [Class Ascomycetes] 277
8.4.8 Family Dematiaceae [Class Hyphomycetes ] 277
8.4.9 Family Mucoraceae [Order Mucorales, Class Zygomycetes] 279
8.4.10 Family Entomophthoraceae [Order Entomophthorales] 279
8.4.11 Family Filobasidiaceae [Order Filobasidiales (Sporidiales), ClassHeterobasidiomycetes] 279
8.4.12 Order Ustilaginales [Class Heterobasidiomycetes] 281
8.4.13 Family Pythiaceae [Order Peronosporales, Class Oomycetes] 281
8.5 Protozoa 282
8.5.1 Family Trypanosomatidae [Order Kinetoplastida, Class Kinetoplasmidea] 282
8.5.2 Family Hexamitidae [Order Diplomonadida , Class Trepomonadea] 287
8.5.3 Family Vahlkampfiidae [Order Schizopyrenida, Class Heterolobosea] 288
8.5.4 Family Acanthamoebidae [Class Lobosea , Phyllum Rhizopoda] 289
8.5.5 Family Leptomixidae [Class Lobosea] 289
8.5.6 Family Thecamoebidae 290
8.5.7 Family Eimeriidae [Order Eucoccidiida, Class Coccidea, Phyllum Apicomplexa ] 290
8.5.8 Family Sarcocystidae [Order Eucoccidiida, Class Coccidea] 291
8.5.9 Family Cryptosporidiidae [Order Eucoccidiida, Class Coccidea] 293
8.5.10 Family Plasmodiidae [Order Haemosporida, Class Haematozoea, Phyllum Apicomplexa ] 294
8.5.11 Family Babesiidae [Order Piroplasmida, Class Haematozoea, Phyllum Apicomplexa ] 296
8.5.12 Family Balantidiidae [Order Trichostomatida, Class Litostomatea, Phyllum Ciliophora] 297
8.6 Other Eucaryotic Microorganisms 298
8.6.1 Algae 298
8.6.2 Blastocystea [Class Opalinata, Phyllum Chromista] 299
8.6.3 Microsporidia [Order Microsporida, Class Microsporea, Phyllum Microspora] 299
8.6.4 Dermocystida [Class Mesomycetozoea , Phyllum Choanozoa ] 301
Photographs 303
Chapter 5. The Epidemic Process in Zoonosesand Sapronoses 303
Typical Habitats, Ecosystems, Natural Foci 303
Epidemiological Surveillance 328
Sampling of Arthropods 330
Outbreak Control 335
Chapter 6. Haematophagous Arthropods 336
Hard (Ixodid) Ticks 336
Soft (Argasid) Ticks 348
Lice 350
Bed Bugs 351
Kissing (Triatomine) Bugs 353
Mosquitoes 355
Sandflies 358
Deerflies 359
Tsetse Flies 360
Flatflies 361
Fleas 362
Chapter 7. Vertebrates as Hosts and Reservoirsof Zoonotic Agents 363
Mammals 363
Birds 396
Authors of Photographs 401
Literature 403
Selected Sources for Zoonoses and Sapronoses on Internet 406
Index 407

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 25.11.2010
• Zusatzinfo: X, 457 p.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► Querschnittsbereiche ► Infektiologie / Immunologie
• Schlagworte: Arthropod vectors • Emerging diseases • Infectious Diseases • Sapronoses • Vertebrate hosts • Zoonoses
• ISBN-10: 90-481-9657-4 / 9048196574
• ISBN-13: 978-90-481-9657-9 / 9789048196579