Cloud Computing (eBook)
XVIII, 382 Seiten
Springer London (Verlag)
978-1-84996-241-4 (ISBN)
Cloud computing has recently emerged as a subject of substantial industrial and academic interest, though its meaning and scope is hotly debated. For some researchers, clouds are a natural evolution towards the full commercialisation of grid systems, while others dismiss the term as a mere re-branding of existing pay-per-use technologies. From either perspective, "e;cloud"e; is now the label of choice for accountable pay-per-use access to third party applications and computational resources on a massive scale. Clouds support patterns of less predictable resource use for applications and services across the IT spectrum, from online office applications to high-throughput transactional services and high-performance computations involving substantial quantities of processing cycles and storage. The concept of clouds seems to blur the distinctions between a variety of technologies that encompass grid services, web services and data centres, and leads to considerations of lowered-cost provisioning for bursty applications.This book provides comprehensive coverage of the state of the art in cloud computing, highlighting and clarifying the conceptual and systemic links with other distributed computing approaches.
Foreword 6
Preface 10
Introduction 10
Expected Audience 12
Book Overview 12
Part 1: Cloud Base 13
Part 2: Cloud Seeding 13
Part 3: Cloud Breaks 14
Part 4: Cloud Feedback 15
Contents 16
Part I:Cloud Base 20
Chapter 1: Tools and Technologies for Building Clouds 21
1.1 Introduction 21
1.1.1 Cloud Services and Enabling Technologies 23
1.2 Virtualization Technology 24
1.2.1 Virtual Machines 25
1.2.2 Virtualization Platforms 25
1.2.3 Virtual Infrastructure Management 27
1.2.4 Cloud Infrastructure Manager 29
1.3 The MapReduce System 30
1.3.1 Hadoop MapReduce Overview 31
1.4 Web Services 31
1.4.1 RPC (Remote Procedure Call) 32
1.4.2 SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) 33
1.4.3 REST (Representative State Transfer) 34
1.4.4 Mashup 34
1.4.5 Web Services in Practice 35
1.5 Conclusions 35
References 36
Chapter 2: A Taxonomy, Survey, and Issues of Cloud Computing Ecosystems 39
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Background and Related Work 41
2.3 Taxonomy of Cloud Computing 42
2.3.1 Cloud Architecture 42
2.3.1.1 Services and Modes of Cloud Computing 43
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) 43
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) 43
Hardware-as-a-Service (HaaS) 43
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) 44
2.3.2 Virtualization Management 44
2.3.3 Core Services 45
2.3.3.1 Discovery and Replication 45
2.3.3.2 Load Balancing 45
2.3.3.3 Resource Management 46
2.3.4 Data Governance 46
2.3.4.1 Interoperability 46
2.3.4.2 Data Migration 47
2.3.5 Management Services 47
2.3.5.1 Deployment and Configuration 47
2.3.5.2 Monitoring and Reporting 47
2.3.5.3 Service-Level Agreements (SLAs) Management 48
2.3.5.4 Metering and Billing 48
2.3.5.5 Provisioning 49
2.3.6 Security 49
2.3.6.1 Encryption/Decryption 49
2.3.6.2 Privacy and Federated Identity 49
2.3.6.3 Authorization and Authentication 50
2.3.7 Fault Tolerance 50
2.4 Classification and Comparison between Cloud Computing Ecosystems 51
2.5 Findings 51
2.5.1 Cloud Computing Infrastructure Technologyand Solution Provider 51
2.5.2 Cloud Computing PaaS and SaaS Provider 59
2.5.3 Open Source Based Cloud Computing Services 60
2.6 Comments on Issues and Opportunities 60
2.7 Conclusions 62
References 62
Chapter 3: Towards a Taxonomy for Cloud Computing from an e-Science Perspective 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Scientific Workflows and e-Science 67
3.2.1 Scientific Workflows 67
3.2.2 Scientific Workflow Management Systems 67
3.2.3 Important Aspects of In Silico Experiments 68
3.3 A Taxonomy for Cloud Computing 69
3.3.1 Business Model 70
3.3.2 Privacy 71
3.3.3 Pricing 72
3.3.4 Architecture 72
3.3.5 Technology Infrastructure 73
3.3.6 Access 74
3.3.7 Standards 74
3.3.8 Orientation 75
3.4 Classifying Cloud Computing Environments Using the Taxonomy 76
3.5 Taxonomies for Cloud Computing 77
3.6 Conclusions and Final Remarks 78
References 78
Chapter 4: Examining Cloud Computingfrom the Perspective of Grid and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Cloud and Grid: A Comparison 82
4.2.1 A Retrospective View 83
4.2.2 Comparison from the Viewpoint of System 84
4.2.3 Comparison from the Viewpoint of Users 86
4.2.4 A Summary 88
4.3 Examining Cloud Computing from the CSCW Perspective 88
4.3.1 CSCW Findings 89
4.3.2 The Anatomy of Cloud Computing 89
4.3.2.1 Security and Privacy 91
4.3.2.2 Data and/or Vendor Lock-In 91
4.3.2.3 Service Availability/Reliability 92
4.4 Conclusions 93
References 93
Chapter 5: Overview of Cloud Standards 95
5.1 Overview – Cloud Standards – What and Why? 95
5.2 Deep Dive: Interoperability Standards 97
5.2.1 Purpose, Expectations and Challenges 97
5.2.2 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status 98
5.2.3 Market Adoption 98
5.2.4 Gaps/Areas of Improvement 99
5.3 Deep Dive: Security Standards 99
5.3.1 Purpose, Expectations and Challenges 100
5.3.2 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status 100
5.3.3 Market Adoption 101
5.3.4 Gaps/Areas of Improvement 101
5.4 Deep Dive: Portability Standards 101
5.4.1 Purpose, Expectations and Challenges 102
5.4.2 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status 102
5.4.3 Market Adoption 102
5.4.4 Gaps/Areas of Improvement 103
5.5 Deep Dive: Governance, Risk Managementand Compliance Standards 103
5.5.1 Purpose, Expectations and Challenges 103
5.5.2 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status 104
5.5.3 Market Adoption 105
5.5.4 Gaps/Areas of Improvement 105
5.6 Deep Dive: Other Key Standards 105
5.6.1 Initiatives – Focus, Sponsors and Status 105
5.7 Closing Notes 106
References 106
Part II:Cloud Seeding 108
Chapter 6: Open and Interoperable Clouds: The Cloud@Home Way 109
6.1 Introduction and Motivation 109
6.2 Cloud@Home Overview 112
6.2.1 Issues, Challenges, and Open Problems 113
6.2.2 Basic Architecture 116
6.2.2.1 Software Environment 117
6.2.2.2 Software Infrastructure 118
6.2.2.3 Software Kernel 118
6.2.2.4 Firmware/Hardware 119
6.2.3 Application Scenarios 119
6.3 Cloud@Home Core Structure 121
6.3.1 Management Subsystem 122
6.3.2 Resource Subsystem 123
6.4 Conclusions 125
References 126
Chapter 7: A Peer-to-Peer Framework for Supporting MapReduce Applications in Dynamic Cloud Environments 128
7.1 Introduction 128
7.2 MapReduce 129
7.3 P2P-MapReduce 131
7.3.1 Architecture 131
7.3.2 Implementation 133
7.3.2.1 Basic Mechanisms 134
Resource Discovery 134
Network Maintenance 134
Job Submission and Failure Recovery 135
7.3.2.2 State Diagram and Software Modules 135
7.3.3 Evaluation 138
7.4 Conclusions 140
References 140
Chapter 8: Enhanced Network Support for Scalable Computing Clouds 141
8.1 Introduction 141
8.2 The Cloud Evolution 142
8.3 Improved Network Support for Cloud Computing 143
8.3.1 Why the Internet is Not Enough? 144
8.3.2 Transparent Optical Networks for Cloud Applications: The Dedicated Bandwidth Paradigm 145
8.4 Architecture and Implementation Details 146
8.4.1 Traffic Management and Control Plane Facilities 148
8.4.2 Service Plane and Interfaces 149
8.4.2.1 Providing Network Services to Cloud-Computing Infrastructures 150
8.4.2.2 The Cloud Operating System–Network Interface 150
8.5 Proof of Concept Implementationand Performance Analysis 151
8.5.1 The Prototype Details 151
8.5.1.1 The Underlying Network Infrastructure 152
8.5.1.2 The Prototype Cloud Network Control Logic and its Services 153
8.5.2 Performance Evaluation and Results Discussion 154
8.6 Related Work 156
8.7 Conclusions 157
References 157
Chapter 9: YML-PC: A Reference Architecture Based on Workflow for Building Scientific Private Clouds 159
9.1 Introduction 159
9.2 Overview of YML 162
9.3 Design and Implementation of YML-PC 164
9.3.1 Concept Stack of Cloud Platform 164
9.3.2 Design of YML-PC 165
9.3.3 Core Design and Implementation of YML-PC 167
9.4 Primary Experiments on YML-PC 171
9.4.1 YML-PC Can Be Scaled Up Very Easily 172
9.4.2 Data Persistence in YML-PC 173
9.4.3 Schedule Mechanism in YML-PC 173
9.5 Conclusion and Future Work 174
References 175
Chapter 10: An Efficient Framework for Running Applications on Clusters, Grids, and Clouds 177
10.1 Introduction 177
10.2 Related Work 178
10.2.1 General View of Cloud Computing frameworks 178
10.2.2 Cloud Computing Middleware 179
10.3 Deploying Applications in the Cloud 179
10.3.1 Benchmarking the Cloud 179
10.3.2 The ProActive GCM Deployment 181
10.3.3 Technical Solutions for Deployment over Heterogeneous Infrastructures 183
10.3.3.1 Virtual Private Network (VPN) 183
10.3.3.2 Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) 183
10.3.3.3 Message Forwarding and Tunneling 183
10.3.4 Conclusion and Motivation for Mixing 184
10.4 Moving HPC Applications from Grids to Clouds 185
10.4.1 HPC on Heterogeneous Multi-Domain Platforms 185
10.4.2 The Hierarchical SPMD Concept and Multi-level Partitioning of Numerical Meshes 185
10.4.3 The GCM/ProActive-Based Lightweight Framework 186
10.4.4 Performance Evaluation 187
10.5 Dynamic Mixing of Clusters, Grids, and Clouds 188
10.5.1 The ProActive Resource Manager 188
10.5.2 Cloud Bursting: Managing Spike Demand 190
10.5.3 Cloud Seeding: Dealing with Heterogeneous Hardware and Private Data 190
10.6 Conclusion 191
References 192
Chapter 11: Resource Management for Hybrid Grid and Cloud Computing 193
11.1 Introduction 193
11.2 Background 194
11.2.1 ASKALON 195
11.2.2 Cloud Computing 196
11.3 Resource Management Architecture 196
11.3.1 Cloud Management 198
11.3.2 Image Catalog 199
11.3.3 Security 200
11.4 Evaluation 202
11.5 Related Work 206
11.6 Conclusions and Future Work 207
References 207
Chapter 12: Peer-to-Peer Cloud Provisioning: Service Discovery and Load-Balancing 209
12.1 Introduction 210
12.2 Layered Peer-to-Peer Cloud Provisioning Architecture 212
12.3 Current State-of-the-Art and Practice in Cloud Provisioning 214
12.4 Cloud Service Discovery and Load-Balancing Using DHT Overlay 215
12.4.1 Distributed Hash Tables 215
12.4.2 Designing Complex Services over DHTs 217
12.5 Cloud Peer Software Fabric: Design and Implementation 220
12.5.1 Overlay Construction 220
12.5.2 Multidimensional Query Indexing 221
12.5.3 Multidimensional Query Routing 221
12.5.4 Designing Decentralized and Co-ordinated Load-Balancing Mechanism 223
12.6 Experiments and Evaluation 225
12.6.1 Cloud Peer Details 225
12.6.2 Aneka: PaaS Layer Application Provisioning and Management Service 226
12.6.3 Test Application 226
12.6.4 Deployment of Test Services on Amazon EC2 Platform 227
12.7 Results and Discussions 227
12.8 Conclusions and Path Forward 229
References 230
Chapter 13: Mixing Grids and Clouds: High-Throughput Science Using the Nimrod Tool Family 232
13.1 Introduction 232
13.2 High-Throughput Science with the Nimrod Tools 234
13.2.1 The Nimrod Tool Family 235
13.2.2 Nimrod and the Grid 235
13.2.3 Scheduling in Nimrod 236
13.3 Extensions to Support Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud 238
13.3.1 The Nimrod Architecture 239
13.3.2 The EC2 Actuator 240
13.3.3 Additions to the Schedulers 242
13.4 A Case Study in High-Throughput Science and Economic Scheduling 242
13.4.1 Introduction and Background 243
13.4.2 Computational Requirements 243
13.4.3 The Experiment 244
13.4.4 Computational and Economic Results 245
13.4.5 Scientific Results 247
13.5 Conclusions 247
References 248
Part III:Cloud Breaks 251
Chapter 14: Cloud Compliance: A Framework for Using Cloud Computing in a Regulated World 252
14.1 Using the Cloud 252
14.1.1 Overview 252
14.1.2 Background 253
14.1.3 Requirements and Obligations 253
14.1.3.1 Regional Laws 254
14.1.3.2 Industry Regulations 255
14.2 Cloud Compliance 255
14.2.1 Information Security Organization 255
14.2.2 Data Classification 256
14.2.2.1 Classifying Data and Systems 256
14.2.2.2 Specific Type of Data of Concern 256
14.2.2.3 Labeling 257
14.2.3 Access Control and Connectivity 257
14.2.3.1 Authentication and Authorization 258
14.2.3.2 Accounting and Auditing 258
14.2.3.3 Encrypting Data in Motion 259
14.2.3.4 Encrypting Data at Rest 259
14.2.4 Risk Assessments 259
14.2.4.1 Threat and Risk Assessments 260
14.2.4.2 Business Impact Assessments 261
14.2.4.3 Privacy Impact Assessments 261
14.2.5 Due Diligence and Provider Contract Requirements 261
14.2.5.1 ISO Certification 262
14.2.5.2 SAS 70 Type II 262
14.2.5.3 PCI PA DSS or Service Provider 262
14.2.5.4 Portability and Interoperability 263
14.2.5.5 Right to Audit 263
14.2.5.6 Service Level Agreements 264
14.2.6 Other Considerations 264
14.2.6.1 Disaster Recovery/Business Continuity 264
14.2.6.2 Governance Structure 264
14.2.6.3 Incident Response Plan 265
14.3 Conclusion 265
Bibliography 265
Chapter 15: Cloud Computing – Data Confidentiality and Interoperability Challenges 267
15.1 Confidentiality of Data and Principal Issues Globally: An Overview 268
15.1.1 Location of Cloud Data and Applicable Laws 268
15.1.2 Data Concerns Within a European Context 269
15.1.3 Government Data 270
15.1.4 Trust 270
15.1.5 Interoperability and Standardization in Cloud Computing 271
15.1.6 Open Grid Forum’s (OGF) Production Grid Interoperability Working Group (PGI-WG) Charter 271
15.1.7 Achievements in the OGF Open Cloud Computing Interface (OGF-OCCI) 272
15.1.7.1 What will OCCI Provide? 272
15.1.7.2 Cloud Data Management Interface (CDMI) 273
15.1.7.3 How it Works 273
15.1.8 SDOs and their Involvement with Clouds 274
15.1.9 An Example of Cloud Computing Interoperability at Microsoft 274
15.1.10 A Microsoft Cloud Interoperability Scenario 276
15.1.11 Opportunities for Public Authorities 276
15.1.12 Future Market Drivers and Challenges 277
15.1.13 Priorities Moving Forward 278
15.2 Conclusions 278
References 280
Chapter 16: Security Issues to Cloud Computing 281
16.1 Introduction 281
16.2 Cloud Computing (‘The Cloud’) 282
16.3 Understanding Risks to Cloud Computing 285
16.3.1 Privacy Issues 286
16.3.2 Data Ownership and Content Disclosure Issues 287
16.3.3 Data Confidentiality 287
16.3.4 Data Location 289
16.3.5 Control Issues 290
16.3.6 Regulatory and Legislative Compliance 290
16.3.7 Forensic Evidence Issues 291
16.3.8 Auditing Issues 291
16.3.9 Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Issues 292
16.3.10 Trust Issues 292
16.3.11 Security Policy Issues 293
16.3.12 Emerging Threats to Cloud Computing 293
16.4 Cloud Security Relationship Framework 294
16.4.1 Security Requirements in the Clouds 296
16.5 Conclusion 296
References 298
Chapter 17: Securing the Cloud 299
17.1 Introduction 300
17.1.1 What Is Security? 301
17.2 ISO 27002 Gap Analyses 301
17.2.1 Asset Management 302
17.2.2 Communications and Operations Management 302
17.2.3 Information Systems Acquisition, Development, and Maintenance 304
17.2.4 Information Security Incident Management 304
17.2.5 Compliance 305
17.3 Security Recommendations 305
17.4 Case Studies 309
17.4.1 Private Cloud: Fortune 100 Company 309
17.4.2 Public Cloud: Amazon.com 310
17.5 Summary and Conclusion 310
References 312
Part IV Cloud Feedback 313
Chapter 18: Technologies for Enforcement and Distribution of Policy in Cloud Architectures 314
18.1 Introduction 314
18.2 Decoupling Policy from Applications 315
18.2.1 Overlap of Concerns Between the PEP and PDP 316
18.2.2 Patterns for Binding PEPs to Services 317
18.2.3 Agents 317
18.2.4 Intermediaries 318
18.3 PEP Deployment Patterns in the Cloud 319
18.3.1 Software-as-a-Service Deployment 320
18.3.2 Platform-as-a-Service Deployment 320
18.3.3 Infrastructure-as-a-Service Deployment 320
18.3.4 Alternative Approaches to IaaS Policy Enforcement 321
18.3.5 Basic Web Application Security 321
18.3.6 VPN-Based Solutions 322
18.4 Challenges to Deploying PEPs in the Cloud 322
18.4.1 Performance Challenges in the Cloud 322
18.4.2 Strategies for Fault Tolerance 323
18.4.3 Strategies for Scalability 323
18.4.4 Clustering 323
18.4.5 Acceleration Strategies 324
18.4.5.1 Accelerating Message Processing 324
18.4.5.2 Acceleration of Cryptographic Operations 325
18.4.6 Transport Content Coding 325
18.4.7 Security Challenges in the Cloud 325
18.4.8 The PEP Air Gap 325
18.4.9 Binding PEPs and Applications 326
18.4.9.1 Intermediary Isolation 326
18.4.9.2 The Protected Application Stack 327
18.4.10 Authentication and Authorization 327
18.4.11 Clock Synchronization 330
18.4.12 Management Challenges in the Cloud 330
18.4.13 Audit, Logging, and Metrics 330
18.4.14 Repositories 331
18.4.15 Provisioning and Distribution 332
18.4.16 Policy Synchronization and Views 332
18.5 Conclusion 333
References 333
Chapter 19: The PRISM On-demand Digital Media Cloud 335
19.1 Introduction and Background 336
19.2 A Media Service Cloud for Traditional Broadcasting 337
19.2.1 Gridcast the PRISM Cloud 0.12 337
19.3 An On-demand Digital Media Cloud 341
19.4 PRISM Cloud Implementation 344
19.4.1 Cloud Resources 344
19.4.2 Cloud Service Deployment and Management 346
19.5 The PRISM Deployment 346
19.6 Summary 348
19.7 Content Note 348
References 348
Chapter 20: Cloud Economics: Principles, Costs, and Benefits 350
20.1 Cloud Computing Reference Model 350
20.2 Cloud Economics 352
20.2.1 Economic Context 352
20.2.2 Economic Benefits 353
20.2.3 Economic Costs 354
20.2.4 Company Size, Economic Costs, and Benefits of Cloud Computing 354
20.2.5 The Economics of Green Clouds 355
20.3 Quality of Experience in the Cloud 358
20.4 Monetization Models in the Cloud 362
20.5 Charging in the Cloud 364
20.5.1 Existing Models of Charging 364
20.5.1.1 On-Demand IaaS Instances 365
20.5.1.2 Reserved IaaS Instances 365
20.5.1.3 PaaS Charging 365
20.5.1.4 Cloud Vendor Pricing Model 365
20.5.1.5 Interprovider Charging 366
20.6 Taxation in the Cloud 366
References 367
Chapter 21: Towards Application-Specific Service Level Agreements: Experiments in Clouds and Grids 368
21.1 Introduction 368
21.2 Background 370
21.3 Experiment 371
21.3.1 Target Application: Value at Risk 371
21.3.2 Target Systems 372
21.3.2.1 Condor 372
21.3.2.2 Amazon EC2 372
21.3.2.3 Eucalyptus 373
21.3.3 Results 373
21.3.4 Job Completion 376
21.3.5 Cost 376
21.4 Conclusions and Future Work 377
References 378
Index 380
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 16.7.2010 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Computer Communications and Networks | Computer Communications and Networks |
| Zusatzinfo | XVIII, 382 p. |
| Verlagsort | London |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Netzwerke |
| Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Theorie / Studium | |
| Schlagworte | Architectures • Cloud Computing • Computer • Distributed Computing • grid computing • High Performance Systems • Interface • Peer-to-Peer Systems • Private Cloud • Private Clouds • Software as a service • Standards • Storage • Web Services |
| ISBN-10 | 1-84996-241-3 / 1849962413 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-84996-241-4 / 9781849962414 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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