The Official ABAP Reference
SAP Press
978-1-59229-376-6 (ISBN)
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Dr. Horst Keller works in the NetWeaver Developer Tools ABAP group at SAP. As Knowledge Architect he is responsible for documentation and roll-out relating to ABAP and ABAP Objects. He also oversees the programs for preparing and presenting the ABAP documentation including the relating search algorithms.
... Preface ... 19 1 ... Introduction ... 23 1.1 ... Releases Used ... 23 1.2 ... New Features in Releases 7.02 and 7.2 ... 25 1.2.1 ... New Features in ABAP ... 25 1.2.2 ... New Features in Tools ... 28 1.3 ... Syntax Conventions in The Official ABAP Reference ... 30 PART 1 ... ABAP Overview ... 33 2 ... ABAP Programming Language ... 35 2.1 ... SAP NetWeaver ... 35 2.2 ... Scope and Usage Areas ... 36 2.3 ... Programming Models ... 37 2.4 ... Unicode ... 37 PART 2 ... ABAP Syntax ... 39 3 ... Statements ... 41 3.1 ... ABAP Words ... 42 3.2 ... Operands ... 42 3.2.1 ... Names for Single Operands ... 43 3.2.2 ... Specifying Single Operands ... 49 3.2.3 ... Operand Position and Type ... 50 3.2.4 ... Data Objects in Operand Positions ... 52 3.2.5 ... Functions and Expressions in Operand Positions ... 55 3.3 ... Operators and Expressions ... 59 3.3.1 ... Operators ... 59 3.3.2 ... Expressions ... 60 4 ... Names ... 61 4.1 ... Naming Conventions ... 61 4.2 ... Name Spaces ... 62 5 ... Chained Statements ... 63 6 ... Comments ... 65 7 ... Program Directives ... 67 7.1 ... Pragmas ... 67 7.1.1 ... Pragma Parameters ... 68 7.1.2 ... Positioning Pragmas ... 68 7.2 ... Pseudo Comments ... 69 PART 3 ... Program Structure ... 71 8 ... Program Structure ... 73 9 ... Programs ... 75 9.1 ... Standalone Programs ... 75 9.1.1 ... Program Types ... 75 9.1.2 ... Introductory Program Statement ... 76 9.2 ... Executable Programs ... 77 9.2.1 ... Additions for the Basic List of the Program ... 78 9.2.2 ... Addition for the Message Class ... 80 9.2.3 ... Addition for Subroutine Pools ... 80 9.3 ... Module Pools and Subroutine Pools ... 80 9.4 ... Function Groups ... 82 9.5 ... Class Pools ... 84 9.6 ... Interface Pools ... 85 9.7 ... Type Groups ... 86 10 ... Modularization ... 89 10.1 ... Procedures ... 89 10.1.1 ... Parameter Interface of Procedures ... 90 10.1.2 ... Method Implementation ... 92 10.1.3 ... Function Modules ... 93 10.2 ... Dialog Modules ... 99 10.3 ... Event Blocks ... 100 10.3.1 ... Program Constructor ... 101 10.3.2 ... Reporting Events ... 102 10.3.3 ... Selection Screen Events and List Events ... 106 10.4 ... Source Code Modules ... 107 10.4.1 ... Include Programs ... 107 10.4.2 ... Macros ... 109 11 ... Built-in Elements ... 113 11.1 ... Built-in Data Types ... 113 11.1.1 ... Built-in ABAP Types ... 113 11.1.2 ... Generic ABAP Types ... 118 11.1.3 ... Built-in Types in the ABAP Dictionary ... 120 11.2 ... Built-in Data Objects ... 131 11.2.1 ... ABAP System Fields ... 131 11.2.2 ... space, me, and screen ... 138 11.3 ... Built-in Functions ... 140 11.3.1 ... Syntax of Built-in Functions ... 140 11.3.2 ... Overview of Built-in Functions ... 141 PART 4 ... Declarative Statements ... 145 12 ... Types and Objects ... 147 12.1 ... Validity and Visibility ... 148 12.2 ... Absolute Type Names ... 149 12.3 ... Shared Objects ... 152 13 ... Data Types and Data Objects ... 153 13.1 ... Declaring Data Types ... 153 13.1.1 ... Defining Types with Predefined ABAP Types ... 154 13.1.2 ... Defining Types by Referring to Existing Types ... 155 13.1.3 ... Defining Reference Types ... 156 13.1.4 ... Defining Structured Types ... 158 13.1.5 ... Defining Table Types ... 164 13.1.6 ... Defining Ranges Table Types ... 174 13.1.7 ... Defining LOB Handle Structures ... 175 13.2 ... Declaring Data Objects ... 179 13.2.1 ... Literals ... 179 13.2.2 ... Declaring Variables ... 182 13.2.3 ... Declaring Constants ... 194 13.2.4 ... Declaring Static Data Objects in Procedures ... 195 13.2.5 ... Declaring Table Work Areas ... 196 13.2.6 ... Declaring Data Objects for HR Infotypes ... 200 14 ... Classes and Interfaces ... 203 14.1 ... Defining Classes ... 203 14.1.1 ... Declaration ... 204 14.1.2 ... Specifying Class Properties ... 205 14.1.3 ... Visibility Sections of Classes ... 213 14.1.4 ... Class Components ... 217 14.1.5 ... Implementation Section ... 218 14.1.6 ... Declaring Classes ... 220 14.1.7 ... Local Friends of Global Classes ... 221 14.2 ... Defining Interfaces ... 221 14.2.1 ... Definition ... 222 14.2.2 ... Interface Components ... 223 14.2.3 ... Declaring Interfaces ... 224 14.3 ... Declaring Components ... 224 14.3.1 ... Attributes and Data Types ... 224 14.3.2 ... Methods ... 226 14.3.3 ... Events ... 249 14.3.4 ... Interface Components ... 252 15 ... Field Symbols ... 259 16 ... Typing ... 261 16.1 ... Syntax of Typing ... 261 16.1.1 ... Generic Typing ... 262 16.1.2 ... Complete Typing ... 264 16.2 ... Checking the Typing ... 265 16.2.1 ... General Rules ... 265 16.2.2 ... Return Values of Functional Methods ... 267 16.2.3 ... Literals as Actual Parameters ... 268 16.2.4 ... Functions and Expressions as Actual Parameters ... 270 PART 5 ... Generating Objects ... 273 17 ... Creating Objects ... 275 17.1 ... Creating Data Objects ... 275 17.1.1 ... Defining the Data Type Implicitly ... 276 17.1.2 ... Defining the Data Type Through Built-in ABAP Types ... 277 17.1.3 ... Defining Data Through an Existing Type ... 278 17.1.4 ... Creating Data with Reference to a Type Object ... 280 17.1.5 ... Creating Reference Variables ... 281 17.1.6 ... Creating Internal Tables ... 282 17.1.7 ... Creating Shared Objects ... 284 17.1.8 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 287 17.2 ... Creating Instances of Classes ... 287 17.2.1 ... Specifying the Class Implicitly ... 288 17.2.2 ... Specifying the Class Explicitly ... 289 17.2.3 ... Creating Shared Objects ... 290 17.2.4 ... Static Parameter Passing ... 291 17.2.5 ... Dynamic Parameter Passing ... 292 17.2.6 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 294 PART 6 ... Executing Program Units ... 295 18 ... Calling Programs ... 297 18.1 ... Calling Executable Programs ... 297 18.1.1 ... Processing an Executable Program ... 297 18.1.2 ... Calling of an Executable Program ... 299 18.2 ... Calling Transactions ... 315 18.2.1 ... Calling a Transaction with Returning to the Calling Program ... 315 18.2.2 ... Calling a Transaction without Returning to the Calling Program ... 321 19 ... Calling Processing Blocks ... 323 19.1 ... Calling Procedures ... 323 19.1.1 ... Internal and External Procedure Call ... 323 19.1.2 ... Calling Methods ... 327 19.1.3 ... Calling Function Modules ... 341 19.1.4 ... Calling Subroutines ... 349 19.2 ... Calling Event Handlers ... 354 19.2.1 ... Triggering Events ... 354 19.2.2 ... Registering Event Handlers ... 355 19.3 ... Calling Event Blocks ... 359 20 ... Exiting Program Units ... 361 20.1 ... Leaving Programs ... 361 20.2 ... Exiting Processing Blocks ... 362 20.2.1 ... Terminating Processing Blocks Normally ... 362 20.2.2 ... Exiting Processing Blocks Unconditionally ... 363 20.2.3 ... Exiting Processing Blocks Conditionally ... 366 20.3 ... Exiting Loops ... 368 20.3.1 ... Exiting Loops Unconditionally ... 368 20.3.2 ... Exiting Loop Passes Unconditionally ... 369 20.3.3 ... Exiting Loop Passes Conditionally ... 370 PART 7 ... Program Flow Control ... 371 21 ... Logical Conditions ... 373 21.1 ... Logical Expressions ... 373 21.1.1 ... Comparisons ... 374 21.1.2 ... Predicates ... 388 21.1.3 ... Evaluating Selection Tables ... 393 21.1.4 ... Boolean Operators and Brackets ... 395 21.2 ... Logical Functions ... 400 21.2.1 ... Boolean Functions ... 400 21.2.2 ... Predicate Functions ... 401 22 ... Control Structures ... 405 22.1 ... Branches ... 405 22.1.1 ... Conditional Branches ... 406 22.1.2 ... Case Distinction ... 407 22.2 ... Loops ... 408 22.2.1 ... Unconditional Loops ... 408 22.2.2 ... Conditional Loops ... 409 22.2.3 ... Interrupting the Program ... 410 22.3 ... Exception Handling ... 411 22.3.1 ... Class-Based Exceptions ... 411 22.3.2 ... Exceptions Before the Introduction of Class-Based Exceptions ... 428 22.3.3 ... Exceptions in ABAP Statements ... 432 22.3.4 ... Runtime Errors ... 433 PART 8 ... Assignments ... 435 23 ... Assignment Rules ... 437 23.1 ... Compatibility of Data Types ... 438 23.1.1 ... Compatibility of Non-Generic Data Types ... 438 23.1.2 ... Compatibility of Generic Data Types ... 439 23.1.3 ... Reference Types ... 439 23.2 ... Conversion Rules for Elementary Data Objects ... 440 23.2.1 ... Source Field Type c ... 441 23.2.2 ... Source Field Type d ... 444 23.2.3 ... Source Field Type decfloat16 or decfloat34 ... 446 23.2.4 ... Source Field Type f ... 448 23.2.5 ... Source Field Type i, b, or s ... 449 23.2.6 ... Source Field Type n ... 452 23.2.7 ... Source Field Type p ... 453 23.2.8 ... Source Field Type string ... 454 23.2.9 ... Source Field Type t ... 455 23.2.10 ... Source Field Type x ... 457 23.2.11 ... Source Field Type xstring ... 458 23.2.12 ... Numeric Values in Character-Type Fields ... 459 23.3 ... Conversion Rules for Structures ... 461 23.3.1 ... Unicode Fragment View ... 462 23.3.2 ... Conversion between Flat Structures ... 463 23.3.3 ... Conversion between Flat Structures and Single Fields ... 466 23.4 ... Conversion Rules for Internal Tables ... 467 23.5 ... Assignment Rules for Reference Variables ... 467 23.5.1 ... Static and Dynamic Type ... 468 23.5.2 ... Assignments between Data Reference Variables ... 469 23.5.3 ... Assignments between Object Reference Variables ... 470 23.6 ... System Class for Character Set Conversion and Number Format Conversion ... 472 24 ... Assigning Values ... 473 24.1 ... General Assignment ... 474 24.2 ... Lossless Assignment ... 476 24.2.1 ... Lossless Assignment of Elementary Data Objects ... 477 24.2.2 ... Lossless Assignment of Structures ... 484 24.2.3 ... Lossless Assignment of Internal Tables ... 484 24.2.4 ... Lossless Assignment of Reference Variables ... 485 24.2.5 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 485 24.3 ... Multiple Assignments ... 486 24.4 ... Assigning Structure Components ... 486 24.5 ... Special Assignment of a Packed Number ... 489 25 ... Setting References ... 491 25.1 ... Assigning Data Objects to Field Symbols ... 491 25.1.1 ... Specifying the Memory Area ... 492 25.1.2 ... Specifying the Data Type ... 503 25.1.3 ... Specifying Area Limits ... 506 25.1.4 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 509 25.2 ... Retrieving Data References ... 510 26 ... Initializations ... 513 26.1 ... Initializing Data Objects ... 513 26.2 ... Releasing Memory ... 514 26.3 ... Initializing Field Symbols ... 515 PART 9 ... Processing Internal Data ... 517 27 ... Numerical Calculations ... 519 27.1 ... Statements for Numerical Calculations ... 519 27.1.1 ... Statement for Calculation Expressions ... 519 27.1.2 ... Addition ... 522 27.1.3 ... Subtraction ... 523 27.1.4 ... Multiplication ... 524 27.1.5 ... Division ... 524 27.2 ... Arithmetic Expressions ... 525 27.2.1 ... Arithmetic Operators ... 527 27.2.2 ... Bracketing ... 528 27.2.3 ... Calculation Type ... 528 27.2.4 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 532 27.3 ... Numerical Functions ... 533 27.3.1 ... General Numerical Functions ... 533 27.3.2 ... Numerical Extreme Value Functions ... 534 27.3.3 ... Floating Point Functions ... 536 27.3.4 ... Rounding Functions ... 538 27.3.5 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 544 27.4 ... System Classes for Mathematical Operations ... 544 27.4.1 ... Operations with Floating Point Numbers ... 544 27.4.2 ... Random Numbers ... 545 28 ... Character String and Byte String Processing ... 547 28.1 ... Properties of Character String and Byte String Processing ... 547 28.1.1 ... Character Strings and Byte Strings ... 547 28.1.2 ... Operands in Character String and Byte String Processing ... 547 28.1.3 ... Trailing Blanks in Character String Processing ... 549 28.2 ... Statements for Character String and Byte String Processing ... 550 28.2.1 ... Concatenate ... 551 28.2.2 ... Find ... 553 28.2.3 ... Replace ... 561 28.2.4 ... Shift ... 567 28.2.5 ... Split ... 571 28.2.6 ... Condense ... 574 28.2.7 ... Conversion into a Sortable Format ... 575 28.2.8 ... Overlay ... 576 28.2.9 ... Translate ... 577 28.2.10 ... Format ... 579 28.2.11 ... Setting Single Bits ... 601 28.2.12 ... Reading Single Bits ... 602 28.3 ... Character String Expressions ... 603 28.3.1 ... Character String Templates ... 604 28.3.2 ... Chaining Operator ... 624 28.3.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 625 28.4 ... Character String Functions ... 625 28.4.1 ... Description Functions ... 625 28.4.2 ... Processing Functions ... 630 28.4.3 ... Common Parameters ... 645 28.4.4 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 648 28.5 ... Regular Expressions ... 649 28.5.1 ... Syntax of Regular Expressions ... 649 28.5.2 ... Single Character Patterns ... 653 28.5.3 ... Character String Patterns ... 660 28.5.4 ... Search Patterns ... 664 28.5.5 ... Replacement Patterns ... 669 28.5.6 ... Simplified Regular Expressions ... 671 28.5.7 ... Testing Regular Expressions ... 673 28.5.8 ... Exceptions in Regular Expressions ... 674 28.6 ... Expressions and Functions for Byte String Processing ... 675 28.6.1 ... Bit Expressions ... 675 28.6.2 ... Byte String Functions ... 678 28.7 ... System Classes for Character String and Byte String Processing ... 679 28.7.1 ... String Processing ... 679 28.7.2 ... Compression ... 679 29 ... Internal Tables ... 681 29.1 ... Properties of Internal Tables ... 681 29.1.1 ... Table Type ... 681 29.1.2 ... Table Category ... 683 29.1.3 ... Table Key ... 684 29.1.4 ... Access to Internal Tables ... 693 29.1.5 ... Administration Costs of Internal Tables ... 694 29.2 ... Statements for Internal Tables ... 696 29.2.1 ... Reading Single Lines ... 696 29.2.2 ... Loop Processing ... 712 29.2.3 ... Control Level Processing ... 722 29.2.4 ... Inserting Lines ... 726 29.2.5 ... Inserting Compressed Lines ... 733 29.2.6 ... Appending Lines ... 736 29.2.7 ... Modifying Lines ... 742 29.2.8 ... Deleting Lines ... 749 29.2.9 ... Sorting ... 757 29.2.10 ... Syntax for Component Specifications ... 764 29.2.11 ... Syntax for Key Specifications ... 766 29.2.12 ... Character and Byte String Processing in Internal Tables ... 766 29.3 ... Table Function ... 772 29.4 ... Special Statement for Internal Tables ... 772 30 ... Extracts ... 779 30.1 ... Declaring Field Groups ... 779 30.2 ... Defining the Line Structure ... 780 30.3 ... Filling the Extract Dataset ... 781 30.4 ... Sorting the Extract Dataset ... 782 30.5 ... Reading the Extract Dataset ... 785 30.6 ... Control-Level Processing ... 785 30.6.1 ... Counter ... 788 30.6.2 ... Sums ... 789 31 ... Properties of Data ... 791 31.1 ... Specifying Elementary Properties ... 791 31.1.1 ... Elementary Properties of Any Data Objects ... 791 31.1.2 ... Elementary Properties of Internal Tables ... 798 31.1.3 ... Distance between Data Objects ... 799 31.2 ... Run Time Type Services ... 801 32 ... Streaming ... 803 32.1 ... Classes and Interfaces for Streams ... 803 32.1.1 ... Classes for Data Streams and Filter Streams ... 804 32.1.2 ... Interfaces and Superclasses ... 804 32.1.3 ... Important Methods ... 805 32.2 ... Streaming for Data Objects ... 806 32.2.1 ... Streaming for Strings ... 806 32.2.2 ... Streaming for Internal Tables ... 807 PART 10 ... User Dialogs ... 809 33 ... Classic Dynpros ... 811 33.1 ... SAP GUI ... 812 33.2 ... Dynpro Fields ... 813 33.3 ... Dynpro Flow and Dynpro Sequences ... 814 33.4 ... Statements in the Dynpro Flow Logic ... 815 33.4.1 ... Event Blocks of the Dynpro Flow Logic ... 816 33.4.2 ... Calling Dialog Modules ... 818 33.4.3 ... Controlling Data Transfer and Flow Logic ... 822 33.4.4 ... Processing Chains ... 828 33.4.5 ... Table Controls ... 829 33.4.6 ... Subscreens, Tabstrip, and Splitter Controls ... 833 33.5 ... ABAP Statements for Dynpros ... 839 33.5.1 ... Calling a Dynpro Sequence ... 839 33.5.2 ... Setting the GUI Status ... 840 33.5.3 ... Determining the GUI Status ... 842 33.5.4 ... Setting the GUI Title ... 843 33.5.5 ... Suppressing the Display ... 845 33.5.6 ... Reading Attributes of Screen Elements ... 846 33.5.7 ... Modifying Attributes of Screen Elements ... 848 33.5.8 ... Setting the Cursor ... 850 33.5.9 ... Evaluating the Cursor Position ... 852 33.5.10 ... Declaring Controls ... 853 33.5.11 ... Initializing Table Control ... 859 33.5.12 ... Exiting Step-Loop Processing ... 859 33.5.13 ... Holding Input Data ... 860 33.5.14 ... Setting the Next Dynpro ... 861 33.5.15 ... Leaving a Dynpro ... 861 34 ... Selection Screens ... 863 34.1 ... Creating Selection Screens ... 864 34.1.1 ... Creating Selection Screens ... 864 34.1.2 ... Laying Out Selection Screens ... 868 34.1.3 ... Adopting Elements of Other Selection Screens ... 885 34.2 ... Defining Parameters ... 889 34.2.1 ... Data Type of the Parameter ... 891 34.2.2 ... Attributes of Screen Elements ... 894 34.2.3 ... Attributes of the Value and Passing of Values ... 898 34.3 ... Defining Selection Criteria ... 902 34.3.1 ... Data Type of the low and high Columns ... 906 34.3.2 ... Attributes of Screen Elements ... 908 34.3.3 ... Attributes of the Value and Passing of Values ... 910 34.3.4 ... Addition for Selection Screens of Logical Databases ... 912 34.4 ... Calling Selection Screens ... 913 34.4.1 ... Call via SUBMIT ... 913 34.4.2 ... Call via Report Transaction ... 913 34.4.3 ... Call via Dialog Transaction ... 914 34.4.4 ... Call in the Program ... 914 34.5 ... Selection-Screen Processing ... 915 34.6 ... Selection Screen Events ... 916 34.6.1 ... PBO ... 917 34.6.2 ... Passing Individual Data ... 918 34.6.3 ... Passing a Multiple Selection ... 918 34.6.4 ... Block Transfer ... 918 34.6.5 ... Passing the Data of a Radio Button Group ... 919 34.6.6 ... Overall Transfer ... 919 34.6.7 ... POH and POV ... 919 34.6.8 ... Exit Command ... 920 34.7 ... Free Selections ... 921 34.7.1 ... Free Selections in Logical Databases ... 921 34.7.2 ... Free Selections in Any Programs ... 922 35 ... Classic Lists ... 925 35.1 ... Properties of Classic Lists ... 925 35.1.1 ... Lists in ABAP Programs ... 925 35.1.2 ... Basic List ... 925 35.1.3 ... Details Lists ... 926 35.1.4 ... Structure of a List ... 926 35.1.5 ... Print Lists ... 927 35.1.6 ... Lists and ABAP Objects ... 927 35.2 ... Creating Lists ... 928 35.2.1 ... Writing Lists ... 928 35.2.2 ... Output Length in Lists ... 934 35.2.3 ... Processing the Output ... 938 35.2.4 ... Formatting the Output ... 939 35.2.5 ... Automatic Line Elements ... 940 35.2.6 ... List Elements ... 940 35.2.7 ... Creating Blank Lines ... 945 35.2.8 ... Creating Horizontal Lines ... 945 35.2.9 ... Formatting List Sections ... 946 35.2.10 ... Controlling Blank Lines ... 953 35.2.11 ... Positioning the List Cursor Vertically ... 954 35.2.12 ... Positioning the List Cursor Horizontally ... 958 35.2.13 ... Fixed Area When Scrolling Horizontally ... 959 35.2.14 ... Page Breaks and Print Lists ... 960 35.2.15 ... Conditional Page Break ... 968 35.2.16 ... Storing Variables in the List Level ... 969 35.3 ... Processing Lists in the List Buffer ... 970 35.3.1 ... Reading List Lines ... 970 35.3.2 ... Modifying List Lines ... 973 35.3.3 ... Scrolling Lists ... 975 35.3.4 ... Reading List Attributes ... 978 35.4 ... Displaying Lists ... 981 35.4.1 ... Calling Basic Lists ... 982 35.4.2 ... Leaving the List Display ... 983 35.4.3 ... Displaying a List in the Dialog Window ... 984 35.4.4 ... GUI Status of a Screen List ... 985 35.4.5 ... Title of a Screen List ... 987 35.4.6 ... Positioning the Cursor on the List ... 987 35.4.7 ... Evaluating the List at the Cursor Position ... 990 35.5 ... Printing Lists ... 992 35.5.1 ... Switching Printing On and Off ... 992 35.5.2 ... Print List Levels and Spool Requests ... 993 35.5.3 ... Print Parameters ... 995 35.5.4 ... Print Control ... 1001 35.5.5 ... Printing Screen Lists ... 1005 35.6 ... Event Blocks for List Events ... 1006 35.6.1 ... Events during List Creation ... 1006 35.6.2 ... Events after User Actions in Displayed Lists ... 1008 35.6.3 ... Triggering List Events from the Program ... 1011 36 ... Messages ... 1013 36.1 ... Storing Messages ... 1013 36.2 ... Behavior of Messages ... 1014 36.2.1 ... Messages in List Processing ... 1014 36.2.2 ... Messages in Dialog Processing ... 1015 36.2.3 ... Messages in Control Processing ... 1019 36.2.4 ... Messages in Batch Input ... 1019 36.2.5 ... Messages in Background Processing ... 1020 36.2.6 ... Messages during Updates ... 1020 36.2.7 ... Messages in Conversion Routines ... 1021 36.2.8 ... Messages in Procedures ... 1021 36.2.9 ... Messages in RFC Processing ... 1022 36.2.10 ... Messages in HTTP Servers ... 1022 36.3 ... Sending Messages ... 1022 36.3.1 ... Specifying a Message ... 1023 36.3.2 ... Specifying a Character String ... 1028 36.3.3 ... Message Options ... 1029 PART 11 ... Processing External Data ... 1033 37 ... Database Accesses ... 1035 37.1 ... Database Tables ... 1035 37.1.1 ... Relational Databases ... 1035 37.1.2 ... Indexes of Database Tables ... 1036 37.2 ... Open SQL ... 1036 37.2.1 ... Environment of Open SQL ... 1036 37.2.2 ... Read Accesses ... 1043 37.2.3 ... Write Accesses ... 1098 37.2.4 ... Work Areas for Open SQL ... 1119 37.2.5 ... Streaming and Locators for Open SQL ... 1121 37.2.6 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1125 37.3 ... Object Services ... 1125 37.3.1 ... Persistence Service ... 1125 37.3.2 ... Transaction Service ... 1128 37.3.3 ... Query Service ... 1129 37.4 ... Native SQL ... 1131 37.4.1 ... Integrating Native SQL ... 1131 37.4.2 ... Host Variables ... 1133 37.4.3 ... Cursor Processing ... 1134 37.4.4 ... Calling Stored Procedures ... 1136 37.4.5 ... Defining a Database Connection ... 1138 37.4.6 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1142 37.5 ... ADBC ... 1142 37.5.1 ... Executing SQL Statements ... 1142 37.5.2 ... Preparing SQL Statements ... 1147 37.5.3 ... Database Connections ... 1148 37.5.4 ... Exception Class for ADBC ... 1150 38 ... Data Clusters ... 1151 38.1 ... Creating Data Clusters ... 1151 38.1.1 ... Defining Data Clusters ... 1152 38.1.2 ... Specifying the Memory Medium ... 1153 38.1.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1158 38.1.4 ... INDX-Like Database Tables ... 1158 38.1.5 ... SQL Access to Data Clusters ... 1160 38.2 ... Reading Data Clusters ... 1161 38.2.1 ... Specifying the Source ... 1161 38.2.2 ... Specifying the Memory Medium ... 1163 38.2.3 ... Conversion Additions ... 1166 38.2.4 ... Text Language Rule ... 1173 38.2.5 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1174 38.3 ... Importing the Directory ... 1174 38.4 ... Deleting Data Clusters ... 1176 38.5 ... Deleting Data Clusters in the ABAP Memory ... 1178 38.6 ... System Classes for Data Clusters ... 1178 39 ... File Interface ... 1179 39.1 ... Properties of the File Interface ... 1179 39.1.1 ... Addressing Files ... 1179 39.1.2 ... Authorizations for Accessing Files ... 1180 39.1.3 ... Locks ... 1182 39.1.4 ... File Interface and Unicode ... 1182 39.2 ... Opening a File ... 1183 39.2.1 ... Specifying the Access Type ... 1184 39.2.2 ... Specifying the Storage Type ... 1185 39.2.3 ... Specifying the Position ... 1193 39.2.4 ... Operating System-Dependent Additions ... 1194 39.2.5 ... Error Handling ... 1196 39.2.6 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1198 39.3 ... Writing a File ... 1199 39.3.1 ... Specifying Lengths ... 1200 39.3.2 ... Defining the Line End Marker ... 1201 39.3.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1202 39.4 ... Reading a File ... 1202 39.4.1 ... Specifying the Maximum Length ... 1205 39.4.2 ... Determining the Length Read ... 1206 39.4.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1206 39.5 ... Determining File Attributes ... 1207 39.5.1 ... Determining the Position ... 1207 39.5.2 ... Determining Attributes ... 1208 39.5.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1210 39.6 ... Changing File Attributes ... 1211 39.6.1 ... Specifying the Position ... 1211 39.6.2 ... Changing Attributes ... 1213 39.6.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1215 39.7 ... Changing the File Size ... 1215 39.8 ... Closing a File ... 1217 39.9 ... Deleting a File ... 1218 40 ... Data Consistency ... 1219 40.1 ... Database LUW ... 1219 40.1.1 ... Database Commit ... 1220 40.1.2 ... Database Rollback ... 1221 40.1.3 ... Database Commits/Rollbacks for a Database Connection ... 1222 40.2 ... SAP LUW ... 1223 40.2.1 ... Registering Update Function Modules ... 1224 40.2.2 ... Registering Subroutines ... 1226 40.2.3 ... Executing an SAP Commit ... 1227 40.2.4 ... Executing an SAP Rollback ... 1230 40.2.5 ... Activating a Local Update ... 1231 40.3 ... Database Locks ... 1232 40.3.1 ... Setting Database Locks ... 1232 40.3.2 ... Types of Database Locks ... 1232 40.3.3 ... Isolation Level ... 1233 40.3.4 ... Deadlock ... 1233 40.3.5 ... Releasing Database Locks ... 1234 40.4 ... SAP Locks ... 1234 40.4.1 ... Setting and Checking SAP Locks ... 1234 40.4.2 ... Releasing SAP Locks ... 1235 40.5 ... Authorizations ... 1236 PART 12 ... Program Parameters ... 1239 41 ... Parameters in the SAP Memory ... 1241 41.1 ... SPA/GPA Parameters ... 1241 41.1.1 ... SPA/GPA Parameters and ABAP Programs ... 1241 41.1.2 ... Administrating SPA/GPA Parameters ... 1242 41.1.3 ... SPA/GPA Parameters and Dynpro Fields ... 1243 41.2 ... Setting SPA/GPA Parameters ... 1243 41.3 ... Reading SPA/GPA Parameters ... 1245 42 ... Language Environment ... 1247 42.1 ... Text Pools ... 1247 42.2 ... Text Environment ... 1249 42.2.1 ... Text Environment in Unicode Systems ... 1250 42.2.2 ... Text Environment in non-Unicode Systems ... 1250 42.2.3 ... Setting the Text Environment ... 1251 42.2.4 ... Determining the Text Environment ... 1255 42.3 ... Formatting Settings ... 1255 42.3.1 ... Country-Specific Formats ... 1256 42.3.2 ... Setting Formatting Settings ... 1259 43 ... Date and Time Information ... 1261 43.1 ... System Fields for Date and Time ... 1261 43.2 ... Time Stamps ... 1263 43.2.1 ... Properties of Time Stamps ... 1263 43.2.2 ... Creating Current Time Stamp ... 1266 43.2.3 ... Converting Time Stamp Into Local Time ... 1267 43.2.4 ... Converting Local Time Into a Time Stamp ... 1269 PART 13 ... Program Processing ... 1273 44 ... Testing and Checking Programs ... 1275 44.1 ... Checkpoints ... 1275 44.1.1 ... Assertions ... 1275 44.1.2 ... Breakpoints ... 1279 44.1.3 ... Logpoints ... 1282 44.2 ... Runtime Measurement ... 1282 44.2.1 ... Relative Program Runtime ... 1282 44.2.2 ... Setting the Time Resolution ... 1284 44.2.3 ... Class for Runtime Measurements ... 1285 44.3 ... Runtime Analysis ... 1285 45 ... Program Editing ... 1287 45.1 ... Source Code ... 1287 45.1.1 ... Dynamic Subroutine Pool ... 1287 45.1.2 ... Reading a Program ... 1293 45.1.3 ... Syntax Check ... 1295 45.1.4 ... Creating or Overwriting a Program ... 1299 45.1.5 ... Calling the ABAP Editor ... 1303 45.2 ... Text Elements ... 1304 45.2.1 ... Reading a Text Pool ... 1304 45.2.2 ... Creating or Overwriting a Text Pool ... 1306 PART 14 ... Data and Communication Interfaces ... 1309 46 ... Remote Function Call ... 1311 46.1 ... Properties of an RFC ... 1311 46.1.1 ... RFC Interface ... 1312 46.1.2 ... RFC Language Elements ... 1312 46.1.3 ... RFC Destination ... 1313 46.1.4 ... RFC Context ... 1314 46.1.5 ... RFC Protocol ... 1314 46.1.6 ... RFC Exceptions ... 1315 46.1.7 ... RFC System Fields ... 1317 46.1.8 ... RFC Authorizations ... 1317 46.1.9 ... RFC Trust Relationships ... 1317 46.1.10 ... RFC Dialog Interactions ... 1318 46.1.11 ... RFC Restrictions ... 1319 46.2 ... Remote Function Call ... 1320 46.2.1 ... Synchronous Remote Function Call ... 1320 46.2.2 ... Asynchronous Remote Function Call ... 1326 46.2.3 ... Background RFC ... 1333 46.2.4 ... Transactional Remote Function Call ... 1335 47 ... XML Interface ... 1337 47.1 ... XSL Transformations ... 1337 47.2 ... Simple Transformations ... 1338 47.3 ... Canonical XML Representation ... 1339 47.3.1 ... General Format ... 1339 47.3.2 ... Mapping ABAP Data Types ... 1341 47.4 ... Calling a Transformation ... 1360 47.4.1 ... Transformation Source ... 1361 47.4.2 ... Transformation Result ... 1362 47.4.3 ... Transformation Parameters ... 1364 47.4.4 ... Transformation Options ... 1366 47.4.5 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1370 48 ... OLE Interface ... 1373 48.1 ... Creating an Automation Object ... 1373 48.2 ... Calling an Automation Method ... 1375 48.3 ... Determining the Attributes of an Automation Object ... 1378 48.4 ... Changing the Attributes of an Automation Object ... 1379 48.5 ... Releasing an Automation Object ... 1380 PART 15 ... Enhancements ... 1381 49 ... Source Code Enhancement ... 1383 49.1 ... Implicit Enhancement Options ... 1383 49.2 ... Explicit Enhancement Options ... 1384 49.2.1 ... Enhancement Option for Point ... 1384 49.2.2 ... Enhancement Option for Section ... 1386 49.2.3 ... Enhancement Implementation ... 1389 50 ... BAdIs ... 1391 50.1 ... Creating a BAdI Object ... 1392 50.1.1 ... Specifying Filter Values ... 1394 50.1.2 ... Specifying the Context ... 1395 50.1.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1396 50.2 ... Calling BAdI Methods ... 1396 PART 16 ... Obsolete Statements ... 1399 51 ... Obsolete Syntax ... 1401 51.1 ... Obsolete Statement Structures ... 1401 51.2 ... Obsolete Pseudo Comments ... 1401 51.2.1 ... Pseudo Comments for the Extended Program Check ... 1401 51.2.2 ... Pseudo Comments for Test Classes ... 1402 51.3 ... Obsolete Deactivation of the Program Check ... 1403 52 ... Obsolete Modularization ... 1405 52.1 ... Obsolete Subroutines ... 1405 52.1.1 ... Creating a Subroutine ... 1405 52.1.2 ... Defining a Subroutine in Parts ... 1411 52.2 ... Obsolete Function Module Parameters ... 1412 52.2.1 ... Declaring Table Parameters ... 1412 52.2.2 ... Obsolete Typing ... 1413 52.2.3 ... Global Parameters ... 1414 52.3 ... Obsolete Temporary Storage ... 1415 53 ... Obsolete Declarations ... 1417 53.1 ... Obsolete Type Definitions ... 1417 53.1.1 ... Implicit Type Specifications ... 1417 53.1.2 ... Unnecessary Length Specifications ... 1417 53.1.3 ... Anonymous Components ... 1418 53.2 ... Obsolete Declaration and Loading ... 1418 53.2.1 ... Loading a Type Group ... 1418 53.2.2 ... Loading a Class or Interface ... 1419 53.2.3 ... Declaring a Data Object ... 1420 53.3 ... Obsolete Interface Work Areas ... 1420 53.3.1 ... Common Data Area ... 1421 53.3.2 ... Additional Table Work Area ... 1423 53.4 ... Obsolete Internal Tables ... 1423 53.4.1 ... Internal Tables with Header Line ... 1423 53.4.2 ... Obsolete Declaration of Any Line Types ... 1426 53.4.3 ... Explicit Declaration of a Header Line ... 1427 53.4.4 ... Obsolete Declaration of Structured Line Types ... 1427 53.4.5 ... Obsolete Declaration of Ranges Tables ... 1428 53.5 ... Obsolete Field Symbols ... 1429 53.5.1 ... Obsolete Typing ... 1429 53.5.2 ... Obsolete Casting ... 1429 53.6 ... Obsolete Type Reference ... 1431 54 ... Obsolete Object Creation ... 1433 55 ... Obsolete Calls ... 1437 55.1 ... Obsolete Dialog Modules ... 1437 55.1.1 ... Suppressing the Initial Screen ... 1438 55.1.2 ... Batch Input Session ... 1438 55.1.3 ... Parameter Passing ... 1439 55.2 ... Obsolete Function Module Exit ... 1439 55.3 ... Obsolete Function Module Exception ... 1441 55.4 ... Obsolete External Subroutine Call ... 1442 55.5 ... Obsolete Exiting ... 1442 55.5.1 ... Obsolete Exiting of Called Programs ... 1442 55.5.2 ... Obsolete Exiting of Any Processing Blocks ... 1443 56 ... Obsolete Program Flow Control ... 1445 56.1 ... Obsolete Logical Expressions ... 1445 56.1.1 ... Obsolete Relational Operators ... 1445 56.1.2 ... Obsolete Short Form for Selection Table ... 1445 56.1.3 ... Obsolete Check of Output Parameters ... 1446 56.2 ... Obsolete Control Structures ... 1447 56.2.1 ... Obsolete Statements in Case Distinctions ... 1447 56.2.2 ... Obsolete Branching ... 1447 56.2.3 ... Obsolete Unconditional Loop Processing ... 1449 56.2.4 ... Obsolete Conditional Loop Processing ... 1452 56.3 ... Obsolete Exception Handling ... 1452 57 ... Obsolete Assignments ... 1455 57.1 ... Obsolete Percentaged Subfield ... 1455 57.2 ... Obsolete Conversion ... 1455 57.3 ... Obsolete Casting ... 1456 57.4 ... Obsolete Dynamic Memory Area ... 1457 57.5 ... Obsolete Initialization ... 1458 58 ... Obsolete Calculation Statements ... 1459 58.1 ... Obsolete Addition of Field Sequences ... 1459 58.2 ... Calculating Component by Component ... 1461 59 ... Obsolete Character String and Byte String Processing ... 1463 59.1 ... Obsolete Search ... 1463 59.2 ... Obsolete Replacement ... 1466 59.3 ... Obsolete Translation ... 1467 59.3.1 ... Code Page and Number Format ... 1467 59.3.2 ... Forming Complement on Nine of a Date ... 1469 60 ... Obsolete Processing of Internal Tables ... 1471 60.1 ... Obsolete Short Forms ... 1471 60.2 ... Obsolete Key Specifications ... 1471 60.2.1 ... No Specification ... 1472 60.2.2 ... Specifying a Subfield of a Line ... 1473 60.2.3 ... Specifying the Entire Line ... 1474 60.3 ... Obsolete Search ... 1475 60.4 ... Obsolete Assignment of Formatted Character Strings ... 1476 60.5 ... Obsolete Short Form of a Special Statement ... 1478 60.6 ... Obsolete Deletion ... 1480 61 ... Obsolete User Dialogs ... 1481 61.1 ... Obsolete Dynpro Flow Logic ... 1481 61.1.1 ... Database Access ... 1481 61.1.2 ... Checking Values in the Flow Logic ... 1481 61.1.3 ... Obsolete Subscreen Enhancement ... 1484 61.1.4 ... Obsolete Step Loop Processing ... 1484 61.2 ... Obsolete List Processing ... 1490 61.2.1 ... Obsolete Formatting ... 1490 61.2.2 ... Obsolete Calculations ... 1491 61.2.3 ... Obsolete List Event ... 1494 61.2.4 ... Obsolete Printing ... 1494 61.3 ... Obsolete Text Editor ... 1495 62 ... Obsolete Processing of External Data ... 1497 62.1 ... Obsolete Database Accesses ... 1497 62.1.1 ... Obsolete Short Forms in Open SQL ... 1497 62.1.2 ... Obsolete Cursor Processing in Native SQL ... 1498 62.1.3 ... Obsolete Access Statements ... 1499 62.2 ... Obsolete Data Cluster Accesses ... 1504 62.2.1 ... Obsolete Short Forms ... 1504 62.2.2 ... Obsolete Implicit ID ... 1505 62.2.3 ... Obsolete Implicit Work Area ... 1506 62.2.4 ... Obsolete ID ... 1507 62.3 ... Obsolete Contexts ... 1507 62.3.1 ... Buffering of Contexts ... 1508 62.3.2 ... Creating Instances of Contexts ... 1509 62.3.3 ... Providing Contexts with Key Values ... 1510 62.3.4 ... Querying Contexts ... 1510 62.4 ... Obsolete Logical Databases ... 1512 62.4.1 ... Interface Work Areas for Logical Databases ... 1513 62.4.2 ... Statements in Logical Databases ... 1513 62.4.3 ... Statements for Logical Databases ... 1522 62.4.4 ... Function Module for Logical Databases ... 1523 63 ... Obsolete Data and Communication Interfaces ... 1525 63.1 ... Obsolete XML Handling ... 1525 63.2 ... Obsolete CPI-C Interface ... 1525 63.3 ... Obsolete JavaScript Processing ... 1526 ... Appendices ... 1527 A ... ABAP Memory Organization ... 1527 A.1 ... General Memory Organization ... 1527 A.2 ... Programs in the Internal Session ... 1529 B ... Memory Management of Deep Data Objects ... 1533 B.1 ... Memory Requirement of Deep Data Objects ... 1534 B.2 ... Maximum Size of Dynamic Data Objects ... 1535 B.3 ... Sharing between Dynamic Data Objects ... 1536 C ... ABAP Glossary ... 1539 ... Index ... 1623
| Reihe/Serie | SAP PRESS Englisch |
|---|---|
| Verlagsort | Maryland |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Maße | 175 x 228 mm |
| Themenwelt | Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Netzwerke |
| Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Programmiersprachen / -werkzeuge | |
| Informatik ► Weitere Themen ► SAP | |
| Schlagworte | ABAP • ABAP objects • AS ABAP • SAP NetWeaver • Web Application Server |
| ISBN-10 | 1-59229-376-X / 159229376X |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-59229-376-6 / 9781592293766 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
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