Handbook of Soil Analysis (eBook)

Mineralogical, Organic and Inorganic Methods

Marc Pansu, Jacques Gautheyrou (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2007 | 2006
XIX, 993 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-540-31211-6 (ISBN)

Infos

This handbook is a reference guide for selecting and carrying out numerous methods of soil analysis. It is written in accordance with analytical standards and quality control approaches. It covers a large body of technical information including protocols, tables, formulae, spectrum models, chromatograms and additional analytical diagrams. The approaches are diverse, from the simplest tests to the most sophisticated determination methods.

Inhalt

Foreword 5
Contents 7
Part 1 Mineralogical Analysis 20
1 Water Content and Loss on Ignition 22
1.1 Introduction 22
1.2 Water Content at 105°C (H2O ) 25
1.2.1 Principle 25
1.2.2 Materials 25
1.2.3 Sample 25
1.2.4 Procedure 26
1.2.5 Remarks 26
1.3 Loss on Ignition at 1,000°C 27
1.3.1 Introduction 27
1.3.2 Principle 28
1.3.3 Equipment 30
1.3.4 Procedure 30
1.3.5 Calculations 30
1.3.6 Remarks 31
Bibliography 31
2 Particle Size Analysis 34
2.1 Introduction 34
2.1.1 Particle Size in Soil Science 34
2.1.2 Principle 36
2.1.3 Law of Sedimentation 37
2.1.4 Conditions for Application of Stokes Law 43
2.2. Standard Methods 45
2.2.1 Pretreatment of the Sample 45
2.2.2 Particle Suspension and Dispersion 50
2.2.3 Pipette Method after Robinson-Köhn or Andreasen 54
2.2.4 Density Method with Variable Depth 61
2.2.5 Density Method with Constant Depth 66
2.2.6 Particle Size Analysis of Sands Only 67
2.3. Automated Equipment 69
2.3.1 Introduction 69
2.3.2 Methods Using Sedimentation by Simple Gravity 70
2.3.3 Methods Using Accelerated Sedimentation 72
2.3.4 Methods Using Laser Scattering and Diffraction 73
2.3.5 Methods Using Optical and Electric Properties 74
2.3.6 Methods Allowing Direct Observation of the Particles 74
2.3.7 Methods Using Conductivity 75
References 75
Bibliography 77
3 Fractionation of the Colloidal Systems 84
3.1 Introduction 84
3.2 Fractionation by Continuous Centrifugation 85
3.2.1 Principle 85
3.2.2 Theory 88
3.2.3 Equipment and reagents 92
3.2.4 Procedure 94
3.3. Pretreatment of the extracted phases 98
Bibliography 100
References 100
4 Mineralogical Characterization by X-Ray Diffractometry 102
4.1 Introduction 102
4.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction and Mineralogy 102
4.1.2 Principle 105
4.1.3 XRD Instrumentation 106
4.2. Qualitative diffractometry 109
4.2.1 Overview of Preparation of the Samples 109
4.2.2. Preparation for Powder Diagrams 109
4.2.3 Preparation for Oriented Diagrams 113
4.2.4 Pretreatment of Clays 118
4.2.5 Qualitative Diffractometry 132
4.3. Quantitative mineralogical analysis 137
4.3.1 Interest 137
4.3.2 Quantitative Mineralogical Analysis by XRD 137
4.3. Multi-Instrumental Quantitative Mineralogical Analysis 3 143
References 145
Bibliography 146
General 146
Preparation of Oriented Aggregates on Porous Ceramic Plate 147
Saturation of Clays by Cations 148
Saturation, Solvation, Intercalation Complexe, Dissolution 148
Preparation of Iron Oxides 149
Quantitative XRD 149
5 Mineralogical Analysis by Infra-Red Spectrometry 152
5.1 Introduction 152
5.1.1 Principle 152
5.1.2 IR Instrumentation 154
5.2 IR spectrometry in Mineralogy 157
5.2.1 Equipment and Products 157
5.2.2 Preparation of the Samples 158
5.2.3 Brief guide to interpretation of the spectra 165
5.2.4 Quantitative Analysis 171
5.3. Other IR techniques 175
5.3.1 Near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS) 175
5.3.2 Coupling Thermal Measurements and FTIR Spectrometry of Volatile Products 177
5.3.3 Infrared Microscopy 178
5.3.4 Raman scattering spectroscopy 178
References 180
Chronobibliography 181
6 Mineralogical Separation by Selective Dissolution 186
6.1 Introduction 186
6.1.1 Crystallinity of Clay Minerals 186
6.1.2 Instrumental and Chemical Methods 188
6.1.3 Selective Dissolution Methods 191
6.1.4 Reagents and Synthetic Standards 193
6.2 Main Selective Dissolution Methods 199
6.2.1 Acid Oxalate Method Under Darkness (AOD) 199
6.2.2 Dithionite-Citrate-Bicarbonate Method (DCB) 206
6.2.3 EDTA method 211
6.2.4 Pyrophosphate Method 215
6.2.5 Extraction in strongly alkaline mediums 220
6.3 Other Methods, Improvements and Choices 225
6.3.1 Differential Sequential Methods 225
6.3.2 Selective Methods for Amorphous Products 229
6.3.3 Brief overview of the use of the differential methods 233
References 234
7 Thermal Analysis 240
7.1 Introduction 240
7.1.1 Definition 240
7.1.2 Interest 242
7.2 Classical Methods 245
7.2.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 245
7.2.2 Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry 254
7.3 Multi-component Apparatuses for Thermal Analysis 265
7.3.1 Concepts 265
7.3.2 Coupling Thermal Analysis and Evolved Gas Analysis 266
References 268
Bibliography 269
8 Microscopic Analysis 272
8.1 Introduction 272
8.2 Preparation of the Samples 273
8.2.1 Interest 273
8.2.2 Coating and Impregnation, Thin Sections 274
8.2.3 Grids and Replicas for Transmission Electron Microscopy 280
8.2.4 Mounting the Samples for Scanning Electron Metallization) 282
8.2.5 Surface Treatments (Shadowing, Flash-carbon, 284
8.3. Microscope Studies 286
8.3.1 Optical Microscopy 286
8.3.2 Electron Microscopy, General Information 289
8.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy, Micro-diffraction 290
8.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 298
8.3.5 Ultimate Micro-analysis by X-Ray Spectrometry 301
References 302
Chronobibliography 303
Part 2 Organic Analysis 307
9 Physical Fractionation of Organic Matter 308
9.1 Principle and Limitations 308
9.1.1 Forms of Organic Matter in Soil 308
9.1.2 Principle 308
9.1.3 Difficulties 310
9.2 Methods 312
9.2.1 Classification 312
9.2.2 Extraction of Plant Roots 312
9.2.3 Dispersion of the Particles 315
9.2.4 Separation by Density 328
9.2.5 Particle Size Fractionations 333
9.2.6 339
9.3. Conclusion and Outlook 340
References 341
10 Organic and Total C, N (H, O, S) Analysis 346
10.1 Introduction 346
10.1.1 Soil Organic Matter 346
10.1.2 Sampling, Preparation of the Samples, Analytical 349
Significance 349
10.2 Wet Methods 352
10.2.1 Total Carbon: General Information 352
10.2.2 Organic Carbon by Wet Oxidation at the Temperature of Reaction 354
10.2.3 Organic Carbon by Wet Oxidation at Controlled Spectrocolorimetry 359
10.2.4 Organic Carbon by Wet Oxidation and 361
10.2.5 Total Nitrogen by Wet Method: Introduction 361
10.2.6 Total Nitrogen by Kjeldahl Method and Titrimetry 363
10.2.7 Kjeldahl N, Titration by Spectrocolorimetry 368
10.2.8 Kjeldahl N, Titration by a Selective Electrode 370
10.2.9 Mechanization and Automation of the Kjeldahl Method 372
10.2.10 Modified Procedures for NO3 373
10.3 Dry Methods 374
10.3.1 Total Carbon by Simple Volatilization 374
10.3.2 Simultaneous Instrumental Analysis by Dry Combustion: CHN(OS) 375
10.3.3 CHNOS by Thermal Analysis 381
10.3.4 C and N Non-Destructive Instrumental Analysis 382
10.3.5 Simultaneous Analysis of the Different C and N Isotopes 383
References 384
Bibliography 386
11 Quantification of Humic Compounds 390
11.1 Humus in Soils 390
11.1.1 Definition 390
11.1.2 Role in the Soil and Environment 392
11.1.3 Extraction 393
11.2. Main Techniques 394
11.2.1 Extraction 394
11.2.2 Quantification of the Extracts 398
11.2.3 Precision and Correspondence of the Extraction Methods 402
11.2.4 Purification of humic Materials 408
11.3.2 Fractionation of the Humin Residue 411
11.3. Further Alternatives and Complementary Methods 411
11.3.1. Alternative Methods of Extraction 411
References 414
Humic materials 414
Extraction, titration, purification and fractionation of humic 415
materials 415
12 Characterization of Humic Compounds 418
12.1 Introduction 418
12.1.1 Mechanisms of Formation 418
12.1.2 Molecular Structure 419
12.2 Classical Techniques 420
12.2.1 Fractionation of Humic Compounds 420
12.2.3 UV– Visible Spectrometry 429
12.2.4 Infra-Red Spectrography 432
12.3 Complementary Techniques 434
12.3.1 Improvements in Fractionation Technologies 434
12.3.2 Titration of Functional Groups 437
12.3.3 Characterization by Fragmentation 438
12.3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 443
3.4.5 Quantification of Observations by NMR 450
12.3.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 452
12.3.6 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy 454
13 Measurement of Non-Humic Molecules 472
13.1 Introduction 472
13.1.1 Non-Humic Molecules 472
13.1.2 Soil Carbohydrates 472
13.1.3 Soil Lipids 475
13.1.4 Pesticides and Pollutants 476
13.2 Classical Techniques 477
13.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides 477
13.2.2 Purification of Acid Hydrolysates 481
13.2.3 Colorimetric Titration of Sugars 483
13.2.4 Titration of Sugars by Gas Chromatography 486
13.2.5 Quantification of Total Lipids 491
13.3 Complementary Techniques 494
13.3.2 Carbohydrates by Liquid Chromatography 494
13.3.1 Determination of soil Carbohydrates by Gas Chromatography 494
13.3.3 Fractionation and Study of the Soil Lipid Fraction 497
13.3.4 Measurement of Pesticide Residues and Pollutants 502
References 511
Soil carbohydrates 511
Soil lipids 514
Aqueous extract 514
Pesticides and pollutants 515
14 Organic Forms of Nitrogen, Mineralizable Nitrogen (and Carbon) 516
14.1 Introduction 516
14.1.1 The Nitrogen Cycle 516
14.1.2 Types of Methods 518
14.2. Classical Methods 519
14.2.1 Forms of Organic Nitrogen Released by Acid Hydrolysis 519
14.2.2 Organic Forms of Nitrogen: Simplified Method 528
14.2.3 Urea titration 530
14.2.4 Potentially Available Nitrogen – Biological Methods 532
14.2.5 Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen: Chemical Methods 540
14.2.6 Kinetics of Mineralization 545
2.6.3 Reagents 546
14.3. Complementary Methods 550
14.3.1 Alternative Procedures for Acid Hydrolysis 550
14.3.2 Determination of Amino Acids 551
14.3.3 Determination of Amino Sugars 554
14.3.4 Proteins and Glycoproteins (glomalin) 557
14.3.5 Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen by EUF 557
References 559
Organic Nitrogen Forms: General Articles 559
Nitrogen Forms by Acid Hydrolysis and Distillation 560
Improvement of Acid Hydrolysis 560
Determination of Amino Acids 560
Determination of Amino Sugars 561
Glomalin 561
Urea Titration 562
Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen : General Papers 562
Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen : Biological Methods 563
Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen: Chemical Methods 564
Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen by EUF 564
Mineralization Kinetics 565
Part 3 Inorganic Analysis Exchangable and Total Elements 568
15 pH Measurement 570
15.1 Introduction 570
15.1.1 Soil pH 570
15.1.2 Difficulties 572
15.1.3 Theoretical Aspects 573
15.2 Classical Measurements 575
15.2.1 Methods 575
15.2.2 Colorimetric Method 576
15.2.3 Electrometric Method 579
15.2.4 Electrometric Checking and Calibration 583
15.2.5 Measurement on Aqueous Soil Suspensions 584
15.2.6 Determination of the pH-K and pH-Ca 586
15.2.7 Measurement on “Saturated Pastes” 586
15.2.8 Measurement on the Saturation Extract 587
15.2.9 Measurement of the pH-NaF 588
15.3 In situ Measurements 589
15.3.1 Equipment 589
15.3.2 Installation in the Field 590
15.3.3 Measurements on Soil Monoliths 591
References 593
Bibliography 594
16 Redox Potential 600
16.1 Definitions and Principle 600
16.2 Equipment and Reagents 602
16.2.1 Electrodes 602
16.2.2 Salt Bridge for Connection 603
16.2.3 System of Measurement 603
16.2.4 Calibration Solutions 604
16.3 Procedure 604
16.3.1 Pretreatment of the Electrode 604
16.3.2 Measurement on Soil Sample 605
16.3.3 Measurement on Soil Monolith 605
16.3.4 In situ Measurements 606
16.3.5 Measurement of the Oxygen Diffusion Rate 607
16.3.6 Colorimetric Test of Eh 608
References 608
Bibliography 609
17 Carbonates 612
17.1 Introduction 612
17.2 Measurement of Total Carbonates 614
17.2.1 Introduction 614
17.2.2 Volumetric Measurements by Calcimetry 615
17.2.3 Acidimetry 618
17.3 Titration of Active Carbonate 620
17.3.1 Principle 620
17.3.2 Implementation 620
17.3.3 Index of Chlorosis Potential 622
References 623
18 Soluble Salts 624
18.1 Introduction 624
18.2 Extraction 625
18.2.1 Soil/Solution Ratio 625
18.2.2 Extraction of Saturated Paste 626
18.2.3 Diluted Extracts 627
18.2.4 In Situ Sampling of Soil Water 628
18.2.5 Extracts with Hot Water 629
18.3 Measurement and Titration 629
18.3.1 Electrical Conductivity of the Extracts 629
18.3.2 In situ Conductivity 632
18.3.3 Total Dissolved Solid Material 633
18.3.4 Soluble Cations 634
18.3.5 Extractable Carbonate and Bicarbonate (Alkalinity) 635
18.3.6 Extractable Chloride 637
18.3.7 Extractable Boron 639
18.3.7 Extractable Sulphate, Nitrate and Phosphate 639
18.3.8 Titration of Extractable Anions by Ionic 641
Chromatography 641
18.3.9 Expression of the Results 644
References 645
19 Exchange Complex 648
19.1 Introduction 648
19.2 Origin of Charges 649
19.2.1 Ionic Exchange 649
19.2.2 Exchange Complex 650
19.2.3 Theory 652
References 655
Chronobibliography 656
20 Isoelectric and Zero Charge Points 664
20.1 Introduction 664
20.1.1 Charges of Colloids 664
20.1.2 Definitions 666
20.1.3 Conditions for the Measurement of Charge 668
20.2. Main Methods 670
20.2.1 Measurement of pH0 (PZSE), long equilibrium time 670
20.2.2 Point of Zero Salt Effect (PZSE), Short Equilibrium Time 671
References 674
21 Permanent and Variable Charges 676
21.1 Introduction 676
21.2 Main Methods 680
21.2.1 Measurement of Variable Charges 680
21.2.2 Determination of Permanent Charges 681
References 683
Bibliography 684
22 Exchangeable Cations 686
22.1 Introduction 686
22.1.1 Exchangeable Cations of Soil 686
22.1.2 Extracting Reagents 687
22.1.3 Equipment 688
22.2 Ammonium Acetate Method at pH 7 690
22.2.1 Principle 690
22.2.2 Procedure 690
22.3. Automated Continuous Extraction 693
References 693
Bibliography 695
23 Exchangeable Acidity 696
23.1 Introduction 696
23.1.1 Origin of Acidity 696
23.1.2 Aims of the Analysis 697
23.2 Method 699
23.2.1 Principle 699
23.2.2 Reagents 699
23.2.3 Procedure 700
23.3 Other Methods 702
References 703
Chronobibliography 704
24 Lime Requirement 706
24.1 Introduction 706
24.1.1 Correction of Soil Acidity 706
24.1.2 Calculation of Correction 707
24.2 SMP Buffer Method 709
24.2.1 Principle 709
24.2.3 Procedure 710
24.2.2 Reagents 710
24.2.4 Remarks 711
Chronobibliography 712
References 712
25 Exchange Selectivity, Cation Exchange Isotherm 716
25.1 Introduction 716
25.2 Determination of the Exchange Isotherm 721
25.2.1 Principle 721
25.2.2 Reagents 721
22.2.3 Procedure 722
25.2.4 Remarks 723
References 724
Chronobibliography 725
26 Cation Exchange Capacity 728
26.1 Introduction 728
26.1.1 Theoretical Aspects 728
26.1.2 Variables that Influence the Determination of CEC 730
26.2 Determination of Effective CEC by Summation (ECEC) 737
26.2.1 Principle 737
26.2.2 Alternative Methods 737
26.3 CEC Measurement at Soil pH in Not-Buffered Medium 738
26.3.1 Principle 738
26.3.2 Methods Using Not-Buffered Metallic Salts 738
26.3.3 Procedure Using Not-Buffered Organometallic Cations 741
26.3.4 Not-Buffered Methods Using Organic Cations 747
26.4.1 Buffered Methods — General Information 749
26.4 CEC Measurement in Buffered Medium 749
26.4.2 Ammonium Acetate Method at pH 7.0 751
26.4.3 Buffered method at pH 8.0–8.6 757
26.4.4 Buffered Method at Different pH 762
References 764
CEC with organic cations 768
Bibliography 769
CEC general theory 769
Barium Method at soil pH 770
Buffered Method at pH 7.0 771
CEC with organic cations (coloured reagents) 772
Silver–Thiourea 772
Cobaltihexamine CEC 772
Buffered methods pH 8.0–8.6 773
Barium chloride–Triethanolamine at pH 8.1 773
27 Anion Exchange Capacity 774
27.1 Theory 774
27.2 Measurement 777
27.2.1 Principle 777
27.2.2 Method 779
27.3 Simultaneous Measurement of AEC, EC, CEC and net CEC 779
27.3.1 Aim 779
27.3.2 Description 780
References 782
28 Inorganic forms of nitrogen 786
28.1 Introduction 786
28.1.1 Ammonium, Nitrate and Nitrite 786
28.1.3 Analytical Problems 787
28.1.2 Sampling Problems 787
28.2.1 Extraction of Exchangeable Forms 788
28.2. Usual Methods 788
28.2.2 Separation by Micro-diffusion 789
28.2.3 Colorimetric Titration of Ammonium 792
28.2.4 Colorimetric Titration of Nitrites 794
28.2.5 Colorimetric Titration of Nitrates 797
28.2.6 Extracted Organic Nitrogen 798
28.3. Other Methods 799
28.3.1 Nitrate and Nitrite by UV Photometric Absorption 799
28.3.2 Ammonium Titration Using a Selective Electrode 801
28.3.3 Measurement of Nitrates with an Ion-Selective 805
Electrode 805
28.3.4 In situ Measurement 807
28.3.5 Non-Exchangeable Ammonium 809
References 810
Bibliography 811
29 Phosphorus 812
29.1 Introduction 812
29.2 Total Soil Phosphorus 813
29.2.1 Introduction 813
29.2.2 Wet Mineralization for Total Analyses 814
29.2.3 Dry Mineralization 817
29.3 Fractionation of Different Forms of Phosphorus 818
29.3.1 Introduction 818
29.3.2 Sequential Methods 819
29.3.3 Selective Extractions – Availability Indices 823
29.3.4 Isotopic Dilution Methods 832
29.3.5 Determination of Organic Phosphorus 833
29.4 Retention of Phosphorus 837
29.4.1 Introduction 837
29.4.2 Determination of P Retention 838
29.5. Titration of P in the Extracts 840
29.5.1 Introduction 840
29.5.2 Titration of 842
phosphoric P by Spectrocolorimetry 842
29.5.4 Titration of Different Forms of P by 847
P NMR 847
29.5.3 P Titration by Atomic Spectrometry 847
29.5.5 Separation of P Compounds by Liquid Chromatography 848
29.6. Direct Speciation of P in situ, or on Extracted 849
Particles 849
References 849
Chronobibliography 852
30 Sulphur 854
30.1 Introduction 854
30.1.1 Sulphur Compounds 854
30.1.2 Mineralogical Studies 857
30.2.1 Characteristics of Fluviomarine Soils 858
30.2 Total Sulphur and Sulphur Compounds 858
30.2.2 Soil Sampling and Sample Preparation 859
30.2.3 Testing for Soluble Sulphur Forms 860
30.2.4 Titration of Total Sulphur 861
30.2.5 Total S Solubilization by Alkaline Oxidizing Fusion 862
30.2.6 Total Solubilization by Sodium Hypobromite in Alkaline 863
Medium 863
30.2.7 S Titration with Methylene Blue Colorimetry 864
30.2.8 Sulphate Titration by Colorimetry with Methyl Thymol 869
Blue 869
30.2.9 Total Sulphur by Automated Dry CHN(OS) Ultimate 872
Analysis 872
-S by Ionic Chromatography 874
30.2.10 Titration of Total SO 874
30.2.12 Titration by X-ray Fluorescence 876
30.2.13 Titration by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 876
30.2.14 Analytical Fractionation of Sulphur Compounds 877
30.2.15 Titration of Organic S Bound to C 878
30.2.16 Titration of Organic S not Bound to C 880
30.2.17 Extraction and Titration of Soluble Sulphides 882
30.2.18 Titration of Sulphur in Pyrites 884
30.2.19 Titration of Elementary Sulphur 886
30.2.20 Titration of Water Soluble Sulphates 888
30.2.21 Titration of Na3- EDTA Extractable Sulphates 890
30.2.22 Titration of Jarosite 892
30.2.23 Sequential Analysis of S Forms 895
30.3. Sulphur of Gypseous Soils 897
30.3.1 Gypseous Soils 897
30.3.2 Preliminary Tests 898
30.3.3 Extraction and Titration from Multiple Extracts 900
30.3.4 Gypsum Determination by Acetone Precipitation 901
30.4. Sulphur and Gypsum Requirement of Soil 902
30.4.1 Introduction 902
30.4.2 Plant Sulphur Requirement 903
30.4.3 Gypsum Requirement 905
References 907
Chronobibliography 909
31 Analysis of Extractable and Total Elements 914
31.1 Elements of Soils 914
31.1.1 Major Elements 914
31.1.2 Trace Elements and Pollutants 916
31.1.3 Biogenic and Toxic Elements 918
31.1.4 Analysis of Total Elements 919
31.1.5 Extractable Elements 920
31.2. Methods Using Solubilization 920
31.2.1 Total Solubilization Methods 920
31.2.2 Main Reagents for Complete Dissolution 922
31.2.3 Acid Attack in an Open Vessel 925
31.2.4 Acid Attack in a Closed Vessel 930
31.2.5 Microwave Mineralization 932
31.2.6 Alkaline Fusion 934
31.2.7 Selective Extractions 939
31.2.8 Measurement Methods 944
31.2.9 Spectrocolorimetric Analysis 946
31.2.10 Analysis by Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry 950
31.2.11 Analysis by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 951
31.2.12 Analysis of Trace Elements by Hydride and Cold-Vapour AAS 956
31.2.13 Analysis of Trace Elements by Electrothermal AAS 959
31.2.14 Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma–AES 960
31.2.15 Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry 965
31.3. Analysis on Solid Medium 971
31.3.1 Methods 971
31.3.2 X-ray Fluorescence Analysis 973
31.3.3 Neutron Activation Analysis 981
References 988
Index 994

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 18.4.2007
• Zusatzinfo: XIX, 993 p. 183 illus.
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Ecology • Environment • hydrogeology • Hydrology • Phosphor • Soil
• ISBN-10: 3-540-31211-0 / 3540312110
• ISBN-13: 978-3-540-31211-6 / 9783540312116