The Ageing of Materials and Structures (eBook)

Towards Scientific Solutions for the Ageing of Our Assets

Klaas van Breugel, Dessi Koleva, Ton van Beek (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 1st ed. 2018
X, 248 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-70194-3 (ISBN)

Infos

This work is an overview of the state of art on Ageing of Materials and structures in the world. Ageing of materials is a natural phenomenon. Each material we use will age. This ageing will influence the performance of the object where the materials is used. Furthermore, the ageing will be affected by the surroundings in which the object is placed. The main focus of the book is on materials used in infrastructure, energy, buildings and industry. The book in effect establishes the definition of ageing and its main research topics that are relevant for society.

Klaas van Breugel is currently a full professor at the Faculty of Civil Engineering & Geosciences at the Technical University Delft, the Netherlands. He holds an MSc and a PhD in Civil Engineering from Delft University of Technology. His principal research interests include the design of concrete structures under extreme load conditions like fire, impact, blast loads and cryogenic loads, modelling of hydration and microstructure development in young concrete, tightness issues and durability, and service life prediction for concrete structures. Professor van Breugel is a member of several international organisations, including the ACI, RILEM, IABSE and fib. In 2014 he was nominated as a RILEM Follow, in recognition of his exceptional scientific contributions to RILEM's work. 

D.A. Koleva is an assistant professor at Delft University of Technology, Faculty CiTG, M&E, the Netherlands. She holds an MSc in Chemical Engineering and a PhD from Delft University of Technology. Her expertise and main research interests are in the fields of corrosion and protection of metals, steel, and reinforced concrete. She has conducted pioneering research on the synergetic evaluation of electrochemical phenomena and cement-based microstructures for corrosion control in reinforced concrete. She has authored, co-authored and co-edited more than 120 articles, book chapters and books on the subjects of steel corrosion, galvanic coatings, cathodic protection and concrete durability.

 

Anton van Beek works at SKG-IKOB as the head of the laboratory. His main research interests include testing materials, components and systems mainly for the construction industry, targeting durability issues, and performance after ageing. He completed his MSc and PhD degrees at Delft University of Technology, where his main topics were young concrete and the dielectric properties of concrete. Recently he worked as the director of the Ageing Centre at the Department of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology. He has published more than 50 papers and articles in various national and international journals and books on the topics of concrete, monitoring, maintenance, asset management, and ageing of materials and structures.

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contents 8
Introduction 10
1 Urgency and Challenges of Ageing in Science and Engineering 11
Abstract 11
1 Introduction 11
2 Ageing and Society 12
2.1 Ageing Infrastructure 12
2.2 Ageing of Chemical Plants 14
2.3 Nuclear Power Plants 15
3 Ageing and Science 16
3.1 Driving Forces Behind Ageing 16
3.2 Change of Performance with Time 17
4 Goals, Benefits and Investments 19
4.1 Mitigating Ecological Footprint 19
4.2 Justification of Investment in Research on Ageing—the Global Picture 19
5 Concluding Comments 21
References 21
Fundamentals of Ageing 22
2 Investigation of Long-Term Behaviour of Elastomeric Seals for Transport and Storage Packages 23
Abstract 23
1 Introduction 23
2 Material Selection and Ageing Conditions 25
3 Analytical Methods 27
4 First Results and Discussion 28
5 Conclusion 30
Acknowledgements 30
References 31
3 What Can Be Learnt from Ageing in Biology and Damage-Tolerant Biological Structures for Long-Lasting Biomimetic Materials? 32
Abstract 32
1 Introduction 32
2 Ageing and Damage “Repair” in Biology 33
3 Bio-Inspired Damage “Repair” and Damage Tolerance in Ageing Technical Materials and Structures 36
4 Biomimetic Materials and Structures 36
5 Biomimetic Self-Repairing Materials and Structures 37
6 Biomimetic Damage-Tolerant and Energy-Dissipating Materials and Structures 39
7 Discussion 40
Acknowledgements 41
References 41
4 Mechanics of Ageing—From Building to Biological Materials 44
Abstract 44
1 Introduction 44
2 Three-Fluids Model for Concrete and Sample Applications 46
2.1 Hydration Model for Ageing Concrete 47
2.2 Modeling of a Repaired Beam 48
3 Three-Fluids Model for Tumour Growth and Applications 49
3.1 Applications of the Tumour-Growth Model 52
3.1.1 MTS Growth in Vitro: Comparison with Experimental Data 53
3.1.2 Growth of a Melanoma 55
4 Conclusions and Perspectives 56
Acknowledgements 57
References 57
Ageing in Infrastructure 59
5 The Relevance of Ageing for Civil Infrastructure: The Profession, the Politics, the Classroom 60
Abstract 60
1 Introduction 60
2 The State of Infrastructure 62
2.1 Condition Survey and Infrastructure Inventory 62
2.2 ASCE Infrastructure Report Card—“The Bridge is Falling!” 62
2.3 Contrary Viewpoints—“The Bridge is not Falling” 64
3 Making the Case for Strong Investment in Infrastructure 64
3.1 Infrastructure Spending in the United States 64
3.2 National Competitiveness is Dependent on Infrastructure 65
4 Sustainability—a Guiding Principle 66
4.1 The Rise of Sustainability 66
4.2 The Future of Sustainability 67
5 Engineering Education Reform 67
5.1 How Did Our Education Model Become Stagnant? 67
5.2 Education Reform in the US and Europe 68
6 Summary 70
Acknowledgements 70
6 Study on Triage for Deteriorated Concrete Structures by JSCE-342 72
Abstract 72
1 Introduction 72
2 Organization of the Working Groups 74
3 Activity for Structural-Performance Evaluation by WG2 75
3.1 Objective 75
3.2 Example of Structures Deteriorating Because of ASR 75
3.3 Examples of Structures Deteriorating from Frost Attack 78
3.4 Summary 79
4 Activity for Priority Determination System by WG4 80
4.1 Objective 80
4.2 Results 80
5 Conclusion 81
Acknowledgements 82
References 82
7 Ageing in Shallow Underground RC Culverts and Tunnels 83
Abstract 83
1 Introduction 84
1.1 Research Background 84
1.2 Scope 84
2 Pre-analysis 85
2.1 Outline of a Multi-scale Integrated Model 85
2.2 Pre-analyses for Evaluating Increased Soil Pressure 87
3 Verification of Main Causes of Ageing 88
3.1 Details of Four Ageing RC Culverts 88
3.2 Analysis Condition for Sensitivity Analyses 88
3.3 Analysis Results 91
4 Ageing Mechanism of Accompanying Delayed Shear and Verification 92
4.1 Simulated Ageing Deformational Modes 92
4.2 Investigation into Ageing’s Cause and the Mechanism of Delayed Shear 93
4.3 Site Investigation into the Existence of a Delayed-Shear Crack 94
5 Conclusions 95
Acknowledgements 95
References 95
Ageing and Radiation 97
8 Radiation Shielding Properties and Freeze-Thaw Durability of High-Density Concrete for Storage of Radioactive Contaminated Soil in Fukushima 98
Abstract 98
1 Introduction 99
2 Materials and Mix Proportions 99
2.1 High-Density Concrete 99
2.2 Normal Concrete Using Recycled Aggregates 100
3 Design and Casting of Concrete Containers for Storage of Radioactive Contaminated Soil 101
4 Radioactive Contaminated-Soil Samples 102
5 Test Methods for Radioactivity-Shielding Measurements 103
6 Test Results and Discussion 105
6.1 Radiation-Shielding Performance of Concrete 105
6.2 Analysis and Simulation of Experimental Results 106
6.3 Design for Optimization of Concrete-Shield Thickness 107
6.4 Freezing and Thawing Resistance of High-Density Concrete 108
7 Conclusions 109
Acknowledgements 109
References 110
9 Ageing Behaviour of Neutron/Irradiated Eurofer97 111
Abstract 111
1 Introduction 111
2 Experiments 113
2.1 The Material 113
2.2 Irradiation Programme at HFR 113
2.3 Sample Preparation 113
2.4 TEM Examination 114
3 Results 114
3.1 Microstructure of Unirradiated Eurofer97 114
3.2 Microstructure of 10 dpa, 300 ? Neutron-Irradiated Eurofer97 114
4 Discussion 116
5 Conclusions 117
Acknowledgements 117
References 117
10 Ageing Management for Extended Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel 119
Abstract 119
1 Introduction 119
2 Program Description of AMP M5 and Interfaces 121
2.1 Interim Staff Guidance for AMP M5 123
2.2 Thermal Modeling 126
2.3 Monitoring and Inspection 129
3 Other Ageing Management Programs and Discussion 132
4 Conclusion 135
Acknowledgements 136
The Aesthetics of Ageing 138
11 Forever Young or Ageing Naturally? 139
Abstract 139
1 Introduction 139
2 The Castle Ruin of Asten (the Netherlands) 140
3 San Marco’s Campanile in Venice (Italy) 142
4 The Colour of the Façade: The Restoration of St. Peter’s in Rome (Italy) and the Royal Palace in Amsterdam (the Netherlands) 143
5 Discussion and Conclusions 148
References 149
12 The Noble Patina of Age 151
Abstract 151
1 Introduction 151
2 Terminology 152
2.1 Historical Value 152
2.2 Nature of Materials 153
2.3 Damage 153
2.4 Patina 154
3 Decisions on Intervention 155
3.1 Man-Made Traces Versus Natural Weathering 155
3.2 Complete Cleaning of Facades 156
3.3 Artificial Patina 157
4 The Essence of the Debate 159
5 Conclusion 161
References 162
13 The Ageing of the Creation 164
Abstract 164
1 Introduction 164
2 Restoration and Conservation of Appliqué Glass 166
2.1 The Use of Adhesives in Appliqué Glass 166
2.2 Conservation Ethics: The Future of the Past 167
3 Research Context 168
4 Research Aims 168
5 Research Set-Up 168
5.1 The Survey 169
5.2 Analysis 169
5.3 Creating a Restoration and Conservation Methodology Framework 170
6 The Central Case Study: The Creation by Karel Appel 171
7 Preliminary Research Result 174
7.1 Recordings of Applique Glass Objects 174
7.2 Applied Adhesives 175
7.3 The Central Case Study—The First Stage of the Treatment 175
8 Conclusions 178
Acknowledgements 178
References 179
Modelling of Ageing Materials and Structures 180
14 Modeling Ageing Cementitious Pore Structure 181
Abstract 181
1 Introduction 181
2 Homogenised Model 182
3 3D Virtual Microstructure Generation 183
4 Transient Transport Model 184
5 Boundary Conditions 186
6 Degradation Code 186
7 Simulations 187
8 Results and Discussion 188
9 Ageing Phenomena in Cement-Based Materials, Linking the Issues of Ca Leaching to Relevant Durability Problems 189
10 Link of Model–Structural Performance in the Long Term with Respect to Ageing of Materials and Structures 190
11 Conclusion 190
Acknowledgments 191
?References 191
15 Introduction to Structural Ageing-Specific Functions for Computational Models Based on Synaptic Networks 192
Abstract 192
1 Introduction 192
2 Elements of the Design Algebra 194
2.1 Synaptic Networks (SN) 194
2.2 Object-Context-Goal (OCG) Analysis 194
3 System Identification: Case Study of Helicopter Gearbox 195
4 Nominal Operation Models and SN Primitives Implementation 197
4.1 Gear-Contact Analysis (Geometry, Kinematics) 197
4.2 Dynamics 198
5 Ageing-Specific Models, Nominal-Ageing Model Coupling and SN Primitives Implementation 200
5.1 Material-Removal Ageing (Wear) 201
5.2 Crack-Associated Ageing (Fatigue) 204
6 The Complete Synaptic Network 205
6.1 Joining the SN Primitives and the Sub-networks: SN Synthesis and Audit 205
6.2 Parsing the SN: Extraction of the System-Level Mathematical Model 206
6.3 Reconfiguration of SN—Model Flexibility 206
7 Conclusions 209
References 210
Risk Based Models of Ageing 211
Stochastic Models for Risk and Failure Under Ageing 212
1 Introduction 212
2 Simple Failure Models 213
3 Urn Models for the Ageing Process, a Nonparametric Approach 221
4 Modelling with Extreme Value Distributions 224
References 228
17 Statistical Models for Interval-Censored Time-to-Event Data 229
Abstract 229
1 Introduction 229
2 Interval Censoring 232
3 Regression Models with Interval Censoring 233
4 Challenges with Statistics of Ageing 235
References 236
18 Erratum to: The Ageing of Materials and Structures 237
Erratum to:& #6
Epilogue 238
Outline placeholder 1
Ageing—What’s in the Name 238
Some Conclusions 240

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 23.11.2017
• Zusatzinfo: X, 248 p. 122 illus., 105 illus. in color.
• Verlagsort: Cham
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Geisteswissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft
• Schlagworte: Ageing in Infrastructure • Ageing of Materials • Ageing of Structures • Fundamentals of Ageing • RILEM
• ISBN-10: 3-319-70194-0 / 3319701940
• ISBN-13: 978-3-319-70194-3 / 9783319701943