Regolith Exploration Geochemistry in Arctic and Temperate Terrains (eBook)

Kauranne Kauranne (Autor)

K. Eriksson, L.K. Kauranne, R. Salminen (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 1. Auflage
462 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-9123-9 (ISBN)

Infos

Geochemists, geologists, chemists, mathematicians, technicians and amateur prospectors alike will find this a practically oriented and comprehensive handbook for use in the field or office. It describes methodologies for assessing overburden in Arctic and temperate regions. Scientists can study the composition of bedrock by analyzing the overburden and ores found by the separation of the anomalies from the chemical background variation. This task is a very demanding one for previously glaciated terrain, where overburden consists totally of transported and mixed materials. It is possible to trace back the anomalies found in glacial till and sometimes those found in glacifluvial sediments. Special care in sampling and preparation of samples for analysis as well as very sensitive methods of analysis are necessary in obtaining results suitable for successful interpretation. The present handbook is dedicated to these vital problems.

The genesis of overburden formations and the character of geochemical anomalies are discussed at length, after which examples are provided from a variety of situations. Articles concerning practical aspects of sampling, analysis and mathematical treatment, written specifically to help investigations are also included. The text is illustrated by 196 drawings, 32 tables and the selected bibliography contains 533 references. A key word list makes the handbook easy to use.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Regolith Exploration Geochemistry in Arctic and Temperate Terrains 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 12
EDITOR'S FOREWORD 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8
THE AUTHORS 10
Chapter 1. Introduction 20
Scope and contents of this volume 20
History of soil geochemical prospecting 22
General principles of element distribution 25
Overburden of arctic and temperate regions 28
Soils of arctic and temperate regions 30
Geochemical anomalies in the overburdnen 30
Chapter 2. Glacigenic deposits 32
Glaciations and interglacials 32
Glacial processes 37
Glacial tills 40
Morainic landforms 50
Glacifluvial processes 54
Sorted glacial sediments 54
Formations of sorted sediments 56
Conclusions 58
Chapter 3. Nonglacial overburden 60
Mineral formations 60
Organic formations 77
Conclusions 93
Chapter 4. Soil types 96
Soil formation 96
Soil differentiation 101
Conclusions 107
Chapter 5. Geochemical dispersion in the secondary environment 112
Introduction 112
Clastic dispersion 115
Chemical dispersion 130
Discrimination of different anomaly types 142
Conclusions 143
Chapter 6. Glacigenic dispersion of coarse till fragments 146
Introduction 146
Frequency distribution parametesrs 147
Dispersal trains 154
Transport distance distributions 156
Conclusions 160
Chapter 7. Scale of geochemical surveys 162
General 162
Sampling material 162
Sampling density 163
Sampling grid 164
Regional geochemical mapping 168
Local-scale studies 174
Detailed studies 180
Conclusions 182
Chapter 8. Field methods 184
Introduction 184
Required field observations 185
Sampling equipment 187
Field measurements 199
Conclusions 201
Chapter 9. Analytical aspects 204
Introduction 204
Performance of analytical methods 205
Pretreatment of samples 211
Decomposition of samples 213
Determination of elements 219
Future needs 233
Recommendatioons 234
Chapter 10. Recognition of anomaly patterns in regional geochemical Investigations 236
Introduction 236
Statistical aspects of quality control 238
The univariate approach to anomaly recognition 252
The multivariate approach 265
Strategies for selecting statistical procedures 281
Chapter 11. Examples of geochemical exploration 282
Lutsokuru: Ni and Cr in weathered rock in humid hilly environment 282
Mäkärärova: Au in weathered bedrock in humid hilly environment 288
Aittojärvi: Mo concentrations of till near an Archaean Mo deposit in humid plain terrain 291
Harjunpää: Checking of magnetic anomalies by geochemical till study in humid plain region 293
Hieronmäki: W, Sn, Cu and Zn concentrations of till near a scheelite mineralization in hilly region 296
Kissanloso: Use of lithology and Cu-Mo concentrations of till to detect the source of Cu anomaly in Archean peneplain area 302
Kylmäkoski: Boulder-fan study near a Proterozoic Ni-bearing ultramafic intrusion in humid plain terrain 309
Laukunkangas: Ni, Co, and Cu concentrations of till at a Proterozoic mineralized mafic intrusion in humid plain terrain 312
Maaselkä: Discovery of a Co-Cu mineralization by step-by-step proceeding till geochemical study in humid plain terrain 315
Metsola: Discoveyry of a Cu-Au-mineralization by step-by-step proceeding till geochemical study in humid hilly peneplain 321
Pallastunturi: Multimetal (Ni, Cr, Mg, Co, Cu, Zn,) interpretation of regional geochemical mapping data using step-by-step proceeding study in humid hilly region 329
Seinäjoki: Au in till in an Sb zone within Archaean supracrustic rocks in humid plain terrain 337
Tohmajärvi : Li concentrations and Li minerals of till across Proterozoic pegmatitic Li deposists in humid plain terrain 339
Visasaari and Vuonelonoja: Use of magnetic susceptibility data in interpretation of geochemical anomalies in till in humid plain terrain 344
Camp Lake: Heavy metals in sediments of a dry permafrost area 347
Glogfawr: Iodine in thick overburden B-horizon near a Palaeozoic Pb-Zn mineralization in humid hilly environment 351
Hiendelaencina : As, Pb and other elements in a mixed sandy and in situ weathered overburden at a silver vein in Precambrian gneiss of warm dry mountain plateau 354
Porte aux Moines: Pb and Zn in chemical sediments at a massive base metal mineralization in Paleozoic black schists of temperate rainy hilly region 357
Grudie Burn: Mo in peat of temperate moist hilly terrain 362
Lietsonsuo: Cu and Ni in peat of humid coolish plain terrain 365
Masungsbyn: U in peat in humid arctic hilly terrain 367
Allebuouda: W in humus of humid mountainous environment 371
Hannukainen: Cu in humus in humid hilly environment 374
Petalax: Heavy metals in humus of humid temperate climate, plain terrain 378
Chapter 12. Focal aspects of soil geochemistry applied in arctic and temperate regions 382
The place of soil geochemistry in exploration 382
Principles of geochemistry 383
Anomalies 386
Scale 388
Sampling material 390
Sampling density and depth 399
Sample preparation and analysis 402
Interpretation of results 406
Follow-up 407
Reference 410
References Index 438
Subject Index 446

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 5.3.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bergbau
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-9123-5 / 1483291235
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-9123-9 / 9781483291239