Ted Byrom is a Consulting Engineer with over 50 years of experience in the industry, primarily in drilling, completion, and well intervention. After completing his BSc degree in Petroleum Engineering from Texas A&M, he began his professional career with Unocal eventually becoming a district drilling superintendent. He later earned his MSc and PhD degrees in aerospace engineering, both from Texas A&M University, while teaching numerical methods and finite element methods at Texas A&M and doing research at NASA Langley Research Center, University of Virginia and the Center for Mechanics of Composites. After working with Oryx as Drilling Technology Consultant, he formed his own consulting agency in 1994, and is also currently a course designer and instructor for Petroskills developing and teaching courses on horizontal well technology, coiled tubing, cementing, and casing design. Byrom has co-authored one other textbook on finite element methods and is a licensed professional engineer in the state of Texas, a member of ASME, a Legion of Honor Member of SPE, and a recipient of an SPE Outstanding Technical Editor Award for the SPE Drilling and Completion Journal.
Once thought of as niche technology, operators today are utilizing more opportunities with casing and liners as formations and environments grow in difficulty, especially with the unconventional oil and gas boom. Casing and liners for Drilling and Completions, 2nd Edition provides the engineer and well designer with up-to-date information on critical properties, mechanics, design basics and newest applications for today's type of well. Renovated and simplified to cover operational considerations, pressure loads, and selection steps, this handbook gives you the knowledge to execute the essential and fundamental features of casing and liners. Bonus features include:- Additional glossary added to explain oil field terminology- New appendix on useful every day formulas such as axial stress, shear stress in tubes and principal stress components- Listing section of acronyms, notations, symbols and constants for quick reference- Concise step-by-step basic casing design procedure with examples- Thorough coverage and tips on important field practice for installation topics- Advanced methods for critical and horizontal well casing design including hydraulic fracturing- Exhaustive appendices on foundational topics: units & nomenclature, solid mechanics, hydrostatics, borehole environment & rock mechanics, and a summary of useful formulas
Front Cover 1
Casing and Liners for Drilling and Completion: Design and Application 4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
Acknowledgments 12
Preface 14
Preface to the First Edition 16
Acronyms 18
Chapter 1: Introduction to casing design 20
1.1 Introduction 20
1.2 Design basics 21
1.3 Conventions used here 22
1.3.1 Organization of book 23
1.3.2 Units and math 23
Roundoff 24
1.3.3 Casing used in examples 24
1.4 Oilfield casing 25
1.4.1 Setting the standards 25
1.4.2 Manufacture of oilfield casing 25
1.4.3 Casing dimensions 28
1.4.4 Casing grades 31
1.4.5 Connections 33
1.4.6 Strengths of casing 36
1.4.7 Expandable casing 36
1.5 Closure 36
Chapter 2: Casing depth and size determination 38
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Casing depth determination 39
2.2.1 Depth selection parameters 39
2.2.2 The experience parameter 40
2.2.3 Pore pressure 40
2.2.4 Fracture pressure 40
2.2.5 Other setting depth parameters 43
2.2.6 Conductor casing depth 43
2.2.7 Surface casing depth 44
2.2.8 Intermediate casing depth 45
2.2.9 Setting depths using pore and fracture pressure 45
2.3 Casing size selection 47
2.3.1 Size selection 48
2.3.2 Borehole size selection 48
2.3.3 Bit choices 51
2.4 Casing string configuration 52
2.4.1 Alternative approaches and contingencies 53
2.5 Closure 53
Chapter 3: Pressure load determination 54
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Pressure loads 56
3.3 Gas pressure loads 57
3.4 Collapse loading 57
3.4.1 Collapse load cases 58
3.5 Burst loading 60
3.5.1 Burst load cases 61
3.6 Specific pressure loads 65
3.6.1 Conductor casing 65
3.6.2 Surface casing 66
3.6.3 Intermediate casing 67
3.6.4 Production casing 68
3.6.5 Liners and tieback strings 69
3.6.6 Other pressure loads 70
3.7 Example well 71
3.7.1 Conductor casing example 71
3.7.2 Surface casing example 72
3.7.3 Intermediate casing example 79
3.7.4 Production casing example 85
3.8 Closure 93
Chapter 4: Design loads and casing selection 94
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 Design factors 95
4.2.1 Design margin factor 98
4.3 Design loads for collapse and burst 99
4.4 Preliminary casing selection 101
4.4.1 Selection considerations 101
4.5 Axial loads and design plot 105
4.5.1 Axial load considerations 106
4.5.2 Types of axial loads 107
4.5.3 Axial load cases 110
4.5.4 Axial design loads 115
4.6 Collapse with axial loads 117
4.6.1 Combined loads 117
4.7 Example well 120
4.7.1 Conductor casing example 120
4.7.2 Surface casing example 121
4.7.3 Intermediate casing example 122
4.7.4 Production casing example 131
4.8 Additional considerations 142
4.9 Closure 144
Chapter 5: Installing casing 146
5.1 Introduction 146
5.2 Transport and handling 146
5.2.1 Transport to location 147
5.2.2 Handling on location 147
5.3 Pipe measurements 147
5.4 Wrong casing? 148
5.5 Crossover joints and subs 149
5.6 Running casing 149
5.6.1 Getting the casing to the rig floor 149
5.6.2 Stabbing process 150
5.6.3 Filling casing 150
5.6.4 Makeup torque 150
5.6.5 Thread locking 151
5.6.6 Casing handling tools 152
5.6.7 Running casing in the hole 153
5.6.8 Highly deviated wells 154
5.7 Cementing 155
5.7.1 Mud removal 155
5.8 Landing practices 157
5.8.1 Maximum hanging weight 158
5.9 Closure and commentary 160
Chapter 6: Casing performance 164
6.1 Introduction 165
6.2 Structural design 165
6.2.1 Deterministic and probabilistic design 166
6.2.2 Design limits 166
6.2.3 Design comments 167
6.3 Mechanics of tubes 167
6.3.1 Axial stress 168
6.3.2 Radial and tangential stress 169
6.3.3 Torsion 171
6.3.4 Bending stress 172
6.4 Casing performance for design 172
6.4.1 Tensile design strength 173
6.4.2 Burst design strength 174
6.4.3 Collapse design strength 178
6.5 Combined loading 185
6.5.1 A yield-based approach 185
6.5.2 A simplified method 187
6.5.3 Improved simplified method 189
6.5.4 Traditional API method 191
6.5.5 The API traditional method with tables 194
6.5.6 Improved API/ISO-based approach 195
6.6 Lateral buckling 196
6.6.1 Stability 197
6.6.2 Lateral buckling of casing 202
6.6.3 Axial buckling of casing 205
6.7 Dynamic effects in casing 206
6.7.1 Inertial load 206
6.7.2 Shock load 207
6.8 Thermal effects 208
6.8.1 Temperature and material properties 208
6.8.2 Temperature changes 209
6.9 Expandable casing 215
6.9.1 Expandable pipe 216
6.9.2 Expansion process 216
6.9.3 Well applications 217
6.9.4 Collapse considerations 219
6.10 Closure 219
Chapter 7: Casing in directional and horizontal wells 222
7.1 Introduction 223
7.2 Borehole path 223
7.3 Borehole friction 224
7.3.1 The Amontons-Coulomb friction relationship 225
7.3.2 Calculating borehole friction 230
7.3.3 Torsion 235
7.4 Casing wear 235
7.5 Borehole collapse 239
7.5.1 Predicting borehole collapse 239
7.5.2 Designing for borehole collapse 240
7.6 Borehole curvature and bending 242
7.6.1 Simple planar bending 243
7.6.2 Effect of couplings on bending stress 245
7.6.3 Effects of bending on coupling performance 254
7.7 Combined loading in curved boreholes 254
7.8 Casing design for inclined wells 257
7.9 Hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells 264
7.9.1 Casing design consideration 265
7.9.2 Field practices 268
7.10 Closure 269
Appendix A: Notation, symbols, and constants 270
A.1 Mathematical operators and symbols 271
A.2 Standard ISO and traditional solid mechanics variables and symbols 272
A.3 Casing and borehole application-specific variables 274
Appendix B: Units and material properties 278
B.1 Introduction 278
B.2 Units and conversions 278
B.3 Material properties 281
Appendix C: Basic mechanics 284
C.1 Introduction 285
C.2 Coordinates 286
C.3 Notation convention 287
C.3.1 Index notation 288
C.4 Scalars, vectors, and tensors 290
C.4.1 Scalars 291
C.4.2 Vectors 291
C.4.3 Coordinate invariance 294
C.4.4 Vector operations 295
C.4.5 2-Order tensors 301
C.4.6 Tensor operations 302
C.4.7 Coordinate transforms 304
C.5 Kinematics and kinetics—strain and stress 310
C.5.1 Deformation and strain—kinematics 310
C.5.2 Stress—kinetics 312
C.6 Constitutive relationships 320
C.6.1 Elasticity 322
C.6.2 Plasticity 323
C.6.3 Yield criteria 328
C.7 Natural laws 338
C.7.1 Conservation of mass 338
C.7.2 Conservation of momentum 339
C.7.3 Conservation of energy 340
C.7.4 The second law 340
C.8 Field problems 341
C.9 Solution methods 350
C.10 Closure 351
Appendix D: Basic hydrostatics 354
D.1 Introduction to subsurface hydrostatic loads 354
D.2 Hydrostatic principles 355
D.2.1 Basic concepts 355
D.2.2 Hydrostatic pressure 356
D.2.3 Compressibility 358
D.3 Formulation of hydrostatics 358
D.3.1 Gases 359
D.4 Buoyancy 362
D.4.1 Buoyancy and Archimedes' principle 362
D.4.2 Fluid density 363
D.4.3 Axial load in a vertical tube 364
D.4.4 Axial load in a horizontal tube 365
D.4.5 Axial load in an inclined tube 366
D.4.6 Moment in a horizontal tube 367
D.4.7 Moment in an inclined tube 369
D.5 Oilfield calculations 369
D.5.1 Hydrostatic pressures in wellbores 369
D.5.2 Buoyed weight of casing 373
D.5.3 The ubiquitous vacuum 377
D.6 Closure 378
Appendix E: Borehole environment 380
E.1 Introduction to the borehole environment 380
E.2 Pore pressure in rocks 380
E.3 Basic rock mechanics 383
E.4 Fracture pressure 385
E.5 Borehole stability 386
E.6 Borehole path 390
E.6.1 Minimum curvature method 390
E.6.2 Interpolations on the borehole path 392
E.7 Closed-Form friction solutions 397
E.7.1 Closed-Form drag solutions 398
E.7.2 Closed-Form torque solution 399
E.8 Closure 400
Appendix F: Summary of useful formulas 402
F.1 Borehole geometry 402
F.2 Directional well equations 403
F.3 Hydrostatics equations 405
F.4 Geometric equations for tubes 406
F.5 Axial stress and displacement equations 406
F.6 Tube bending equations 408
F.7 Tube pressure equations 408
F.8 Torsion equations 409
F.9 Lateral buckling equations 409
F.10 Thermal equations 410
F.11 General solid mechanics 410
F.11.1 Yield criteria 410
F.12 API/ISO performance equations 411
Glossary 416
References 420
Index 424
Introduction to casing design
Chapter outline head
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Design basics 2
1.3 Conventions used here 3
1.3.1 Organization of book 4
1.3.2 Units and math 4
Roundoff 5
1.3.3 Casing used in examples 5
1.4 Oilfield casing 6
1.4.1 Setting the standards 6
1.4.2 Manufacture of oilfield casing 6
Strength treatment of casing 8
1.4.3 Casing dimensions 9
Inside diameter and wall thickness 10
Joint length 10
1.4.4 Casing grades 12
API grades 12
1.4.5 Connections 14
Other threaded and coupled connections 15
1.4.6 Strengths of casing 17
1.4.7 Expandable casing 17
1.5 Closure 17
1.1 Introduction
In this textbook, we will explore the fundamentals and practices of basic casing design with some introduction to more advanced ideas and techniques. We will use a simple process that involves manual calculations and graphical plots. This is the historical method of learning casing design and will instill a depth of understanding. For the vast majority of casing strings run in the world this is still the method employed. Those engineers already well founded in the process may use more advanced techniques and specific software. While there is some excellent software on the market that does casing design, one cannot really learn the process using software. This is not by any means a harangue about casing design software; some of it is excellent and quite sophisticated especially compared to the crude first attempts that hit the market. But the unwelcome fact is that many who are using it are overwhelmed by multipage, detailed printouts, half of which they do not even pretend to understand. And truth be told, many of the “support” personnel experience the same problem. Information is not knowledge if you do not understand it.
1.2 Design basics
Casing design is a bit different from most structural design processes in engineering because the “structure” being designed is a single tubular monolith of given outside diameter primarily supported from the top end. There is nothing to actually “design” in the conventional sense of structural engineering. Geometrically speaking, our structure is already designed. The available tubular sizes and strengths are standardized, so the design process maybe thought of as a two-step process:
1. Calculate the anticipated loads.
2. Selecting from the available standard tubes those with adequate strength to safely sustain those loads.
As simple as that may sound, casing design is still not a linear process. It is not a matter of calculating the anticipated loads and then selecting the casing. The selected casing itself is part of the load. Hence, the process must be iterated to account for that fact. Still, it is quite an easy process in the vast majority of cases.
The basic design/selection sequence in its iterative form might be listed in steps:
1. Determine depths and sizes of casing.
2. Determine pressure loads.
3. Apply design factors and make preliminary selection.
4. Determine axial loads and apply design factors.
5. Adjust preliminary selection for axial design loads.
6. Adjust for combined tension/collapse loading.
Some might not consider Step 1 a part of casing design, and technically that is true. That step might be done by someone other than the casing designer and not in conjunction with the actual design process. However, we are going to include it in our treatment because it is essential for us to understand how it is done and how the results affect our design process.
The actual design process starts with Step 2, where we calculate the pressure loads for various scenarios using basic hydrostatics. We do this for all the strings in the well.
In Step 3 we select the worst case pressure loading from the previous step and apply a design factor which gives us a margin to account for uncertainty in the loads and pipe strengths. The results of that are design pressure-load plots for each string of casing in the well. From these plots, we make preliminary selections of casing, which will safely sustain those design loads.
Because the axial load (weight) of the string is a function of the casing itself, we must then calculate it from the preliminary pressure-load selection. We then apply a design factor to the axial load and check to see if our preliminary selection has sufficient axial strength. If it does, Step 4 is complete and we skip Step 5. If it does not, then in Step 5, we must modify the preliminary selection so that it also satisfies the axial design load. When we modify the preliminary selection, we must recalculate the axial load for the modified string and apply our axial design factor again. We must also check to ascertain that the modified string still meets our pressure-load design requirements. So in this step, the process becomes iterative. It is not difficult though, because in the manual process, it is easy to visually see the values and minimize the iterations. Seldom are more than two iterations required.
Finally, in Step 6, we check for the effects of combined axial tension and collapse loading, often referred to as biaxial loading. This is a critical step even in basic casing design, because tension in a string reduces the collapse resistance of the casing. This step too may require several iterations because any change or adjustment in the casing selection always requires that all the loads be rechecked.
For your early reference, Step 1 is covered in Chapter 2, Step 2 in Chapter 3, and Steps 3-6 in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 covers the casing installation process, and the remainder of the chapters covers more advanced topics.
1.3 Conventions used here
There is in the petroleum literature a virtual plethora of odd terminology, incoherent physical units, mathematical inconsistencies, and so forth. I have tried to adhere to several principles in this book:
• A readable text
• A progressive sequence for learning and self education
• Sufficient background material in appendices
• Adherence to ISO mathematics [1] and mechanics [2] standards
• Avoidance of acronyms except for organizational names (5) and those appearing in API/ISO standards (8) that you must necessarily understand plus only one other that is too common to not know (BOP)
Readability is essential for self-education, and I think, one of the most important features I have aimed for in this textbook. Perhaps I have oversimplified some concepts, but I prefer that to pedantic gibberish and superfluous acronyms that are more confusing than educational. And if the copy editor is successful at ironing out my convoluted sentence structure, you should find this book fairly readable.
1.3.1 Organization of book
The book is organized in a logical sequence that a beginner would follow to learn casing design, starting with the basics and proceeding to the more advanced topics. Chapters 2–4 illustrate basic casing design and Chapter 5 covers installation in the well. Having learned that material, the reader will have...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 4.6.2014 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Technik ► Bergbau |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| Technik ► Maschinenbau | |
| Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie | |
| Wirtschaft | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-800660-9 / 0128006609 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-800660-3 / 9780128006603 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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