Refining Processes Handbook (eBook)

Surinder Parkash Ph. D (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2003 | 1. Auflage
688 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-052385-9 (ISBN)

Infos

Besides covering topics like catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, and alkylation, this volume has chapters on waste water treatment and the economics of managing or commissioning the design of a petroleum refinery. Found only in this volume is material on operating a jointly owned and operated refinery. (Over the last decade, the ownership of many refineries has shifted to small companies, from the large, integrated companies. Because of this shift, many refineries are now jointly owned and operated.) Filled with handy process flow diagrams, this volume is the only reference that a chemical engineer or process manager in a petroleum refinery needs for answers to everyday process and operations questions.

* Covers the technologies and operations of petroleum refineries

* Provides material on operating a jointly owned and operated refinery

* Gives readers a comprehensive introduction to petroleum refining, as well as a full reference to engineers in the field

Inhalt

Cover 1
Contents 8
Preface 13
Chapter 1. Refinery Distillation 16
Process Variables 17
Process Design of a Crude Distillation Tower 20
Characterization of Unit Fractionation 26
General Properties of Petroleum Fractions 29
Atmospheric Distillation Unit 33
Vacuum Distillation Unit 35
Crude Desalting 37
Chapter 2. Distillate Hydrotreating 44
Naphtha Hydrodesulfurization Process 49
Kerosene Hydrotreating 53
Gas Oil Hydrodesulfurization 56
Atmospheric Residuum Desulfurization 65
Chapter 3. Hydrocracking Processes 77
Hydrocracking Reactions 77
Process Configuration 81
Process Flow Scheme 84
Operating Conditions 90
Catalyst Sulfiding and Unit Startup 103
Shutdown Procedure 105
Catalyst Regeneration 107
Mild Hydrocracking 110
Residuum Hydrocracking 110
Chapter 4. Gasoline Manufacturing Processes 124
Catalytic Reforming 124
Fluid Catalytic Cracking 129
Alkylation 143
Isomerization of C5/C6 Normal Paraffins 151
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether 158
Chapter 5. Hydrogen Production and Recovery 168
Natural Gas Desulfurization 168
Steam Reforming 171
Carbon Monoxide Conversion 172
Carbon Dioxide Removal 173
Methanation 177
Pressure Swing Adsorption Route 177
Partial Oxidation Process 179
Hydrogen Recovery 185
Chapter 6. Residuum Processing 191
Delayed Coking 191
Visbreaking 204
Solvent Deasphalting 212
Bitumen Blowing 218
Chapter 7. Treating Processes 225
General Principles 225
FCCU Light Gasoline 226
Jet Fuel (ATK) Sweetening 229
Chapter 8. Sulfur Recovery and Pollution Control Processes 235
Sulfur Recovery from Acid Gas 235
Claus Tail Gas Treatment 238
Flue Gas Desulfurization 243
Amine Treatment 250
Chapter 9. Refinery Water Systems 257
Cooling Water System 257
Sea Water Cooling System 258
Cooling Towers 261
Boiler Feedwater System 262
Utility Water System 266
Treatment of Oily Water 272
Wet Slop Oil System 275
Treatment of Sanitary Sewage 276
Sour Water Treatment 276
Chapter 10. Refinery Off-Site Facilities and Utility Systems 285
Refinery Tankage 285
Shipping Terminals and Sea Lines 287
Refinery Tankage Estimation 288
Product Blending System 293
Refinery Flare System 301
Refinery Steam System 313
Refinery Fuel System 318
Chapter 11. Product Blending 323
Gasoline Octane Blending 323
ASTM Distillation Blending 329
Viscosity Blending 341
Pour Point Blending 345
Flash Point Blending 346
Reid Vapor Pressure Blending for Gasolines and Naphthas 354
Aniline Point Blending 356
Crude Oil Assays 357
Chapter 12. Refinery Stock Balancing 399
Data for Model Building 400
Calculation Procedure 401
Refinery Material Balance Spreadsheet Program 403
Chapter 13. Refinery Linear Programming Modeling 430
Development of the Refinery LP Model 430
The Structure of a Refinery LP Model 432
Property Propagation to Other Tables 445
Blending Specifications 446
Stream Pooling (Recursion Process) 446
Distributive Recursion 451
Objective Function 454
Optimization Step 454
Solution Convergence 455
Interpreting the Solution 455
Report Writer Programs 458
Delta-Based Modeling 458
Atmospheric Crude Distillation and VDU Modeling 462
Single-Product LP Blender 486
Chapter 14. Pricing Petroleum Products 491
Netback and Formula Pricing for Crude Oil 491
Pricing Petroleum Products and Intermediate Stocks 496
Assigned Crude Yields 503
Chapter 15. Definitive Operating Plan 508
DOPs in Joint-Ownership Refineries 513
Fixed- and Balancing-Grade Products 520
Product Equivalencies 525
Product Equivalency Determination 529
Crude Oil Equivalency 533
Equivalency of Slop 534
Chapter 16. Product Allocation 535
Input Data 536
Forecaster Changes 536
Rules for Forecaster Changes 536
Crude Oil Changes 549
DOP "Loss" Adjustment 550
Retrospective DOP 551
Allocation of Balancing Grades 551
Reverse Allocation 552
Final Allocation 557
Allocation LPs 560
Process Unit Capacities 560
Product Prices 563
Summary of Primary Data Input for LPs 566
Examination of LP Results 566
Final Allocation Cycle 571
Allocation Spreadsheet Program 576
Product Allocation Problems 582
Chapter 17. Available Tankage Capacity 635
Estimation of Total Available Capacity 635
Minimum and Maximum Inventory (LI and HI) 636
Allocation of Tankage Capacity 637
Ullage 648
Ceding of Refinery Capacity 650
Ceding of Tankage Capacity 650
Chapter 18. Shipping Inventory Forecasts 653
Weekly Production Estimates 653
Refinery Estimate Schedule 654
Procedure 655
Allocation of Deltas 656
Inventory and Ullage Forcasting System (Joint Ownership Refineries) 661
Chapter 19. Refinery Operating Cost 696
Allocation of Operating Cost 697
System Costing Method 697
Theoretical Sales Realization Valuation Method 697
Cost Allocation for Actual Usage 699
Unused Capacity Charge 699
Appendix: Processing Agreement for Joint-Ownership Refinery 706
Index 724

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 16.10.2003
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bergbau
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft
• ISBN-10: 0-08-052385-4 / 0080523854
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-052385-9 / 9780080523859