Art of the Helicopter (eBook)

John Watkinson (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2003 | 1. Auflage
416 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-047203-4 (ISBN)

Infos

The modern helicopter is a sophisticated device which merges a surprising number of technologies together. This wide range of disciplines is one of the fascinations of the helicopter, but it is also makes a complete understanding difficult.

Those searching for an understanding of the helicopter will find The Art of the Helicopter invaluable. John Watkinson approaches every subject associated with the helicopter from first principles and builds up in a clearly explained logical sequence using plain English and clear diagrams, avoiding unnecessary mathematics.

Technical terms and buzzwords are defined and acronyms are spelled out. Misnomers, myths and old wives tales (for there are plenty surrounding helicopters) are disposed of. Whilst the contents of the book are expressed in straightforward language there is no oversimplification and the content is based on established physics and accepted theory. The student of helicopter technology or aerodynamics will find here a concise introduction leading naturally to more advanced textbooks on the subject.


* Designed to complement the instruction of PPL(H) flying training in order to assist helicopter pilots in-training to achieve their wings.
* Clear and simple diagrams aid verbal explanations to provide an easy to understand account of how helicopters are made, how they fly and how to fly them.
* The only book to cover all the aspects of helicopter design, manufacture and performance in one volume.

---

The modern helicopter is a sophisticated device which merges a surprising number of technologies together. This wide range of disciplines is one of the fascinations of the helicopter, but it is also makes a complete understanding difficult. Those searching for an understanding of the helicopter will find The Art of the Helicopter invaluable. John Watkinson approaches every subject associated with the helicopter from first principles and builds up in a clearly explained logical sequence using plain English and clear diagrams, avoiding unnecessary mathematics. Technical terms and buzzwords are defined and acronyms are spelled out. Misnomers, myths and old wives tales (for there are plenty surrounding helicopters) are disposed of. Whilst the contents of the book are expressed in straightforward language there is no oversimplification and the content is based on established physics and accepted theory. The student of helicopter technology or aerodynamics will find here a concise introduction leading naturally to more advanced textbooks on the subject.* Designed to complement the instruction of PPL(H) flying training in order to assist helicopter pilots in-training to achieve their "e;wings"e;.* Clear and simple diagrams aid verbal explanations to provide an easy to understand account of how helicopters are made, how they fly and how to fly them.* The only book to cover all the aspects of helicopter design, manufacture and performance in one volume.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Table of contents 6
Preface 12
Acknowledgements 14
1 Introduction to rotorcraft 16
1.1 Applications of the helicopter 16
1.2 A short technical helicopter history 17
1.3 Types of rotorcraft 24
1.4 Rotor configurations 27
1.5 The essential elements 30
1.6 The airframe 31
1.7 Engine and transmission 32
1.8 The fuel system 32
1.9 The landing gear 33
1.10 Oleos and ground resonance 33
1.11 The rotors 33
1.12 The control system 34
1.13 Electrical and hydraulic system 35
1.14 Instruments and avionics 35
2 Technical background 37
2.1 Introduction to mechanics 37
2.2 Mass and density 37
2.3 Force and acceleration 37
2.4 Strength and rigidity 40
2.5 Resultants and components offorces 41
2.6 Moments and couples 43
2.7 Work,energy,power and momentum 44
2.8 Efficiency 46
2.9 Gases and the atmosphere 47
2.10 Sound 48
2.11 The mechanics ofoscillation 51
2.12 The mechanics ofrotation 55
2.13 Sidebands 59
2.14 Fourier analysis 61
2.15 Centrifugal and Coriolis forces 64
2.16 Rotating masses and precession 66
2.17 The gyroscope 68
2.18 Piezo-electric and laser gyroscopes 69
2.19 Feedback 70
3 Introduction to helicopter dynamics 76
3.1 Creating and controlling lift 76
3.2 The centre of pressure 80
3.3 The coefficient of lift 81
3.4 Collective control 83
3.5 In the hover 83
3.6 Forces on the blades 85
3.7 Rotor coning 86
3.8 Torque and thrust in rotors 87
3.9 The rotor as an actuator 88
3.10 Blade element theory 90
3.11 Disc loading 90
3.12 Figure of merit 91
3.13 Blade twist and taper 92
3.14 Swirl 93
3.15 Vertical autorotation 93
3.16 Tip loss and the vortex ring 96
3.17Ground effect 99
3.18 Cyclic control 101
3.19 Basic manoeuvres 102
3.20 In translational flight 103
3.21 Inflow and coning roll 105
3.22 Rotor H-force 108
3.23 Blade stall and compressibility 108
3.24 The speed limit 112
3.25 Harmonic blade motion 113
3.26 Sources of vibration 114
3.27 Vibration control 121
3.28 Harmonic pitch control 128
3.29 Blade design 129
4 Rotors in practice 132
4.1 Introduction 132
4.2 Why articulated rotors are used 133
4.3 Axes galore 133
4.4 Flapping 137
4.5 Droop stops 138
4.6Introduction to dragging 138
4.7 Order of hinges 141
4.8 Types of rotor head 143
4.9 Zero-offset heads 144
4.10 Dangers of zero-offset heads –negative g 145
4.11 Rotor response 146
4.12 Feathering 149
4.13 Pitch control 151
4.14 Cyclic trim 156
4.15 Tilting heads 157
4.16 Dragging dynamics 158
4.17 Ground resonance 160
4.18 Air resonance 167
4.19 Dynamic rollover 168
4.20 Some rotor head examples 170
4.21 Blade construction 177
4.22 Blade tracking 178
4.23 Blade folding 178
5 The tail 181
5.1 Introduction 181
5.2 Balancing the torque 184
5.3 The conventional tail rotor 186
5.4 Tail rotor location 188
5.5 Tail rotor performance 192
5.6 The tail plane 194
5.7 The stabilator 196
5.8 Fins 197
5.9 The tail boom 199
5.10 The fenestron 201
5.11 NOTAR 202
5.12 Tail rotor failure 204
6 Engines and transmissions 206
6.1 Introduction 206
6.2 Choice of engine 206
6.3 A piston-engine installation 208
6.4 A turbine installation 209
6.5 Correlators and governors 210
6.6 The gasoline engine 213
6.7 The ignition system 216
6.8 The starter 219
6.9 The oil system 220
6.10 The carburettor 222
6.11 Fuel injection 225
6.12 The turbocharger 226
6.13 Gasoline engine instruments 229
6.14 The aeroDiesel 231
6.15 The uniflow Diesel 232
6.16 Cooling systems 234
6.17 The fuel system 234
6.18 The turbine engine 238
6.19 Compressors 241
6.20 Combustion 243
6.21 Power turbines 245
6.22 The turbine oil system 247
6.23 Turbine fuel control 248
6.24 FADEC 250
6.25 Turbine instruments 252
6.26 Fuel management 252
6.27 The transmission 253
6.28 Multi-engine transmissions 258
6.29 Transmission instruments 259
6.30 The helicopter revcounter 261
6.31 Tip jets 262
6.32 The electrical system 265
6.33 Hydraulic systems 268
6.34 HUMS 272
7 Control 273
7.1 Introduction 273
7.2 Flight sensors 278
7.3 The magnetic compass 279
7.4 Compass errors 282
7.5 The flux gate compass 284
7.6 Pressure instruments 286
7.7 The altimeter 286
7.8 The vertical speed indicator 290
7.9 The airspeed indicator 290
7.10 Airspeed and altitude sensing 291
7.11 Gyroscopic instruments 292
7.12 The direction indicator 294
7.13 The gyromagnetic compass 296
7.14 The artificial horizon 297
7.15 The turn and slip indicator 299
7.16 Attitude sensing 301
7.17 Airflow-sensing devices 302
7.18 RADAR sensors 303
7.19 Control signalling 305
7.20 Digital signalling 307
7.21 Power-assisted controls 317
7.22 Fully powered systems 318
7.23 Stability augmentation 320
7.24 The Bell bar 320
7.25 The Hiller system 323
7.26 The Lockheed systems 324
7.27 Autopilots and AFCS 328
7.28Coupled systems 333
7.29 Fault tolerance 336
8 Helicopter performance 338
8.1 Introduction 338
8.2 The atmosphere 339
8.3 International Standard Atmosphere 340
8.4 Pressure and density altitude 340
8.5 Power management 341
8.6 Flyingfor maximum range 346
8.7 Climbingand descending 350
8.8 Power management in multiple-engine machines 352
8.9 The flight manual 354
8.10 Stability 356
9 Other types of rotorcraft 362
9.1 The gyroplane 362
9.2 The winged helicopter 365
9.3 The compound helicopter 368
9.4 The convertiplane 370
9.5 Multi-rotor helicopters 373
9.6 The side-by-side configuration 373
9.7 Coaxial helicopters 376
9.8 The synchropter 379
9.9 The tandem rotor 383
9.10 Remotely piloted and radio-controlled helicopters 391
9.11 Radio control principles 392
Index 394

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.12.2004
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Natur / Technik ► Fahrzeuge / Flugzeuge / Schiffe ► Luftfahrt / Raumfahrt
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Fahrzeugbau / Schiffbau
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Luft- / Raumfahrttechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft ► Betriebswirtschaft / Management ► Unternehmensführung / Management
• ISBN-10: 0-08-047203-6 / 0080472036
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-047203-4 / 9780080472034