Air Pollution in the 21st Century (eBook)

Priority Issues and Policy

T. Schneider (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

1999 | 1. Auflage
1097 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-054490-8 (ISBN)

Infos

This symposium was jointly organized by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and The Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. These proceedings will provide a stimulus for taking up the challenges of environmental policy development in the 21st century, and will contribute to continuing co-operation.

Clean air is a basic condition for health. Air pollution aggravates respiratory problems, leading to increased sickness absenteeism, increased use of health care services and even premature mortality. Air pollution is under intensive discussion in the United States and Europe.

In The Netherlands, a wide range of policy instruments have been formulated which have reduced air pollution. For example, since 1975, sulphur dioxide and lead emissions have been reduced. However, emission reduction figures for many other substances are more modest. Many air pollution problems persist because progress in countering these problems is nullified by growth in the economy and traffic.

Another important target is the prevention of climate change. The international community is agreed that the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has led to a gradual increase in the earth's temperature. In terms of the environmental consequences and social implications, the greenhouse problem surpasses all other air quality problems.

Across Europe, strategies are being developed to reduce acidification and photochemical air pollution. An air emission ceiling for each country in the European Union is being agreed. In the area of climate change, there is good co-operation between the United States, The Netherlands and other EU Members States in the ongoing global negotiations. This is the start of a new movement. In the last century economies and societies developed through increasing human productivity. In the next century they must develop through increasing the productivity of fuel and natural resources.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Contents 8
OPENING SESSION 14
Chapter 1. Facing the air pollution agenda for the 21st century 16
Chapter 2. Air quality: The European perspective 22
Chapter 3. Adressing Airborn Environmental Risks: Integration of Science and Policy 34
Chapter 4. Historical perspective and future outlook 48
SESSION A: Particulate matter 60
Chapter 5. Human health risks of airborne particles: historical perspective 62
Chapter 6. Fine and coarse particles: chemical and physical properties important for the standard-setting process 100
Chapter 7. Ambient particulate matter: Is there a toxic role for constitutive transition metals? 130
Chapter 8. U.S. status of particulates - monitoring, modeling, background, trends and standards 138
Chapter 9. European states - air quality: Trends, monitoring, background modelling 144
Chapter 10. Particulate matter sources, emissions and control options -USA 162
Chapter 11. Estimating the benefits and costs for the revised particulate matter and ozone standards in the United States 178
SESSION B: Climate change 194
Chapter 12. Improving integrated assessments for applications to decision making 196
Chapter 13. Estimating socio-economic impacts of climate change 212
Chapter 14. Greenhouse gases: interrelationship with stratospheric ozone depletion 236
Chapter 15. Fluorcarbons and sulfur hexafluoride emissions reduction strategy in the United States 254
Chapter 16. A strategy for reducing methane emissions 258
Chapter 17. A review of nitrous oxide behavior in the atmosphere and in combustion and industrial systems 278
SESSION C: Persistent organic pollutants 328
Chapter 18. Dioxins: Dutch/European historical perspective and current evaluation of human health risks 330
Chapter 19. Dioxins: Dutch/Western European control policy, impact on emissions and on human exposure 340
Chapter 20. Persistent pesticides: the need for criteria to control atmospheric transport 354
Chapter 21. Endocrine disruption - proof for an environmental factor? European approach 366
Chapter 22. Research on emissions and mitigation of POP's from combustion sources 374
Chapter 23. Perspectives on future risk assessment and prevention for control of POP's 392
SESSION D: Ozone/NOx 404
Chapter 24. Photochemical oxidant air pollution: a historical perspective 406
Chapter 25. Numerical forecasting of ozone at the surface 420
Chapter 26. Ecological Effects of Tropospheric Ozone: a U.S. Perspective - Past, Present and Future 432
Chapter 27. Assessing effects of ambient ozone on crops in The Netherlands with ethylenediurea (EDU): spatial and temporal variation 452
Chapter 28. Ozone health effects: repeated exposure and sensitive subjects 468
Chapter 29. Toxicology of ozone as characterized by laboratory animals and extrapolated to humans 478
Chapter 30. Overview of ozone human exposure and health risk analyses used in the U.S. EPA's review of the ozone air quality standard 496
Chapter 31. California's hydrocarbon reactivity experience 530
Chapter 32. EU/ECE perspective on NOx/O3 environmental and control policies 546
Chapter 33. The benefits and costs of air pollution control 554
SESSION E: Mobile sources and transport 570
Chapter 34. Sustainable transport - the challenge ahead 572
Chapter 35. European transport: emission trends and policy responses 592
Chapter 36. Aviation and air pollution 614
Chapter 37. Transportation and market incentives group - Strategic plan for the 21st century 628
Chapter 38. Transport, economy and air pollution in the 21st century 656
Chapter 39. 'Hedging' strategies for CO2 abatement 674
Chapter 40. Towards a CO2-free energy system in the 21st century 690
Chapter 41. Better approaches to cleaner air from electricity generation 706
Chapter 42. Trends in ammonia emissions from agriculture in Europe and in The Netherlands 726
Chapter 43. New perspectives: sustainable technological development in agriculture 746
Chapter 44. Global policy on sustainable agriculture: a 2020 vision 768
Chapter 45. Strategies for future agricultural control policies from the Dutch perspective 790
Chapter 46. New environmental guidelines for IFC projects 804
Chapter 47. Renewable technologies and their role in mitigating greenhouse gas warming 818
Chapter 48. Canada's environmental technology verification program 860
Chapter 49. European IPPC BAT Reference Documents 872
Chapter 50. Environmental Technology Verification Program 882
Chapter 51. Dutch experience with integrated approaches/covenants with industry 898
Chapter 52. The development and implementation of STRETCH 906
Chapter 53. Sustainability in the chemical industry by 2050 922
Chapter 54. Technology vision 2020: The U.S. chemical industry 928
Chapter 55. Industry's role in air quality improvement: environmental management opportunities for the 21 st century 936
SESSION F: Environment and economy 960
Chapter 56. Sustainable economic development 962
Chapter 57. Dual goal: economic growth along with environmental improvement 974
Chapter 58. Environmental policy and fiscal instruments in The Netherlands 982
Chapter 59. Health damage of air pollution: an estimate of a dose-response relationship for The Netherlands 994
SESSION G: Integrated urban planning 1020
Chapter 60. Influence of land-use on traffic and environmental impact of traffic 1022
Chapter 61. Environmental planning and the compact city - a Dutch perspective 1040
Chapter 62. European sustainable cities: the challenge of citylife: being exposed to an air polluted urban environment 1056
Chapter 63. Air quality and urban planning: towards an integrative approach 1070
Organizing committee 1096
List of participants 1098

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 12.3.1999
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Arbeits- / Sozial- / Umweltmedizin
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• Themenwelt: Wirtschaft
• ISBN-10: 0-08-054490-8 / 0080544908
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-054490-8 / 9780080544908